A New Isogeometric Finite Element Method for Analyzing Structures

High-performance finite element research has always been a major focus of finite element method studies.This article introduces isogeometric analysis into the finite element method and proposes a new isogeometric finite element method.Firstly,the physical field is approximated by uniform B-spline interpolation,while geometry is represented by non-uniform rational B-spline interpolation.By introducing a transformation matrix,elements of types C^(0)and C^(1)are constructed in the isogeometric finite element method.Subsequently,the corresponding calculation formats for one-dimensional bars,beams,and two-dimensional linear elasticity in the isogeometric finite element method are derived through variational principles and parameter mapping.The proposed method combines element construction techniques of the finite element method with geometric construction techniques of isogeometric analysis,eliminating the need for mesh generation and maintaining flexibility in element construc-tion.Two elements with interpolation characteristics are constructed in the method so that boundary conditions and connections between elements can be processed like the finite element method.Finally,the test results of several examples show that:(1)Under the same degree and element node numbers,the constructed elements are almost consistent with the results obtained by traditional finite element method;(2)For bar problems with large local field variations and beam problems with variable cross-sections,high-degree and multi-nodes elements constructed can achieve high computational accuracy with fewer degrees of freedom than finite element method;(3)The computational efficiency of isogeometric finite element method is higher than finite element method under similar degrees of freedom,while as degrees of freedom increase,the computational efficiency between the two is similar.

Impact of asymptomatic infected individuals on epidemic transmission dynamics in multiplex networks with partial coupling

The theory of network science has attracted great interest of many researchers in the realm of biomathematics and public health,and numerous valuable epidemic models have been developed.In previous studies,it is common to set up a one-to-one correspondence between the nodes of a multi-layer network,ignoring the more complex situations in reality.In the present work,we explore this situation by setting up a partially coupled model of a two-layer network and investigating the impact of asymptomatic infected individuals on epidemics.We propose a self-discovery mechanism for asymptomatic infected individuals,taking into account situations such as nucleic acid testing in the community and individuals performing self-antigen testing during the epidemic.Considering these factors together,through the microscopic Markov chain approach(MMCA)and extensive Monte Carlo(MC)numerical simulations,we find that the greater the coupling between the networks,the more information dissemination is facilitated.In order to control the epidemics,more asymptomatic infected individuals should be made aware of their infection.Massive adoption of nucleic acid testing and individual adoption of antigenic self-testing can help to contain epidemic outbreaks.Meanwhile,the epidemic threshold of the proposed model is derived,and then miscellaneous factors affecting the epidemic threshold are also discussed.Current results are conducive to devising the prevention and control policies of pandemics.

Propagation and sealing efficiency of chemical grouting in a two-dimensional fracture network with flowing water

In this study, an orthogonal array experiment is conducted by using a transparent fracture network replica. Image processing and theoretical analysis are performed to investigate the model sealing efficiency(SE), factors influencing SE, and the effect of flowing water on propagation. The results show that grout propagation can be classified into three patterns in the fracture network: sealing off, partial sealing,and major erosion. The factors controlling the SE in a descending order of the amount of influence are the initial water flow speed, fracture aperture, grout take, and gel time. An optimal value for the combination of the gel time and grout take(artificial factors) can result in a good SE. The grouting and seepage pressures are measured, and the results reveal that their variations can indicate the SE to some extent. The SE is good when the seepage pressure at each point increases overall;the frequent fluctuations in the seepage pressure indicate a moderately poor SE, and an overall decline in the seepage pressure indicates a major erosion type. The deflection effect of grouting shows an approximately elliptical propagation with the long axis expanding along the wider fracture opening, demonstrating further application in grouting design.

我国千屈菜科植物化学成分研究进展

水指甲(圆叶节节菜)作为彝族民间习用药材,几年来逐渐受到人们的关注,为了了解其中的化学成分,结合相关文献,对水指甲所属的千屈菜科化学成分作了全面介绍,重点对生物碱类、黄酮类、三萜类、鞣质类、香豆素类和萘衍生物类进行了详细的介绍,为千屈菜科植物的开发利用提供参考。

Hemostatic and Anti-inflammatory Activities and High Performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis of Rotala rotundifolia and Its Preparations

[Objectives] To evaluate the hemostatic and anti-inflammatory activities of water extract and ethanol extract of Rotala rotundifolia and Shuijia Zhixue capsule. [Methods]The hemostatic activity of the extracts was evaluated by the changes of the bleeding time( BT),coagulation time( CT) and coagulation parameters including prothrombin time( PT),activated partial thromboplastin time( APTT) and thrombin time( TT) in mice or rats. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts was evaluated by carrageenan-induced foot edema,arachidonic acidinduced ear edema and xylene-induced ear edema models in rats. The content of gallic acid in ethanol extracts of R. rotundifolia and Shuijia Zhixue capsule was studied by HPLC to explore the correlation between gallic acid and anti-inflammatory activity. [Results]In hemostasis experiment,the ethanol extracts of R. rotundifolia and Shuijia Zhixue capsules showed significant shortening effects on BT,CT,PT and TT( P <0. 01-0. 05). The water extracts of R. rotundifolia and Shuijia Zhixue capsules had significant shortening effects on CT,PT and TT( P <0. 05),while the water extracts of R. rotundifolia had no hemostasis effect. In anti-inflammatory experiment in vivo,the two ethanol extracts showed significant shortening effects on CT,PT and TT and in the induction test of carrageenan,arachidonic acid and xylene,the inhibitory effects were significant( P < 0. 01-0. 05). The water extract from Shuijia Zhixue capsules had significant inhibitory effects on carrageenan-induced foot edema in rats( P < 0. 05),but the anti-inflammatory effects of water extract from R. rotundifolia were not significant. The content of gallic acid in R. rotundifolia and Shuijia Zhixue capsules were( 0. 318 62 ± 0. 009 8) and( 6. 295 2 ± 0. 162 6) mg/g,respectively.Among them,the content of gallic acid in Shuijia Zhixue capsule was significantly correlated with the anti-inflammatory activity of carrageenaninduced foot edema model. [Conclusions] Ethanol extract of R. rotundifolia and Shuijia Zhixue capsules has strong hemostatic and anti-inflammatory activities,and can be used in the treatment of traditional diseases such as bleeding and inflammation.

Effects of Biological Fertilizer and Paclobutrazol on Total Flavonoids in Ophiopogon japonicus

[Objectives] The research aimed to study the effects of applying biofertilizer instead of paclobutrazol on the content of flavonoids in Ophiopogon japonicas and determine its quality characteristics,in order to provide the scientific basis for the quality control of GAP and the comprehensive utilization of resources. [Methods] O. japonicas collected in Lingxing Town and Huayuan Town of Sichuan Province was divided into three groups: blank control group,paclobutrazol group and biofertilizer group. Root tuber of O. japonicas was obtained,and the enzyme was killed by the microwave,and then it was dried in 60℃. The content of flavonoids in root tuber of O. japonicus was determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Then,SPSS19. 0 was used to analyze the results. [Results]The average contents of flavonoids in different treatments were as follows: 0. 184%-0. 198% in control group; 0. 283%-0. 330% in the paclobutrazol group; 0. 404%-0. 428% in the biofertilizer group. Biological bacterial fertilizer had a significant role in promoting the synthetic accumulation of homoisoflavonoids in O. japonicus( P <0. 001**). [Conclusions]The application of biological fertilizer can not only significantly improve the content of homoisoflavonoids in root ruber of O. japonicus,but also significantly optimize the micro ecological environment of soil. Therefore,biofertilizer should be widely used to gradually replace paclobutrazol in the main production areas of O. japonicas.

Determination of Gallic Acid in Rotala rotundifolia and Shuijia Zhixue Capsule by HPLC

[Objectives] To establish a method for the determination of gallic acid in Shuijia Zhixue capsule and Rotala rotundifolia .[Methods] High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Phenomenex C 18 column were used, the mobile phase was 0.1% phosphoric acid∶ methanol=85∶ 15, the flow rate was 0.5 mL/min, and the detection wavelength was 270 nm.[Results] In the range of (2-25)μg/mL , the concentration of gallic acid had a good linear relationship with the peak area, r =0.990 8;the average recovery was 96.88%.[Conclusions] The method was simple, sensitive and reproducible. It provided a basis for the analysis of gallic acid in Rotala rotundifolia and Shuijia Zhixue capsule and the establishment of quality detection methods in the future.

Characteristics of Infrared Fingerprint of Gastrodia elata Blunme from Sichuan

[Objectives] The infrared fingerprint spectra of Gastrodia elata Blume of different origins and different varieties were studied.[Methods]One-dimensional infrared spectroscopy was used to analyze G. elata of different origins and different varieties. Based on the infrared spectra of 14 batches of G. elata,the common peak ratio and variant peak ratio were calculated,the double index sequences of common peak ratio and variant peak ratio were established to compare the similarities between the samples of G. elata. [Results] Infrared fingerprint spectra of G. elata of different origins and different varieties were obtained,and a total of 14 common peaks were calibrated. The maximum and minimum common peak ratios among the G. elata samples were 100. 00% and 73. 68%,respectively; and the maximum and minimum variant peak ratios were 21. 43% and 0%,respectively. [Conclusions]The combination of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and common peak ratio-variant peak ratio double-index analysis can provide scientific basis for the quality standard research of G. elata.

Experimental Study on Content of Aqueous Extract and Total Flavonoids in Different Parts of Sichuan Ophiopogon japonicus 1

[Objectives]To study the differences in the content of aqueous extract and total flavonoids in different parts of Sichuan Ophiopogon japonicus 1,and provide a scientific basis for the comprehensive utilization of O. japonicus resources. [Methods] According to Volume I of 2015 Chinese Pharmacopoeia,and with reference to literature methods,taking water as extraction solvent,hot dip method was used to determine the content of aqueous extract; taking ethanol as extraction solvent,the content of total flavonoids was determined using hot dip method,Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry. [Results]The content of aqueous extract and total flavonoids in the root tubers of Sichuan O. japonicus1 was higher than that of traditional O. japonicas; the content of aqueous extract in the root tubers of Sichuan O. japonicus 1 was higher than that in the leaves of Sichuan O. japonicus 1; the content of total flavonoids in leaves of Sichuan O. japonicus 1 was higher than that in the root tubers; the content of aqueous extract and total flavonoids in Sichuan O. japonicus 1 in the second year was higher than that in the first year.[Conclusions]The quality of new cultivar of Sichuan O. japonicas 1 was significantly higher than the traditional O. japonicus. Nowadays,the main part of drug use in O. japonicas is root,but as to the content of total flavonoids,fibrous roots and leaves are more dominant,it is feasible to develop and utilize the resources of flavonoids in the fibrous roots and leaves. The content of aqueous extract and total flavonoids from the second year O. japonicus was higher than that in the first year O. japonicus,but its increased amount did not meet the requirements of economic benefits.

Transformer in reinforcement learning for decision-making:a survey

Reinforcement learning(RL)has become a dominant decision-making paradigm and has achieved notable success in many real-world applications.Notably,deep neural networks play a crucial role in unlocking RL’s potential in large-scale decision-making tasks.Inspired by current major success of Transformer in natural language processing and computer vision,numerous bottlenecks have been overcome by combining Transformer with RL for decision-making.This paper presents a multiangle systematic survey of various Transformer-based RL(TransRL)models applied in decision-making tasks,including basic models,advanced algorithms,representative implementation instances,typical applications,and known challenges.Our work aims to provide insights into problems that inherently arise with the current RL approaches,and examines how we can address them with better TransRL models.To our knowledge,we are the first to present a comprehensive review of the recent Transformer research developments in RL for decision-making.We hope that this survey provides a comprehensive review of TransRL models and inspires the RL community in its pursuit of future directions.To keep track of the rapid TransRL developments in the decision-making domains,we summarize the latest papers and their open-source implementations at https://github.com/williamyuanv0/Transformer-in-Reinforcement-Learning-for-Decision-Making-A-Survey.

Roadside cross-camera vehicle tracking combining visual and spatial-temporal information for a cloud control system

Roadside cameras play a crucial role in road traffic,serving as an indispensable part of integrated vehicleroad-cloud systems due to their extensive visibility and monitoring capabilities.Nevertheless,these cameras face challenges in continuously tracking targets across perception domains.To address the issue of tracking vehicles across nonoverlapping perception domains between cameras,we propose a cross-camera vehicle tracking method within a Vehicle–Road–Cloud system that integrates visual and spatiotemporal information.A Gaussian model with microlevel traffic features is trained using vehicle information obtained through online tracking.Finally,the association of vehicle targets is achieved through the Gaussian model combining time and visual feature information.The experimental results indicate that the proposed system demonstrates excellent performance.

Combining magnetocaloric and elastocaloric effects in a Ni45Co5Mn37In13 alloy

1.Introduction Refrigeration plays an essential role in nowadays society.However,conventional refrigeration based on vapor compression cooling shows high energy consumption,complicated structure and even environmental pollution.Searching for an environmentalfriendly and energy-saving refrigeration technology has become a matter of concern[1,2].In the past few decades,the solid-state refrigeration technologies mainly represented by magnetocaloric effect(MCE),electrocaloric effect(ECE)and elastocaloric effect(e CE)have been regarded as promising candidate to replace traditional vapor compression refrigeration technology owing to environmental friendliness and high efficiency[1-9].

Benefits of natural edible ingredients in epidermal permeability barrier function

The crucial role of the epidermal function in the regulation of cutaneous and extracutaneous functions has been well demonstrated over the past decades.Epidermal permeability barrier dysfunction enhances epidermal DNA and lipid synthesis,and cutaneous and systemic inflammation.[1,2]Conversely,improvement in epidermal permeability barrier function inhibits epidermal lipid synthesis,cytokine production,and epidermal proliferation in barrier-disrupted skin.[1,2]Similarly,reduced stratum corneum hydration(SCH)levels can negatively impact epidermal function and increase cytokine levels in the circulation.[3,4]Correspondingly,improvement in epidermal function lowers the circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines in addition to alleviation and prevention of the relapse of inflammatory skin disorders such as psoriasis.[2,5,6]Interestingly,improvement in epidermal function also mitigates the progression of cognitive impairment in the elderly.[7]Taken together,the evidence indicates the regulatory role of epidermal function in cutaneous and extracutaneous functions.Thus,improvement in epidermal function can benefit the overall human health.