Food-derived bio-functional peptides for the management of hyperuricemia and associated mechanism

Hyperuricemia,a metabolic disorder related to uric acid metabolism dysregulation,has become a common metabolic disease worldwide,due to changes in lifestyle and dietary structure.In recent years,owing to their high activity and few adverse effects,food-derived active peptides used as functional foods against hyperuricemia have attracted increasing attention.This article aims to focus on the challenge associated with peptide-specific preparation methods development,functional components identification,action mechanism(s)clarification,and bioavailability improvement.The current review proposed recent advances in producing the food-derived peptides with high anti-hyperuricemia activity by protein source screening and matched enzymatic hydrolysis condition adjusting,increased the knowledge about strategies to search antihyperuricemia peptides with definite structure,and emphasized the necessity of combining computer-aided approaches and activity evaluations.In addition,novel action mechanism mediated by gut microbiota was discussed,providing different insights from classical mechanism.Moreover,considering that little attention was paid previously on the structure-activity relationships of anti-hyperuricemia peptides,we collected the sequences from published studies and make a preliminary summary about the structure-activity relationships,which in turn provided guides for enzymatic hydrolysis optimization and bioavailability improvement.Hopefully,this article could promote the development,application and commercialization of food-derived anti-hyperuricemia peptides in the future.

Bidirectional relationship between diabetes mellitus and depression:Mechanisms and epidemiology

Diabetes mellitus and depression exhibit a complex bidirectional relationship that profoundly impacts patient health and quality of life.This review explores the physiological mechanisms,including inflammation,oxidative stress,and neu-roendocrine dysregulation,that link these conditions.Psychosocial factors such as social support and lifestyle choices also contribute significantly.Epidemiological insights reveal a higher prevalence of depression among diabetics and an in-creased risk of diabetes in depressed individuals,influenced by demographic variables.Integrated management strategies combining mental health asse-ssments and personalized treatments are essential.Future research should focus on longitudinal and multi-omics studies to deepen understanding and improve therapeutic outcomes.

Effects of Abscisic Acid on Cold Resistance in Digitaria sanguinalis(L.)Scop.

[Objectives]This study was conducted to detect the protective effect of abscisic acid on chilling injury of Digitaria sanguinalis(L.)Scop,and whether this effect is related to antioxidant enzymes and osmotic adjustment.[Methods]D.sanguinalis plants were sprayed with abscisic acid solution,and exposed to cold stress at 15℃for 3 d after one day and then at 5℃for 25 to 30 d in a growth chamber.The changes of plant osmotic potential under this treatment were detected.[Results]Under low temperature stress,the osmotic potential of plants in the abscisic acid treatment and the control increased,but the osmotic potential level of the abscisic acid treatment plants was lower.The SOD activity of plants in the ABA treatment and the control decreased under low temperature stress.Under low temperature stress,the activity of catalase and peroxidase in ABA-treated plants was higher than that in control plants.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical basis for the impact of abscisic acid on the physiological response of D.sanguinalis to cold injury.

Hallermann-Streiff syndrome with bilateral microphthalmia,pupillary membranes and cataract absorption

We write to present a case report of Hallerrnann-Streiff syndrome （HSS; oculo-mandibulo-dyscephaly withhypotrichosis） with persistent pupillary membranes and cataract absorption.

家族性渗出性玻璃体视网膜病变相关视网膜脱离的手术治疗及进展

家族性渗出性玻璃体视网膜病变(FEVR)是一种遗传性视网膜血管疾病,最典型的临床特征是周边无血管区,病情进展可导致视网膜脱离,晚期可继发白内障、青光眼、角膜混浊甚至眼球萎缩,是亚洲儿童、青少年视网膜脱离的主要原因之一。FEVR相关视网膜脱离主要通过手术治疗,包括玻璃体切除术、巩膜扣带术,有时联合视网膜光凝术、抗血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)治疗等。手术方式选择有赖于详细的术前、术中评估,包括患眼分型、分期、纤维增殖情况和眼前段并发症等,不同分期患眼解剖及视功能预后大不相同。孔源性视网膜脱离成年患者的手术复位率较为理想,而牵拉性视网膜脱离儿童患者手术复位率相对较低。低龄、晚期患者手术难度大、预后不良,手术治疗策略存在争议。本文就FEVR相关视网膜脱离的手术治疗效果与进展进行综述。

Exogenous bone morphogenetic protein-7 reduces hepatic fibrosis inSchistosoma japonicum-infected micevia transforming growth factor-β/Smad signaling

AIM: To investigate the antifibrotic effects of bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) on Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum )-induced hepatic fibrosis in BALB/C mice. METHODS: Sixty BALB/C mice were randomly divided into three groups, including a control group (group A, n = 20), model group (group B, n = 20) and BMP-7 treated group (group C, n = 20). The mice in group B and group C were abdominally infected with S. japonicum cercariae to induce a schistosomal hepatic fibrosis model. The mice in group C were administered human recombinant BMP-7. Liver samples were extracted from mice sacrificed at 9 and 15 wk after modeling. Hepatic histopathological changes were assessed using Masson's staining. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), phosphorylated Smad2/3 (pSmad2/3) and Smad7 protein levels and localization were measured by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry, respectively, and their mRNA expressions were detected by reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS: The schistosomal hepatic fibrosis mouse model was successfully established, as the livers of mice in group B and group C showed varying degrees of typical schistosomal hepatopathologic changes such as egg granuloma and collagen deposition. The degree of collagen deposition in group C was higher than that in group A (week 9: 22.95±6.66vs 2.02±0.76; week 15: 12.84±4.36 vs 1.74±0.80; P<0.05), but significantly lower than that in group B (week 9: 22.95±6.66 vs 34.43±6.96; week 15: 12.84±4.36 vs 18.90±5.07;P<0.05) at both time points. According to immunohistochemistry data, the expressions of α-SMA, TGF-β1 and pSmad2/3 protein in group C were higher than those in group A (α-SMA: week 9: 21.24±5.73 vs 0.33±0.20; week 15: 12.42±4.88 vs 0.34±0.27; TGF-β1: week 9: 37.00±13.74 vs 3.73±2.14; week 15: 16.71±9.80 vs 3.08±2.35; pSmad2/3: week 9: 12.92±4.81 vs 0.83±0.48; week 15: 7.87±4.09 vs 0.90±0.45; P<0.05), but significantly lower than those in group B (α-SMA: week 9: 21.24±5.73 vs 34.39±5.74; week 15: 12.42±4.88 vs 25.90±7.01; TGF-β1: week 9: 37.00±13.74 vs 55.66±14.88; week 15: 16.71±9.80 vs 37.10±12.51; pSmad2/3: week 9: 12.92±4.81 vs 19.41±6.87; week 15: 7.87±4.09vs 13.00±4.98;P<0.05) at both time points; the expression of Smad7 protein in group B was higher than that in group A and group C at week 9 (8.46±3.95 vs 1.00±0.40 and 8.46±3.95 vs 0.77±0.42; P<0.05), while there were no differences in Smad7 expression between the three groups at week 15 (1.09±0.38 vs 0.97±0.42 vs 0.89±0.39; P>0.05). Although minor discrepancies were observed, the results of RT-PCR and Western blotting were mainly consistentwith the immunohistochemical results. CONCLUSION: Exogenous BMP-7 significantly decreased the degree of hepatic fibrosis in both the acute and chronic stages of hepato-schistosomiasis, and the regulatory mechanism may involve the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway.

Effect of preemptive local injection of ropivocaine with dexmedetomidine on mirror pain in rats and its mechanism

Objective:To observe the effect of preemptive local injection of ropivocaine with dexmedetomidine on activation of glial cells and on the mirror pain in rats and its mechanism.Methods:A total of 48 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats(weighing 180 g-220 g)were included in the study and randomized into 3 groups,Group S,Group R,and Group RD,.A rat model of persistent postoperative pain evoked by skin/muscle incision and retraction was established in the three groups.Before procedures and nerve extraction,Group S(n=16)was injected 0.9%saline locally;Group R(n=16)was injected 0.5%ropivocaine locally,and Group RD,(n=16)was injected 0.5%ropivocaine in combined with 1μg dexmedetomidine locally.After the model being established in the three groups,8 rats were used for behavior test until 28 d,and dorsal root ganglions(DRGs)of the other 8 rats were harvested on the3 rd day after surgery.Immunofluorescent and transmission electron microscopy were used to observe the activation of glial cells in DRG,and the behavior test results in the three groups were compared.Results:The results showed that mechanical pain threshold in ipsilateral hindpaws of the Group S,Group R,Group RD,animals dropped to(3.640±1.963)g,(5.827±1.204)g,(7.482)±1.412 g at 3 d respectively;while in contralateral paws dropped to(7.100±1.789)g,(17.687±1.112)g,(16.213±1.345)g on the 3 d respectively.Immunofluorescent showed that the glial cells were activated in bilateral side DRG after surgery in 3 groups,but ipsilateral paws expressed more active glial cells than contralateral paws.Transmission electron microscopy showed that mitochondria swelling/vacuolization and lysosomes were more obvious in ipsilateral paws than contralateral paws,but Group RD,formula could reduce glial cells activity,mitochondria swelling/vacuolization and the amount of lysosomes.Conclusions:Local injection of ropivocaine and/or dexmedetomidine can effectively inhibit the activation of glial cells in DRG,mitigate the pathological changes of neuron in DRG and reduce mirror image pain.

Impact of coal mining on groundwater of Luohe Formation in Binchang mining area

Groundwater of Luohe Formation is the main water source for industrial and agricultural and residential use in Binchang mining area,which is one of the key elements to water conservation coal mining.However,few studies are available to document the enrichment characteristics and influence of underground coal mining on groundwater for the Luohe Formation.This study evaluates the changes of groundwater levels and spring flow caused by mining activities to explore the influence mechanism of coal mining on groundwater by comparatively analysing existing mining data and survey data combined with a series of mapping methods.The results show that the aquifer of Luohe Formation are gradually thinning south-eastwards,disappeared at the mining boundary.In the vertical direction,the lithological structure is distinct,due to alternative sedimentation of meandering river facies and braided river facies.According to the yielding property,the aquifer is divided into three sections,namely,strong water-rich section,medium water-rich section,and weak water-rich section,which are located in northwest and central part,southwest,and the rest part of the mining area,respectively.Mining of Tingnan Coal Mine since 2004 has caused a 3.16 to 194.87 meters drop in groundwater level of Luohe Formation.Until 2015,70.10%of the mining area undergoes a groundwater level drop larger than 10.00 meters.Another influence of underground mining is that the total flow from 34 springs in 8 southern coal mines of the area has decreased by 286.48 L/s with a rate of decrease at 46.95%from 2007 to 2017.The areas that groundwater level falls or spring flow declines are manly located in the mine gob areas.Results also indicate that the ratio of the height of water conducted fracture zone to the mining height in Binchang mining area is between 16.85 and 27.92.This may increase ground water flow in vertical direction,causing a water level in the aquifer system to drop and ultimately decreasing the flow from the springs.The research results will provide data and theoretical support for the protection of groundwater resources and water conservation coal mining of Luohe Formation in Binchang mining area.

Internal limiting membrane dragging and peeling:a modified technique for macular holes closure surgery

AIM:To introduce a modified technique of internal limiting membrane(ILM)centripetal dragging and peeling to treat idiopathic macular hole(IMH)and to observe the ILM-retina adhesive forces.METHODS:Twenty-six consecutive patients with stage 3 to 4 IMH and followed up at least six months were enrolled.All patients underwent complete par plana vitrectomy,ILM dragging and peeling,fluid and gas exchange,15%C3 F8 tamponade and 2-week prone position.The best corrected visual acuity,macular hole evaluation by optical coherence tomography,and complications were evaluated.RESULTS:The mean diameter of IMH was 524±148μm(range:201-683μm),with 21 cases(80.8%)greater than 400μm.ILM dragging and peeling were successfully performed in all cases.Most of the ILM-retina adhesive forces are severe(42.3%,11/26),followed by mild(38.5%,10/26),and moderate(19.2%,5/26).The mean follow-up duration was 21.2±6.1 mo.The IMH was closed in 25(96.3%)eyes.Visual acuity(logMAR)improved significantly from 1.2±0.6 preoperatively to 0.7±0.5 postoperatively(P<0.001).CONCLUSION:Preexisting ILM-retina adhesive force is found in IMH patients.With assistance of this force,this modified technique may help to release the IMH edges and improve the closure rate of large IMH.

Tumor-specific expression of sh VEGF and suicide gene as a novel strategy for esophageal cancer therapy

AIM: To develop a potent and safe gene therapy for esophageal cancer.METHODS: An expression vector carrying fusion suicide gene(y CDgly TK) and sh RNA against vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) was constructed and delivered into EC9706 esophageal cancer cells by calcium phosphate nanoparticles(CPNP). To achieve tumor selectivity, expression of the fusion suicide gene was driven by a tumor-specific human telomerase reverse transcriptase(h TERT) promoter. The biologic properties and therapeutic efficiency of the vector, in the presence of prodrug 5-fluorocytosine(5-FC), were evaluated in vitro and in vivo.RESULTS: Both in vitro and in vivo testing showed that the expression vector was efficiently introduced by CPNP into tumor cells, leading to cellular expression of y CDgly TK and decreased VEGF level. With exposure to 5-FC, it exhibited strong anti-tumor effects against esophageal cancer. Combination of VEGF sh RNA with the fusion suicide gene demonstrated strong anti-tumor activity.CONCLUSION: The sh VEGF-h TERT-y CDgly TK/5-FC system provided a novel approach for esophageal cancer-targeted gene therapy.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for patients with acute leukemia

Objective： The purposes of this study were to assess the efficacy of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation （HSCT） for acute leukemia （AL） and analyze the factors affecting the prognosis of these patients. Methods： The clinical and follow-up data of 93 AL patients （median age, 30 years） undergoing allogeneic HSCT in Xiangya Hospital over the past 12 years were collected, and the potential factors affecting the efficacy and prognosis of allogeneic HSCT patients were determined. Results： Hematopoietic reconstitution was achieved in 90 patients. At the last follow-up, the incidences of severe acute graft versus host disease （aGvHD） and extensive chronic GvHD （cGvHD） were 14.0% and 20.0%, the 3-year cumulative incidence of transplantation related mortality （TRM） and relapse rate were 16.8%±6.1% and 21.3%±6.7%, and the estimated 3-year overall survival （OS） and disease-free survival （DFS） of the patients were 64.6%±5.4% and 56.5%±5.5%, respectively. Univariate analysis indicated that age older than 40 years, HLA mismatch, and severe lung infection within the first 100 days after transplantation were risk factors for severe aGvHD, age older than 40 years, HLA mismatch, severe lung infection within the first 100 days after transplantation, and severe aGvHD were risk factors for TRM, high-risk AL and lack of cGvHD were risk factors for relapse （all P〈0.05）. Survival estimation showed that HLA mismatch, severe lung infection occurring within the first 100 days post-transplantation, high-risk AL severe aGvHD and lack of cGvHD were risk factors associated with poor prognosis （all P〈0.05）. Further multivariate analyses revealed that severe lung infection within the first 100 days post-transplantation, severe aGvHD and lack of cGvHD were independent risk factors for unfavorable outcomes （all P〈0.05）. Conclusions： Allogeneic HSCT can improve the DFS of AL patients, and severe lung infection within the first 100 days post-transplantation, severe aGvHD and lack of cGvHD are independent risk factors affecting the prognosis.

Prophylactic juxtapapillary laser photocoagulation in pediatric morning glory syndrome

AIM:To determine the anatomic and visual outcomes of prophylactic juxtapapillary laser photocoagulation treatment alone in the prevention of retinal detachment(RD)in a cohort of pediatric patients diagnosed with morning glory syndrome(MGS).METHODS:A total of 24 eyes of 22 consecutive patients aged 0-15 y diagnosed with MGS treated with prophylactic juxtapapillary laser photocoagulation alone were reviewed.Data including demographics,ocular examination,anatomic and visual outcomes,following treatment and complications were collected.RESULTS:Two patients had bilateral laser treatment and 20 had monocular laser treatment.The age at treatment of 13(59.1%)patients was less than 12 mo.The presenting symptoms included strabismus(6/22,27.3%),decreased vision(2/22,9.1%),and routine fundus screening(14/22,63.6%).Fifteen(68.2%)patients underwent cranial magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)examinations,and 3 of those 15(20.0%)had abnormal findings in the nervous system.Based on preoperative wide-field fundus photography and B-scan echography,all(100.0%)eyes had no obvious RD.On postoperative 1 mo and 6 mo and the following follow-ups,the anatomic outcomes of all eyes remained stable.The mean follow-up duration was 27.7±17.5 mo.No severe complications were found.Preoperative visual acuity acquired from 2(9.1%)patients ranged from light perception to 20/200.Postoperative acuity acquired from 11(50.0%)patients ranged from light perception to 20/125.CONCLUSION:The preliminary anatomic and visual outcomes of prophylactic juxtapapillary laser treatment alone in pediatric MGS patients are relatively stable in a short-term follow-up.Further long-term clinical observation will be needed to confirm its efficacy and safety.

Adaptive Application Offloading Decision and Transmission Scheduling for Mobile Cloud Computing

Offloading application to cloud can augment mobile devices' computation capabilities for the emerging resource-hungry mobile application, however it can also consume both much time and energy for mobile device offloading application remotely to cloud. In this paper, we develop a newly adaptive application offloading decision-transmission scheduling scheme which can solve above problem efficiently. Specifically, we first propose an adaptive application offloading model which allows multiple target clouds coexisting. Second, based on Lyapunov optimization theory, a low complexity adaptive offloading decision-transmission scheduling scheme has been proposed. And the performance analysis is also given. Finally, simulation results show that,compared with that all applications are executed locally, mobile device can save 68.557% average execution time and 67.095% average energy consumption under situations.

Crystal structure and negative thermal expansion of solid solution Lu_2W_(3-x)Mo_xO_(12)

A new series of solid solutions Lu2W3-xMoxO12 （0.5≤r≤2.5） were successfully synthesized by the solid-state method. Their crystal structure and negative thermal expansion properties were studied using high-temperature X-ray powder diffraction and the Rietveld method. All samples of rare-earth ttmgstates and molybdates are found to crystallize in the same orthorhombic structure with space group Pnca and show the negative thermal expansion phenomena related to transverse vibration of bridging oxygen atoms in the structure. Thermal expansion coefficients （TEC） of Lu2W3_xMoxO12 are determined as -20.0× 10^-6 K^-1 for x=0.5 and -16.1×10^-6 K^-1 for x=2.5 but -18.6× 10^-6 and -16.9× 10^-6K^-1 for unsubstituted Lu2W3012 and Lu2M03012 in the identical temperature range of 200 to 800℃. High-temperature X-ray diffraction （XRD） data and bond length analysis suggest that the difference between W-O and Mo-O bond is responsible for the change of TECs after the element substitution in this series of solid solutions.

Ultra-wide field imaging system and traditional retinal examinations for screening fundus changes after cataract suraery

AIM：To compare the results of non-mydriatic ultra-wide field imaging system,mydriatic slit-lamp lens（Volk＋90 D） and mydriatic Goldmann three-mirror contact lens examinations in screening fundus lesions among patients after cataract surgery.METHODS：Non-mydriatic images were obtained with an Optomap panoramic 200Tx（Optomap 200Tx） 3d after surgery and graded by a blinded ophthalmologist.A mydriatic slit-lamp lens examination was performed by another blinded retinal specialist on the same day.A third blinded retinal specialist examined patients two weeks after surgery using a Goldmann three-mirror contact lens.RESULTS：In total,160 patients（184 eyes） were examined,and 66,69,and 75 cases of retinal lesion（s）were identified using the Optomap 200 Tx,slit-lamp lens,and Goldmann three-mirror contact lens,respectively.In13 cases,fundus changes were sight-threatening.The results obtained by Optomap 200 Tx examination and by mydriatic slit-lamp lens examination have good consistency（P =0.375,Kappa =0.942）.The mydriatic Goldmann three-mirror lens examination revealed more fundus lesions but are consistent with Optomap 200Tx（P=0.004,Kappa =0.897） and mydriatic slit-lamp lens examination（P=0.031,Kappa=0.932）.CONCLUSION：Early post-operative fundus screening in cataract patients is extremely important and necessary to prevent further vision loss.Wide-field imaging is a feasible and convenient tool for fundus examination that can be used as a primary screening method among patients after cataract surgery.

Analysis of the etiologies,treatments and prognoses in children and adolescent vitreous hemorrhage

AIM:To determine the etiologies,treatment modalities and visual outcomes of vitreous hemorrhage(VH;range from birth to 18 y).METHODS:A total of 262 eyes from 210 patients between January 2010 and September 2016 were included.All children underwent an appropriate ocular and systemic examination.Data collected included demographics,clinical manifestations,details of the ocular and systemic examination,management details,final fundus anatomy and visual acuity(VA).RESULTS:The most common etiologies were nontraumatic VH(64.89%),most of which were due to retinopathy of prematurity(ROP;37.10%);while traffic accidents,including 16(21.00%)eyes,was the most common ocular traumas.Surgery,performed in 143(54.58%)eyes,was the most common management modality.The initial mean baseline visual acuity was 2.77±0.21 logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution(log MAR)in children and adolescent with traumatic VH,which was significantly improved to 2.15±1.31 log MAR(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:VH in children and adolescent has a complicated and diverse etiology.ROP is the primary cause of non-traumatic VH,which is the most common etiology.Appropriate treatment of traumatic VH is associated with obvious improvement in visual acuity.The initial VA is one of most important predictors of outcome.

Linear stability of plane creeping Couette flow for Burgers fluid

It is well known that plane creeping Couette flow of UCM and Oldroy-B fluids are linearly stable. However, for Burges fluid, which includes UCM and Oldroyd-B fluids as special cases, unstable modes are detected in the present work. The wave speed, critical parameters and perturbation mode are studied for neutral waves. Energy analysis shows that the sustaining of perturbation energy in Poiseuille flow and Couette flow is completely different. At low Reynolds number limit, analytical solutions are obtained for simpli- fied perturbation equations. The essential difference between Burgers fluid and Oldroyd-B fluid is revealed to be the fact that neutral mode exists only in the former.

Local dry vitrectomy combined with segmental scleral buckling and viscoelastic tamponade for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with vitreous traction

AIM:To demonstrate local dry vitrectomy combined with segmental scleral buckling and viscoelastic tamponade for the treatment of partial rhegmatogenous retinal detachment(RRD)with local vitreous traction in patients at high-risk for proliferative vitreoretinopathy(PVR).METHODS:Eleven eyes of 11 patients were retrospectively studied,including 5 retinal dialysis and 6 retinal detachment(RD;5 eyes with peripheral retinal hole and I eye with giant tear).All patients exhibited partial RD and local vitreous traction.Combined local dry vitrectomy without conventional infusion and segmental scleral buckling was performed.Viscoelastic fluid was injected into the vitreous cavity if needed Demographic information,preoperative and post­operative complications,and outcomes were recorded.RESULTS:The mean age of the patients at presentation was 26.55±13.52y.All 11 patients obtained retinal reattachment after a single surgical intervention.Postoperative visual acuities were improved or remained stable in all patients.None of them developed complications,except for temporary mildly increased intraocular pressure in 3 cases.CONCLUSION:Combined local dry vitrectomy and segmental scleral buckling are effective for patients of RRD with local vitreous traction.The technique avoids many complications associated with regular surgery and was minimally invasive to both the external and internal eye.

The axisymmetric long-wave interfacial stability of core-annular flow of power-law fluid with surfactant

The long wave stability of core-annular flow of power-law fluids with an axial pressure gradient is investigated at low Reynolds number. The interface between the two fluids is populated with an insoluble surfactant. The analytic solution for the growth rate of perturbation is obtained with long wave approximation. We are mainly concerned with the effects of shear-thinning/thickening property and interfacial surfactant on the flow stability. The results show that the influence of shear-thinning/thickening property accounts to the change of the capillary number. For a clean interface, the shear-thinning property enhances the capillary instability when the interface is close to the pipe wall. The converse is true when the interface is close to the pipe centerline. For shear-thickening fluids, the situation is reversed. When the interface is close to the pipe centerline, the capillary instability can be restrained due to the influence of surfactant. A parameter set can be found under which the flow is linearly stable.

A delayed diagnosis of unsuspected retinoblastoma in an in vitro fertilisation infant with retinopathy of prematurity

Dear Editor,I am Dr.Tian Tian,from the Department of Ophthalmology,Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine,Shanghai,China.I write to present a rare case report of a delayed diagnosis of unsuspected retinoblastoma（RB）in an in vitro fertilisation（IVF）infant with retinopathy of prematurity.