Effects of Rosa roxburghii&edible fungus fermentation broth on immune response and gut microbiota in immunosuppressed mice

With the rise of probiotics fermentation in food industry,fermented foods have attracted worldwide attention.In this study,protective effects of Rosa roxburghii&edible fungus fermentation broth(REFB)on immune function and gut health in Cyclophosphamide induced immunosuppressed mice were investigated.Results showed that REFB could improve the immune organ index,and promote the proliferation and differentiation of splenic T lymphocytes.In addition,it attenuated intestinal mucosal damage and improved intestinal cellular immunity.REFB administration also up-regulated the expression of IL-4,INF-γ,TNF-α,T-bet and GATA-3 mRNA in small intestine.Furthermore,administration of REFB modulated gut microbiota composition and increased the relative abundance of beneficial genus,such as Bacteroides.It also increased the production of fecal short-chain fatty acids.These indicate that REFB has the potential to improve immunity,alleviate intestinal injury and regulate gut microbiota in immunosuppressed mice.

Bacteroides utilization for dietary polysaccharides and their beneficial effects on gut health

Polysaccharide was a class of macromolecular substance with various bioactive functions.Gut symbiotic microorganisms could utilize the polysaccharides from various sources,thus have important impact on human health.Bacteroides represented one of the dominant colonizers in the human gut.The utilization of polysaccharide by Bacteroides was important for supporting the function and stability of gut microbiota.After the degradation of polysaccharides by Bacteroides,gut microbes could ferment the monosaccharides and oligosaccharides degraded from polysaccharides into some metabolites,such as short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs),amino acids,etc.Among the metabolites,the SCFAs could have beneficial effects on gut health.This review summarized the niches of Bacteroides among gut microbiota,and also described the gene clusters and membrane proteins involved in the utilization processes of polysaccharide by gut Bacteroides.SCFAs could act as energy substrates for intestinal epithelial cells,inhibit histone deacetylases and activate G protein-coupled receptors.In addition,the future perspectives in investigating new degradation pathways for polysaccharide,and using polysaccharides or their metabolites as therapeutic approaches for diseases mediated by the gut dysbiosis were also provided.

Effect of pH,temperature and heating time on the formation of furan in sugar–glycine model systems

Furan(C4H4O)has been classified as a possible animal and human carcinogen by many international agencies.The formation of furan in three sugar–glycine models using glucose,fructose,and sucrose was investigated using headspace gas chromatography mass spectrometry method(HSGC–MS)with various dual combinations of three important heat processing conditions,i.e.pH,temperature,and heating time.Results indicated that furan levels from sugar–glycine model systems during the thermal processing can be attributed to selective sugar types,pH,temperature,and heating time.In glucose–glycine and fructose–glycine system,the lowest furan level was detected in acid condition but in sucrose–glycine system furan formed significantly lower(P<0.05)in acidic conditions the lowest furan level was found in alkaline conditions.The furan levels were observed to increase with heating time in all three model systems.Furthermore,less furan was generated in non-reducing sugar system(sucrose)than in reducing sugar system(glucose and fructose).Therefore,they demonstrate the possibility of limiting the formation of furan in heat processed foods by both the careful selection of carbohydrates(i.e.non-reducing sugars and reducing sugars)ingredients and appropriate processing conditions.©2013 Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.

Hypoglycemic mechanism of polysaccharide from Cyclocarya paliurus leaves in type 2 diabetic rats by gut microbiota and host metabolism alteration

Diabetes mellitus is a serious threat to human health.Cyclocarya paliurus(Batal.)Iljinskaja(C.paliurus)is one of the traditional herbal medicine and food in China for treating type 2 diabetes,and the C.paliurus polysaccharides(CP)were found to be one of its major functional constituents.This research aimed at investigating the hypoglycemic mechanism for CP.It was found that CP markedly attenuated the symptoms of diabetes,and inhibited the protein expression of Bax,improved the expression of Bcl-2 in pancreas of diabetic rats,normalized hormones secretion and controlled the inflammation which contributed to the regeneration of pancreaticβ-cell and insulin resistance.CP treatment increased the beneficial bacteria genus Ruminococcaceae UCG-005 which was reported to be a key genus for protecting against diabetes,and the fecal short-chain fatty acids levels were elevated.Uric metabolites analysis showed that CP treatment helped to protect with the diabetes by seven significantly improved pathways closely with the nutrition metabolism(amino acids and purine)and energy metabolism(TCA cycle),which could help to build up the intestinal epithelial cell defense for the inflammation associated with the diabetes.Our study highlights the specific mechanism of prebiotics to attenuate diabetes through multi-path of gut microbiota and host metabolism.