Tibetan butter(TB),generally called butter,is a solid oil product extracted from yak milk in the QinghaiTibet plateau area.However,due to the limitations of raw material sources and production technology,there is a sh...Tibetan butter(TB),generally called butter,is a solid oil product extracted from yak milk in the QinghaiTibet plateau area.However,due to the limitations of raw material sources and production technology,there is a shortage of TB,so it is important to find substitutes of TB.This paper studied the crystallization behavior of six kinds of commercial TB products in Tibet to provide the theoretical basis for the development of TB substitutes for the production of TB lamps and flowers.This study assessed the crystallization behaviors of the TB samples,including isothermal crystallization process and non-isothermal crystallization process.The microstructure,isothermal crystallization of TB were evaluated by polarized light microscopy and low-pulse NMR spectrometry,respectively.The non-isothermal crystallization process of TB under temperature scanning were investigated using Rheometer,and the crystallization behavior under different cooling rates were determined by diferential scanning calorimetry(DSC)procedures.The results showed that the TB was crystallized at a higher supercooling(-10,0 and 10℃).Dimensional growth is dominant;at 20℃,spiral growth dominates.The TB has complex crystallization nucleation behavior.The crystal types of TB are mainlyβ’-crystal form andβ’-like crystal form.The lower the cooling rate,the shorter the crystallization induction time,and the more the number of crystal nuclei.Therefore,during producing TB substitutes in the factory,the cooling rate can be controlled at10℃/min to reduce energy consumption and production costs.展开更多
Extensive researches have elucidated the pronounced benefits of gradient microstructures for the me-chanical properties of metallic materials.However,the ramifications of gradient microstructures on formability,partic...Extensive researches have elucidated the pronounced benefits of gradient microstructures for the me-chanical properties of metallic materials.However,the ramifications of gradient microstructures on formability,particularly regarding their effects on bendability,remain inadequately understood.In this work,the effects of gradient microstructure on the bendability of AZ31 Mg alloy sheet are systematically investigated by comparing the microstructure evolution and strain distribution in the sheets with uni-form microstructure(grain size=12.8 μm and 91.3 μm)and gradient microstructure(grain size=11.5-75.4 μm).The results show that the bendability of the sheet with gradient microstructure is significantly improved when the fine grains(FGs)are placed at the outer side(TBE-FG sample)and the bendability is increased by 93.1%compared to the sample with fine and uniform microstructure(CE-FG sample).With coarse grains(CGs)placed at the inner side,the strain at the compressive region of the TBE-FG sample is higher than its counterparts,while the tensile strain at the extended region is lowest among the four samples.Quasi-in-situ bending experiments reveal that the CGs at the inner side of the TBE-FG sample undergo more twinning.Moreover,the increment of residual dislocation density at the outer side of the TBE-FG sample is lower than those of other samples,which extends the bending potential.This work provides a novel perspective to improve the bendability of the Mg alloy sheet.展开更多
Objective:Neoantigens arising from gene mutations in tumors can induce specific immune responses,and neoantigen-based immunotherapies have been tested in clinical trials.Here,we characterized the efficacy of altered n...Objective:Neoantigens arising from gene mutations in tumors can induce specific immune responses,and neoantigen-based immunotherapies have been tested in clinical trials.Here,we characterized the efficacy of altered neoepitopes in improving immunogenicity against gastric cancer.Methods:Raw data of whole-exome sequencing derived from a patient with gastric cancer were analyzed using bioinformatics methods to identify neoepitopes.Neoepitopes were modified by P1Y(the first amino acid was replaced by tyrosine)and P2L(the second amino acid was replaced by leucine).T2 binding and stability assays were used to detect the affinities between the neoepitopes and the HLA molecules,as well as the stabilities of complexes.Dendritic cells(DCs)presented with neoepitopes stimulated naïve CD8+T cells to induce specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes.ELISA and carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester were used to detect IFN-γand TNF-αlevels,and T cell proliferation.Perforin was detected by flow cytometry.The cytotoxicity of T cells was determined using the lactate dehydrogenase assay.Results:Bioinformatics analysis,T2 binding,and stability assays indicated that residue substitution increased the affinity between neoepitopes and HLA molecules,as well as the stabilities of complexes.DCs presented with altered neoepitopes stimulated CD8+T cells to release more IFN-γand had a greater effect on promoting proliferation than wild-type neoepitopes.CD8+T cells stimulated with altered neoepitopes killed more wild-type neoepitope-pulsed T2 cells than those stimulated with wild-type neoepitopes,by secreting more IFN-γ,TNF-α,and perforin.Conclusions:Altered neoepitopes exhibited greater immunogenicity than wild-type neoepitopes.Residue substitution could be used as a new strategy for immunotherapy to target neoantigens.展开更多
Precision energy management is very important for sustainability development of solar greenhouses,since huge energy demand for agricultural production both in quantity and quality.A proactive energy management,accordi...Precision energy management is very important for sustainability development of solar greenhouses,since huge energy demand for agricultural production both in quantity and quality.A proactive energy management,according to the optimal energy utilization in a look-ahead period with weather prediction,is presented and tested in this research.A multi-input-multi-output linear model of the energy balance of solar greenhouses based on on-line identification system can simulate greenhouse behavior and allow for predictive control.The good time allocation of available solar energy can be achieved by intelligent use of controls,such as store/retrieve fans and ventilation windows,i.e.solar energy to warm up the air or to be stored in the storage elements(wall,soil,etc.)or to be exhausted to outside.The proactive energy management can select an optimal trajectory of air temperature for the forecasted weather period to minimize plants’thermal‘cost’defined by an‘expert’in terms of set-points for the specific crop.The selection of temperature trajectory is formulated as a generalized traveling salesman problem(GTSP)with precedence constraints and is solved by a genetic algorithm(GA)in this research.The simulation study showed good potential for energy saving and timely allocation to prevent excessive crop stress.The active control elements in addition to predefining and applying,within energy constraints,optimal climate in the greenhouse,it also reduces the energy deficit,i.e.the working hours of the‘heater’in the sustained freezing weather,as well as the ventilation hours,that is,more energy harvest in the warm days.This intelligent solar greenhouse management system is being migrated to the web for serving a‘customer base’in the Internet Plus era.The capacity,of the concrete ground CAUA system(CAUA is an abbreviations from both China Agricultural University and Agricultural University of Athens),to implement web‘updates’of criteria,open weather data and models,on which control actions are based,is what makes use of Cloud Data for closing the loop of an effective Internet of Things(IoT)system,based on MACQU(MAnagement and Control for QUality)technological platform.展开更多
基金funding from the MPOB(PORTSIM 045/2016)the National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFD041404)。
文摘Tibetan butter(TB),generally called butter,is a solid oil product extracted from yak milk in the QinghaiTibet plateau area.However,due to the limitations of raw material sources and production technology,there is a shortage of TB,so it is important to find substitutes of TB.This paper studied the crystallization behavior of six kinds of commercial TB products in Tibet to provide the theoretical basis for the development of TB substitutes for the production of TB lamps and flowers.This study assessed the crystallization behaviors of the TB samples,including isothermal crystallization process and non-isothermal crystallization process.The microstructure,isothermal crystallization of TB were evaluated by polarized light microscopy and low-pulse NMR spectrometry,respectively.The non-isothermal crystallization process of TB under temperature scanning were investigated using Rheometer,and the crystallization behavior under different cooling rates were determined by diferential scanning calorimetry(DSC)procedures.The results showed that the TB was crystallized at a higher supercooling(-10,0 and 10℃).Dimensional growth is dominant;at 20℃,spiral growth dominates.The TB has complex crystallization nucleation behavior.The crystal types of TB are mainlyβ’-crystal form andβ’-like crystal form.The lower the cooling rate,the shorter the crystallization induction time,and the more the number of crystal nuclei.Therefore,during producing TB substitutes in the factory,the cooling rate can be controlled at10℃/min to reduce energy consumption and production costs.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(Project No.2021YFB3701000)financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project Nos.52101124,U21A2048)Independent Research Project of State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmissions(Project No.SKLMT-ZZKT-2022M12).
文摘Extensive researches have elucidated the pronounced benefits of gradient microstructures for the me-chanical properties of metallic materials.However,the ramifications of gradient microstructures on formability,particularly regarding their effects on bendability,remain inadequately understood.In this work,the effects of gradient microstructure on the bendability of AZ31 Mg alloy sheet are systematically investigated by comparing the microstructure evolution and strain distribution in the sheets with uni-form microstructure(grain size=12.8 μm and 91.3 μm)and gradient microstructure(grain size=11.5-75.4 μm).The results show that the bendability of the sheet with gradient microstructure is significantly improved when the fine grains(FGs)are placed at the outer side(TBE-FG sample)and the bendability is increased by 93.1%compared to the sample with fine and uniform microstructure(CE-FG sample).With coarse grains(CGs)placed at the inner side,the strain at the compressive region of the TBE-FG sample is higher than its counterparts,while the tensile strain at the extended region is lowest among the four samples.Quasi-in-situ bending experiments reveal that the CGs at the inner side of the TBE-FG sample undergo more twinning.Moreover,the increment of residual dislocation density at the outer side of the TBE-FG sample is lower than those of other samples,which extends the bending potential.This work provides a novel perspective to improve the bendability of the Mg alloy sheet.
基金This work was supported by grants from the Science and Technology Project in Fujian Province of China(Grant No.2018I0004)Joint Funds for the innovation of Science and Technology,Fujian Province of China(Grant No.2018Y9108).
文摘Objective:Neoantigens arising from gene mutations in tumors can induce specific immune responses,and neoantigen-based immunotherapies have been tested in clinical trials.Here,we characterized the efficacy of altered neoepitopes in improving immunogenicity against gastric cancer.Methods:Raw data of whole-exome sequencing derived from a patient with gastric cancer were analyzed using bioinformatics methods to identify neoepitopes.Neoepitopes were modified by P1Y(the first amino acid was replaced by tyrosine)and P2L(the second amino acid was replaced by leucine).T2 binding and stability assays were used to detect the affinities between the neoepitopes and the HLA molecules,as well as the stabilities of complexes.Dendritic cells(DCs)presented with neoepitopes stimulated naïve CD8+T cells to induce specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes.ELISA and carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester were used to detect IFN-γand TNF-αlevels,and T cell proliferation.Perforin was detected by flow cytometry.The cytotoxicity of T cells was determined using the lactate dehydrogenase assay.Results:Bioinformatics analysis,T2 binding,and stability assays indicated that residue substitution increased the affinity between neoepitopes and HLA molecules,as well as the stabilities of complexes.DCs presented with altered neoepitopes stimulated CD8+T cells to release more IFN-γand had a greater effect on promoting proliferation than wild-type neoepitopes.CD8+T cells stimulated with altered neoepitopes killed more wild-type neoepitope-pulsed T2 cells than those stimulated with wild-type neoepitopes,by secreting more IFN-γ,TNF-α,and perforin.Conclusions:Altered neoepitopes exhibited greater immunogenicity than wild-type neoepitopes.Residue substitution could be used as a new strategy for immunotherapy to target neoantigens.
基金This research was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YED0201003)the Yunnan Academician Expert Workstation(Wang Maohua,Grant No.2015IC16)。
文摘Precision energy management is very important for sustainability development of solar greenhouses,since huge energy demand for agricultural production both in quantity and quality.A proactive energy management,according to the optimal energy utilization in a look-ahead period with weather prediction,is presented and tested in this research.A multi-input-multi-output linear model of the energy balance of solar greenhouses based on on-line identification system can simulate greenhouse behavior and allow for predictive control.The good time allocation of available solar energy can be achieved by intelligent use of controls,such as store/retrieve fans and ventilation windows,i.e.solar energy to warm up the air or to be stored in the storage elements(wall,soil,etc.)or to be exhausted to outside.The proactive energy management can select an optimal trajectory of air temperature for the forecasted weather period to minimize plants’thermal‘cost’defined by an‘expert’in terms of set-points for the specific crop.The selection of temperature trajectory is formulated as a generalized traveling salesman problem(GTSP)with precedence constraints and is solved by a genetic algorithm(GA)in this research.The simulation study showed good potential for energy saving and timely allocation to prevent excessive crop stress.The active control elements in addition to predefining and applying,within energy constraints,optimal climate in the greenhouse,it also reduces the energy deficit,i.e.the working hours of the‘heater’in the sustained freezing weather,as well as the ventilation hours,that is,more energy harvest in the warm days.This intelligent solar greenhouse management system is being migrated to the web for serving a‘customer base’in the Internet Plus era.The capacity,of the concrete ground CAUA system(CAUA is an abbreviations from both China Agricultural University and Agricultural University of Athens),to implement web‘updates’of criteria,open weather data and models,on which control actions are based,is what makes use of Cloud Data for closing the loop of an effective Internet of Things(IoT)system,based on MACQU(MAnagement and Control for QUality)technological platform.