Celastrus paniculatus oil ameliorates synaptic plasticity in a rat model of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Objective:To explore the effect and mechanism of action of Celastrus paniculatus oil on the treatment of perinatal rats with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Methods:In the perinatal stage,the rats were either isolated or administered with lead acetate to establish an animal model of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Atomoxetine served as the reference standard.Animals’behaviours were assessed through Y-maze,novel object preference,fear conditioning and residentintruder aggression tests.Oxidative stress parameters,bioamine concentration(dopamine,noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine),nerve growth factor,interleukin-6,nuclear factor-κB,and tumour necrosis factor(TNF)-αwere estimated.Synaptophysin immunohistochemical assay was performed.Results:Celastrus paniculatus oil significantly improved behavioural parameters in Y maze,novel object preference,discrimination index,fear conditioning and resident intruder aggressive tests.The treatment groups showed a decrease in malondialdehyde level.Changes in the levels of dopamine,noradrenaline,and serotonin were restored by Celastrus paniculatus oil.Celastrus paniculatus oil increased nerve growth factor and decreased interleukin-6,nuclear factor-κB,and TNF-α.Synaptophysin immunoreactivity was also improved by Celastrus paniculatus oil with alleviated reactive gliosis,degeneration,and vascular proliferation.Conclusions:This research shows the therapeutic potential of Celastrus paniculatus oil for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Mental Foramen:A Predictor of Age and Gender and Guide for Various Procedures

Background:The distance from the inferior border of mental foramen(MF)to lower border of mandible remains constant throughout the life.Considering this fact the present study was carried out to determine role of MF in age and gender estimation and also its importance in planning various treatments.Aims and Objective:(1)To determine the most common type and shape of MF 2)To measure the height of the mandibular body(H),the distance between the superior margin of the MF to the alveolar crest(SM-AC),the distance between the superior margin of the MF to the inferior border of the mandible(SM-IB),the distance between the inferior margin of the MF to the inferior border(IM-IB)on the right side and left side.(3)To compare the above measurements for age and gender determination.(4)To determine effect of various factors on above measurements(5)to evaluate whether any significant difference in measurement occurs on right and left side.(6)To derive a regression equation for age estimation.Materials and Methods:A total of 300 Orthopantomogram were studied.Measurements such as H,SM-AC,SM-IB and IM-IB were carried out on both sides on type II MF in males and females in all the six age groups.Statistical analysis was carried using IBM SPSS version 24 to determine differences in measurements and linear regression analysis was carried out to determine age of individuals.Result:The most common appearance of MF was type II and shape was oval.Statistically significant differences occurred in measurements using which regressive equation for age estimation was derived for males&females.Conclusion:MF,being a stable landmark in mandible,serves as a good indicator for the determination of age and gender.Hence,using certain measurements related to MF,it can help in determining the age of the individual.Further,its position and distance from the alveolar crest serve as a guide for orthognathic surgeries,implant placement,and pre-prosthetic surgery.

Human Bite Mark: A Digital Analytical Pilot Study

Background:Bite mark identification is based on the individuality of a dentition and helps in identifying the perpetrator.The use of three-dimensional(3D)analysis of forensic evidence is highlighted in comparison with traditional methods.CBCT has been used in registering bite mark on food material.To our knowledge this is the first study where CBCT is used to register bite mark from human forearm.Aims and Objective:To signify the potential of CBCT in registering and analysing the bite mark on human skin and to analyse various identifying parameters.Materials and Method:60 subjects of either sex were asked to bite their own forearm and alginate impression of the maxillary and mandible dentition was taken and cast was poured.Both bitemark and cast was subjected to CBCT scanning and parameters like arch shape,inter canine width,mesio distal dimension of anterior teeth,and individual characteristics like rotation,buccal/lingual tilting of teeth was noted and compared and assigned a score using simplified version ofABFO scoring system.Results:Highly significant result with 56.6%definite match,26.66%probable match and 16.66%possible match were obtained using CBCT.Conclusion:CBCT is a non-destructive,accurate,efficient,objective and reproducible method.Out of all parameter mesio-distal dimension of teeth is the best parameter to judge the bitemark on skin.