The first China-US joint dust field experiment was carried out by Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Me- teorological Administration, and University of Maryland, the Department of Energy （DOE）, U...The first China-US joint dust field experiment was carried out by Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Me- teorological Administration, and University of Maryland, the Department of Energy （DOE）, USA, from April to June, 2008. The observation sites are located at Zhangye National Climatological Observatory, Semi-Arid Climate and Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University （SACOL）, and Jingtai with the Mobile Facilities of SACOL. The measurements of Particle Soot Absorp- tion Photometer and TSI Integrating Nephelometer are used to analyze the aerosol absorption and scattering characteristics over Zhangye. The results are： the aerosol absorption, total scattering, and backscattering coefficients present similar diurnal variation trends with their bi-peaks at 08：00 and 22!00, and they are generally higher in nighttime than in daytime. Their monthly average coefficient is the highest in April, and the!l drops in succession in May and June. Frequency analysis of aerosol single scattering albedo （SSA） shows that the magnitudes＇0f SSA at 450, 550, and 700 nm are mainly within 0.7q3.9. The maximum frequency of SSA at 450 and 700 nm distribute at 0.8, and at 0.85 for 550 nm. The averages of SSA at 450, 550, and 700 nm are 0.72, 0.75, and 0.68, respectively.展开更多
Since its initial release in 2001,the human reference genome has undergone continuous improvement in quality,and the recently released telomere-to-telomere(T2T)version-T2T-CHM13—reaches its highest level of continuit...Since its initial release in 2001,the human reference genome has undergone continuous improvement in quality,and the recently released telomere-to-telomere(T2T)version-T2T-CHM13—reaches its highest level of continuity and accuracy after 20 years of effort by working on a simplified,nearly homozygous genome of a hydatidiform mole cell line.Here,to provide an authentic complete diploid human genome reference for the Han Chinese,the largest population in the world,we assembled the genome of a male Han Chinese individual,T2T-YAO,which includes T2T assemblies of all the 22+X+M and 22+Y chromosomes in both haploids.The quality of T2T-YAO is much better than those of all currently available diploid assemblies,and its haploid version,T2T-YAO-hp,generated by selecting the better assembly for each autosome,reaches the top quality of fewer than one error per 29.5 Mb,even higher than that of T2T-CHM13.Derived from an individual living in the aboriginal region of the Han population,T2T-YAO shows clear ancestry and potential genetic continuity from the ancient ancestors.Each haplotype of T2TYAO possesses330-Mb exclusive sequences,3100 unique genes,and tens of thousands of nucleotide and structural variations as compared with CHM13,highlighting the necessity of a population-stratified reference genome.The construction of T2T-YAO,an accurate and authentic representative of the Chinese population,would enable precise delineation of genomic variations and advance our understandings in the hereditability of diseases and phenotypes,especially within the context of the unique variations of the Chinese population.展开更多
Background::Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),has rapidly spread throughout the world.In this study,we aimed to identify the risk factors...Background::Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),has rapidly spread throughout the world.In this study,we aimed to identify the risk factors for severe COVID-19 to improve treatment guidelines.Methods::A multicenter,cross-sectional study was conducted on 313 patients hospitalized with COVID-19.Patients were classified into two groups based on disease severity(nonsevere and severe)according to initial clinical presentation.Laboratory test results and epidemiological and clinical characteristics were analyzed using descriptive statistics.Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to detect potential risk factors associated with severe COVID-19.Results::A total of 289 patients(197 nonsevere and 92 severe cases)with a median age of 45.0(33.0,61.0)years were included in this study,and 53.3%(154/289)were male.Fever(192/286,67.1%)and cough(170/289,58.8%)were commonly observed,followed by sore throat(49/289,17.0%).Multivariate logistic regression analysis suggested that patients who were aged≥65 years(OR:2.725,95%confidence interval[CI]:1.317-5.636;P=0.007),were male(OR:1.878,95%CI:1.002-3.520,P=0.049),had comorbid diabetes(OR:3.314,95%CI:1.126-9.758,P=0.030),cough(OR:3.427,95%CI:1.752-6.706,P<0.001),and/or diarrhea(OR:2.629,95%CI:1.109-6.231,P=0.028)on admission had a higher risk of severe disease.Moreover,stratification analysis indicated that male patients with diabetes were more likely to have severe COVID-19(71.4%vs.28.6%,χ2=8.183,P=0.004).Conclusions::The clinical characteristics of those with severe and nonsevere COVID-19 were significantly different.The elderly,male patients with COVID-19,diabetes,and presenting with cough and/or diarrhea on admission may require close monitoring to prevent deterioration.展开更多
Background： It is important to achieve the definitive pathogen identification in hospital-acquired pneumonia （HAP）, but the traditional culture results always delay the target antibiotic therapy. We assessed the me...Background： It is important to achieve the definitive pathogen identification in hospital-acquired pneumonia （HAP）, but the traditional culture results always delay the target antibiotic therapy. We assessed the method called quantitative loop-mediated isothermal amplification （qLAMP） as a new implement for steering of the antibiotic decision-making in HAP. Methods： Totally, 76 respiratory tract aspiration samples were prospectively collected from 60 HAP patients. DNA was isolated from these samples. Specific DNA fragments for identifying 11 pneumonia-related bacteria were amplified by qLAMP assay. Culture results of these patients were compared with the qLAMP results. Clinical data and treatment strategies were analyzed to evaluate the effects of qLAMP results on clinical data. McNemar test and Fisher＇s exact test were used for statistical analysis. Results： The detection of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Streptococcus pneumonia, and Acinetobacter baumannii by qLAMP was consistent with sputum culture （P 〉 0.05）. The qLAMP results of 4 samples for Haemophilus influenzae, Legionella pneumophila, or Mvcoplasma pneumonia （MP） were inconsistent with culture results; however, clinical data revealed that the qLAMP results were all reliable except 1 MP positive sample due to the lack of specific species identified in the final diagnosis. The improvement of clinical condition was more significant （P 〈 0.001） in patients with pathogen target-driven therapy based on qLAMP results than those with empirical therapy. Conclusion： qLAMP is a more promising method for detection of pathogens in an early, rapid, sensitive, and specific manner than culture.展开更多
To the Editor:Community-acquired pneumonia(CAP)is one of the most common infectious diseases,causing high morbidity and mortality.High altitudes are characterized by a hypoxic environment with low barometric pressure,...To the Editor:Community-acquired pneumonia(CAP)is one of the most common infectious diseases,causing high morbidity and mortality.High altitudes are characterized by a hypoxic environment with low barometric pressure,increased ultraviolet radiation,and low humidity.Hypoxia can disturb normal homeostasis of the immune system,especially impairing the function of the T lymphocytes,leading to an increased susceptibility to bacterial infection.The respiratory symptoms of CAP at high altitudes are similar to that of high-altitude pulmonary edema.展开更多
Background:With the second largest tuberculosis(TB)burden globally,China is committed to actively engage in international TB clinical trials to contribute to global TB research.However,lack of research capacity among ...Background:With the second largest tuberculosis(TB)burden globally,China is committed to actively engage in international TB clinical trials to contribute to global TB research.However,lack of research capacity among local sites has been identified as a barrier.Main text:The China Tuberculosis Clinical Trials Consortium(CTCTC)was initiated by Beijing Chest Hospital with investment from the US National Institutes of Health and technical support from Family Health International 360 in 2013,as a nationwide collaborative clinical trial network to strengthen selected clinical site research capacity and attract TB clinical trials.The program aims to:1)recruit leading hospitals that care for TB patients;2)conduct on-site assessment to identify capacity gaps and needs for improvement;3)design and deliver capacity building activities;4)attract and deliver high quality results for TB clinical trials.A total of 24 sites have joined CTCTC,covering 20 provinces in China.Twenty-two sites have been accredited by the National Medical Products Administration(NMPA)to be qualified to conduct TB clinical trials.The onsite assessment,extensive trainings among the CTCTC sites and young investigators have resulted in better understanding and improvement of the site capacity in conducting TB clinical trials.The establishment and growth of the CTCTC network has benefited from the good leadership,effective international cooperation and local commitment.Issues in human resources,regulatory environment and sustainability have been challenging the network from continuing growth.Clinical researchers have full-time clinical responsibilities in China and it is thus important to build a cadre of other human resources to assist.The regulatory environment is becoming friendlier in China to introduce international clinical trials to the CTCTC network.Conclusions:The CTCTC,with mature management structure and sustainable development model,which are distilled five key lessons for other developing countries or investigators of interest.They are the respectively using assessment-based approach to design tailored training package,understanding the availability of clinical researchers,providing solutions to maintain sustainability,understanding local regulatory environments and working with an international organization with local on-site team,respectively.Although,the experiences and capacity of China’s TB hospitals in conducting clinical research vary.Considerable efforts to continue building the capacity are still needed,although the gap is smaller for a few top-tier hospitals.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41075104)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Lanzhou University (lzujbky-2011-5)
文摘The first China-US joint dust field experiment was carried out by Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Me- teorological Administration, and University of Maryland, the Department of Energy （DOE）, USA, from April to June, 2008. The observation sites are located at Zhangye National Climatological Observatory, Semi-Arid Climate and Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University （SACOL）, and Jingtai with the Mobile Facilities of SACOL. The measurements of Particle Soot Absorp- tion Photometer and TSI Integrating Nephelometer are used to analyze the aerosol absorption and scattering characteristics over Zhangye. The results are： the aerosol absorption, total scattering, and backscattering coefficients present similar diurnal variation trends with their bi-peaks at 08：00 and 22!00, and they are generally higher in nighttime than in daytime. Their monthly average coefficient is the highest in April, and the!l drops in succession in May and June. Frequency analysis of aerosol single scattering albedo （SSA） shows that the magnitudes＇0f SSA at 450, 550, and 700 nm are mainly within 0.7q3.9. The maximum frequency of SSA at 450 and 700 nm distribute at 0.8, and at 0.85 for 550 nm. The averages of SSA at 450, 550, and 700 nm are 0.72, 0.75, and 0.68, respectively.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Research Project of Henan(Grant No.232102311003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U1804282)。
文摘Since its initial release in 2001,the human reference genome has undergone continuous improvement in quality,and the recently released telomere-to-telomere(T2T)version-T2T-CHM13—reaches its highest level of continuity and accuracy after 20 years of effort by working on a simplified,nearly homozygous genome of a hydatidiform mole cell line.Here,to provide an authentic complete diploid human genome reference for the Han Chinese,the largest population in the world,we assembled the genome of a male Han Chinese individual,T2T-YAO,which includes T2T assemblies of all the 22+X+M and 22+Y chromosomes in both haploids.The quality of T2T-YAO is much better than those of all currently available diploid assemblies,and its haploid version,T2T-YAO-hp,generated by selecting the better assembly for each autosome,reaches the top quality of fewer than one error per 29.5 Mb,even higher than that of T2T-CHM13.Derived from an individual living in the aboriginal region of the Han population,T2T-YAO shows clear ancestry and potential genetic continuity from the ancient ancestors.Each haplotype of T2TYAO possesses330-Mb exclusive sequences,3100 unique genes,and tens of thousands of nucleotide and structural variations as compared with CHM13,highlighting the necessity of a population-stratified reference genome.The construction of T2T-YAO,an accurate and authentic representative of the Chinese population,would enable precise delineation of genomic variations and advance our understandings in the hereditability of diseases and phenotypes,especially within the context of the unique variations of the Chinese population.
基金the grants from Emergency Research Project on COVID-19 Prevention and Control,Xiamen University(Nos.20720200017 and 20720200032).
文摘Background::Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),has rapidly spread throughout the world.In this study,we aimed to identify the risk factors for severe COVID-19 to improve treatment guidelines.Methods::A multicenter,cross-sectional study was conducted on 313 patients hospitalized with COVID-19.Patients were classified into two groups based on disease severity(nonsevere and severe)according to initial clinical presentation.Laboratory test results and epidemiological and clinical characteristics were analyzed using descriptive statistics.Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to detect potential risk factors associated with severe COVID-19.Results::A total of 289 patients(197 nonsevere and 92 severe cases)with a median age of 45.0(33.0,61.0)years were included in this study,and 53.3%(154/289)were male.Fever(192/286,67.1%)and cough(170/289,58.8%)were commonly observed,followed by sore throat(49/289,17.0%).Multivariate logistic regression analysis suggested that patients who were aged≥65 years(OR:2.725,95%confidence interval[CI]:1.317-5.636;P=0.007),were male(OR:1.878,95%CI:1.002-3.520,P=0.049),had comorbid diabetes(OR:3.314,95%CI:1.126-9.758,P=0.030),cough(OR:3.427,95%CI:1.752-6.706,P<0.001),and/or diarrhea(OR:2.629,95%CI:1.109-6.231,P=0.028)on admission had a higher risk of severe disease.Moreover,stratification analysis indicated that male patients with diabetes were more likely to have severe COVID-19(71.4%vs.28.6%,χ2=8.183,P=0.004).Conclusions::The clinical characteristics of those with severe and nonsevere COVID-19 were significantly different.The elderly,male patients with COVID-19,diabetes,and presenting with cough and/or diarrhea on admission may require close monitoring to prevent deterioration.
文摘Background： It is important to achieve the definitive pathogen identification in hospital-acquired pneumonia （HAP）, but the traditional culture results always delay the target antibiotic therapy. We assessed the method called quantitative loop-mediated isothermal amplification （qLAMP） as a new implement for steering of the antibiotic decision-making in HAP. Methods： Totally, 76 respiratory tract aspiration samples were prospectively collected from 60 HAP patients. DNA was isolated from these samples. Specific DNA fragments for identifying 11 pneumonia-related bacteria were amplified by qLAMP assay. Culture results of these patients were compared with the qLAMP results. Clinical data and treatment strategies were analyzed to evaluate the effects of qLAMP results on clinical data. McNemar test and Fisher＇s exact test were used for statistical analysis. Results： The detection of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Streptococcus pneumonia, and Acinetobacter baumannii by qLAMP was consistent with sputum culture （P 〉 0.05）. The qLAMP results of 4 samples for Haemophilus influenzae, Legionella pneumophila, or Mvcoplasma pneumonia （MP） were inconsistent with culture results; however, clinical data revealed that the qLAMP results were all reliable except 1 MP positive sample due to the lack of specific species identified in the final diagnosis. The improvement of clinical condition was more significant （P 〈 0.001） in patients with pathogen target-driven therapy based on qLAMP results than those with empirical therapy. Conclusion： qLAMP is a more promising method for detection of pathogens in an early, rapid, sensitive, and specific manner than culture.
文摘To the Editor:Community-acquired pneumonia(CAP)is one of the most common infectious diseases,causing high morbidity and mortality.High altitudes are characterized by a hypoxic environment with low barometric pressure,increased ultraviolet radiation,and low humidity.Hypoxia can disturb normal homeostasis of the immune system,especially impairing the function of the T lymphocytes,leading to an increased susceptibility to bacterial infection.The respiratory symptoms of CAP at high altitudes are similar to that of high-altitude pulmonary edema.
文摘Background:With the second largest tuberculosis(TB)burden globally,China is committed to actively engage in international TB clinical trials to contribute to global TB research.However,lack of research capacity among local sites has been identified as a barrier.Main text:The China Tuberculosis Clinical Trials Consortium(CTCTC)was initiated by Beijing Chest Hospital with investment from the US National Institutes of Health and technical support from Family Health International 360 in 2013,as a nationwide collaborative clinical trial network to strengthen selected clinical site research capacity and attract TB clinical trials.The program aims to:1)recruit leading hospitals that care for TB patients;2)conduct on-site assessment to identify capacity gaps and needs for improvement;3)design and deliver capacity building activities;4)attract and deliver high quality results for TB clinical trials.A total of 24 sites have joined CTCTC,covering 20 provinces in China.Twenty-two sites have been accredited by the National Medical Products Administration(NMPA)to be qualified to conduct TB clinical trials.The onsite assessment,extensive trainings among the CTCTC sites and young investigators have resulted in better understanding and improvement of the site capacity in conducting TB clinical trials.The establishment and growth of the CTCTC network has benefited from the good leadership,effective international cooperation and local commitment.Issues in human resources,regulatory environment and sustainability have been challenging the network from continuing growth.Clinical researchers have full-time clinical responsibilities in China and it is thus important to build a cadre of other human resources to assist.The regulatory environment is becoming friendlier in China to introduce international clinical trials to the CTCTC network.Conclusions:The CTCTC,with mature management structure and sustainable development model,which are distilled five key lessons for other developing countries or investigators of interest.They are the respectively using assessment-based approach to design tailored training package,understanding the availability of clinical researchers,providing solutions to maintain sustainability,understanding local regulatory environments and working with an international organization with local on-site team,respectively.Although,the experiences and capacity of China’s TB hospitals in conducting clinical research vary.Considerable efforts to continue building the capacity are still needed,although the gap is smaller for a few top-tier hospitals.
