糖尿病前期成年人综合健康生活方式与糖尿病、心血管疾病、癌症和死亡的关联--来自中、美、英三个国家的四个队列研究

在糖尿病前期人群中,采取健康的生活方式可以有效预防糖尿病的发生。然而,健康生活方式与心血管疾病(cardiovascular disease,CVD)、癌症和死亡的长期风险之间的关联尚未阐明。本文旨在探究糖尿病前期人群中综合健康生活方式与上述多种健康结局之间的关联。本研究纳入的121254名糖尿病前期参与者来自以下4个前瞻性队列,包括中国的东风-同济队列(Dongfeng-Tongji,DFTJ)和开滦研究,英国生物银行(UK Biobank,UKB)和美国的国家健康与营养调查(National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,NHANES;仅用于死亡分析)。随访期间,共诊断了18333例新发糖尿病病例、10829例新发心血管疾病病例、6926例新发癌症病例和9877例全因死亡。本文基于5个因素(从不吸烟或戒烟超过10年、适量饮酒、充足的体力活动、健康膳食和理想的腰围)构建综合健康生活方式评分。各因素均被分为健康水平(赋1分)和不健康水平(赋0分),评分的加和为综合健康生活方式评分(0~5分)。首先,采用Cox比例风险回归模型计算每个队列中综合健康生活方式评分与健康结局之间的关联;然后,通过随机效应模型的荟萃分析合并各独立队列结果的多变量校正的风险比(hazard ratio,HR)和95%置信区间(confidence interval,CI)。与生活方式最不健康(评分为0~1分)的研究对象相比,生活方式最健康(评分为4~5分)的研究对象具有更低的糖尿病、心血管疾病、癌症和死亡风险,合并的HR(95%CI)分别为0.57(0.48~0.69)、0.67(0.62~0.73)、0.80(0.73~0.88)和0.54(0.42~0.70)。根据研究对象的基线人口学特征和代谢健康状况进行亚组分析的结果也与主要分析的结果一致。总而言之,本研究对来自三个国家的4个队列的合并分析表明,在糖尿病前期人群中,坚持更健康的生活方式与糖尿病及主要并发症的发生风险降低有关。本研究的发现为临床指南和公共卫生政策提供了可靠证据。

Correlation between COVID-19 vaccination and diabetes mellitus:A systematic review

BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)is one of the current global public health threats and vaccination is the most effective tool to reduce the spread and decrease the severity of COVID-19.Diabetes is one of the important chronic diseases threatening human health and is a common comorbidity of COVID-19.What is the impact of diabetes on the immunization effect of COVID-19 vaccination?Conversely,does vaccination against COVID-19 exacerbate the severity of pre-existing diseases in patients with diabetes?There are limited and conflicting data on the interrelationship between diabetes and COVID-19 vaccination.AIM To explore the clinical factors and possible mechanisms underlying the interaction between COVID-19 vaccination and diabetes.METHODS We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed,MEDLINE,EMBASE,and Reference Citation Analysis(https://www.referencecitationanalysis.com)online datab-ases,and medRxiv and bioRxiv gray literature using the keywords"SARSCoV-2","COVID-19","vaccine","vaccination","antibody",and"diabetes"individually or in combination,with a cut-off date of December 2,2022.We followed inclusion and exclusion criteria and after excluding duplicate publications,studies with quantifiable evidence were included in the full-text review,plus three manually searched publications,resulting in 54 studies being included in this review.RESULTS A total of 54 studies were included,from 17 countries.There were no randomized controlled studies.The largest sample size was 350963.The youngest of the included samples was 5 years old and the oldest was 98 years old.The included population included the general population and also some special populations with pediatric diabetes,hemodialysis,solid organ transplantation,and autoimmune diseases.The earliest study began in November 2020.Thirty studies discussed the effect of diabetes on vaccination,with the majority indicating that diabetes reduces the response to COVID-19 vaccination.The other 24 studies were on the effect of vaccination on diabetes,which included 18 case reports/series.Most of the studies concluded that COVID-19 vaccination had a risk of causing elevated blood glucose.A total of 12 of the 54 included studies indicated a"no effect"relationship between diabetes and vaccination.CONCLUSION There is a complex relationship between vaccination and diabetes with a bidirectional effect.Vaccination may contribute to the risk of worsening blood glucose in diabetic patients and diabetic patients may have a lower antibody response after vaccination than the general population.

Review of the fabrication and application of porous materials from silicon-rich industrial solid waste

Porous materials have promise as sound insulation, heat barrier, vibration attenuation, and catalysts. Most industrial solid wastes, such as tailings, coal gangue, and fly ash are rich in silicon. Additionally, a high silicon content waste is a potential raw material for the syn- thesis of silicon-based, multi-porous materials such as zeolites, mesoporous silica, glass-ceramics, and geopolymer foams. Representative sil- icon-rich industrial solid wastes (SRISWs) are the focus of this mini review of the processing and application of porous silicon materials with respect to the physical and chemical properties of the SRISW. The transformation methods of preparing porous materials from SRISWs are summarized, and their research status in micro-, meso-, and macro-scale porous materials are described. Possible problems in the application of SRISWs and in the preparation of functional porous materials are analyzed, and their development prospects are discussed. This review should provide a typical reference for the recycling and use of industrial solid wastes to develop sustainable “green materials.”

Analysis of the Influence of the Self-efficacy of College Students on Their Response Behaviors Toward COVID-19

Objective:This study aims to investigate the self-efficacy of college students during the Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic and to conduct an empirical analysis on its influence mechanism on decision-making and coping skills to provide reference for decision support to improve the coping behavior of college students during public health emergencies.Methods:The study recruited a total of 1,346 college students in Shaanxi.Data were collected via a questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 22.0.Result:The self-efficacy of the college students exerted a significantly positive impact on their coping decisions(β=0.754)and coping skills(β=0.822)during the COVID-19 pandemic.Both passed the significance test at a 99.9%confidence interval(99%CI).Conclusion:During the COVID-19 pandemic,improving the self-efficacy of college students can significantly positively influence their coping behaviors.Therefore,providing effective interventions that target the self-efficacy of college students and encouraging them to adopt positive coping behaviors is necessary.

Hierarchical MoS2 intercalated clay hybrid nanosheets with enhanced catalytic activity

Emerging hierarchical MoS2/pillared-montmorillonite （MoS2/PMMT） hybrid nanosheets were successfully prepared through facile in-situ hydrothermal synthesis of MoS2 within the interlayer of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide PMMT, and their catalytic performance was evaluated by the reduction reaction of 4-nitrophenol （4-NP） using NaBH4 as a reductant. Microstructure and morphology characterization indicated that MoS2/PMMT exhibited hybrid-stacked layered structures with an interlayer spacing of 1.29 nm, and the MoS2 nanosheets were intercalated within the montmorillonite （MMT） layers, with most of the edges exposed to the outside. The catalytic activity and stability of MoS2/PMMT were both enhanced by the MMT. With the MoS2/PMMT as the catalyst, the apparent reaction rate constant of the 4-NP reduction was 0.723 min-1 and was maintained at -0.679 min-1 after five reaction cycles. The structural evolution of MoSdPMMT and the possible catalysis mechanism for the reduction reaction of 4-NP were investigated. The as-prepared MOSR/PMMT hybrid nanosheets are promising candidates for catalytic application in the water-treatment and biomedical fields. The strategy developed in this study can provide insights for designing hybrid nanosheets with diverse heterogeneous two-dimensional （2D） nanomaterials.

Potential therapeutic options for coronavirus disease 2019:using knowledge of past outbreaks to guide future treatment

In December 2019,initial cases of the novel coronavirus(2019-nCoV)infection,termed coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),were first reported in Wuhan,China.[1]In humans,infections with the human coronavirus 229E,OC43,NL63,and HKU1 usually result in mild,selflimiting upper respiratory tract infections.However,other variants have rapid transmission rates and can cause severe respiratory syndrome and death.These variants include severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus(SARSCoV),Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus(MERS-CoV),and the current 2019-nCoV.

Establishment and evaluation of an overlap extension polymerase chain reaction technique for rapid and efficient detection of drug-resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Background:Rapid and accurate detection of drug resistance inMycobacterium tuberculosis is critical for effective control of tuberculosis(TB).Herein,we established a novel,low cost strategy having high accuracy and speed for the detection ofM.tuberculosis drug resistance,using gene splicing by overlap extension PCR(SOE PCR).Methods:The SOE PCR assay and Sanger sequencing are designed and constructed to detect mutations of rpoB,embB,katG,andinhA promoter,which have been considered as the major contributors to rifampicin(RFP),isoniazid(INH),and ethambutol(EMB)resistance inM.tuberculosis.One hundred and eightM.tuberculosis isolates came from mycobacterial cultures of TB cases at Chongqing Public Health Medical Center in China from December 2018 to April 2019,of which 56 isolates were tested with the GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay.Performance evaluation of the SOE PCR technique was compared with traditional mycobacterial culture and drug susceptibility testing(DST)or GeneXpert MTB/RIF among these isolates.Kappa identity test was used to analyze the consistency of the different diagnostic methods.Results:We found that the mutations of S531L,S315T and M306V were most prevalent for RFP,INH and EMB resistance,respectively,in the 108 M.tuberculosis isolates.Compared with phenotypic DST,the sensitivity and specificity of the SOE PCR assay for resistance detection were 100.00% and 88.00% for RFP,94.64% and 94.23% for INH,and 68.97% and 79.75% for EMB,respectively.Compared with the GeneXpert MTB/RIF,the SOE PCR method was completely consistent with results of the GeneXpert MTB/RIF,with a concordance of 100% for resistance to RFP.Conclusions:In present study,a novel SOE PCR diagnostic method was successfully developed for the accurate detection ofM.tuberculosis drug resistance.Our results using this method have a high consistency with that of traditional phenotypic DST or GeneXpert MTB/RIF,and SOE PCR testing in clinical isolates can also be conducted rapidly and simultaneously for detection of drug resistance to RFP,EMB,and INH.

Electrospinning with a spindle-knot structure for effective PM_(2.5) capture

Long-term air contamination and pollution challenges in particulate matter(PM) have raised fervent concerns for public health, e.g., the PM physical damage or the bacteria and virus carried by the PM. The desired air filter, seeking both high filtration efficiency and low pressure drop remains challenging. Here, we report a bio-inspired spindle-knot halloysite nanotube microsphere-incorporated nanofiber(HNM-NF) filter with the assembly and shape structures of the spider silk. The resulting HNM-NFs exhibit integrated properties of high surface energy, hydrophilicity and strong PM capture. The spindle-knot structures could shrink the outer pore size on two-dimensional(2 D) surface and construct the fluffy 3 D reticular architecture, facilitating high-efficiency air pollutant capture(>85.0%) while maintaining low resistance to airflow(~39 Pa). The spindle-knot construction method was applicable to various materials(i.e.,Al_(2)O_(3), ZnO and TiO_(2)) and volume production of the microsphere-incorporated NF cartridge. The diversified spindleknot construction will be valuable for adapting to meet different filtration requirements.

Fungal Translocation Marker in People Living with HIV Needing Treatment for Onychomycosis: A Protocol for the Prospective Pilot Study

Increased microbial translocation and chronic immune activation are two critical problems for people living with HIV(PLWH)in the antiretroviral therapy(ART)era.Compared with numerous studies on bacterial microbiomic communities,there are only a limited number of studies focusing on fungal microbiomic composition and products in PLWH.This study protocol is used to evaluate the changes in bacterial and fungal microbiome populations induced by terbinafine treatment,which is an antifungal agent widely used amongst PLWH.Twenty-two PLWH on a stable ART regimen for more than six months,who require treatment for onychomycosis,will be recruited.The participants will be followed-up for a 12-week treatment period(oral terbinafine 250mg daily)and another 12-weeks of terbinafine discontinuation.Plasma and fecal samples will be collected before and after terbinafine treatment,and for 12weeks after the discontinuation of terbinafine.Plasma gut injury and microbial translocation biomarker assays,in addition to testing for gut microbiome composition,will be undertaken.With this pilot study,we will perform formal sample size calculations and test study feasibility for a possible full-scale study.