Heme oxygenase-1 prevents liver fibrosis in rats by regulating the expression of PPAR_γ and NF-_κB

AIM:To investigate the effects of heme oxygenase(HO)-1 on liver fibrosis and the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma(PPARγ) and nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB) in rats.METHODS:Sixty Wistar rats were used to construct liver fibrosis models and were randomly divided into 5 groups:group A(normal,untreated),group B(model for 4 wk,untreated),group C(model for 6 wk,untreated),group D [model for 6 wk,treated with zinc protoporphyrin Ⅸ(ZnPP-Ⅸ) from week 4 to week 6],group E(model for 6 wk,treated with hemin from week 4 to week 6).Next,liver injury was assessed by measuring serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT),aspartate aminotransferase(AST) and albumin levels.The degree of hepatic fibrosis was evaluated by measuring serum hyaluronate acid(HA),type Ⅳ collagen(Ⅳ-C) and by histological examination.Hydroxyproline(Hyp) content in the liver homogenate was determined.The expres-sion levels of alpha-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA) in liver tissue were measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).The expression levels of PPARγ and NF-κB were determined by RT-PCR and Western blotting.RESULTS:The expression of HO-1 increased with the development of fibrosis.Induction of HO-1 by hemin significantly attenuated the severity of liver injury and the levels of liver fibrosis as compared with inhibition of HO-1 by ZnPP-Ⅸ.The concentrations of serum ALT,AST,HA and Ⅳ-C in group E decreased compared with group C and group D(P < 0.01).Amount of Hyp and α-SMA in the liver tissues in group E decreased compared with group C(0.62 ± 0.14 vs 0.84 ± 0.07,1.42 ± 0.17 vs 1.84 ± 0.17,respectively,P < 0.01) and group D(0.62 ± 0.14 vs 1.11 ± 0.16,1.42 ± 0.17 vs 2.56 ± 0.37,respectively,P < 0.01).The expression of PPARγ at levels of transcription and translation decreased with the development of fibrosis especially in group D;and it increased in group E compared with groups C and D(0.88 ± 0.15 vs 0.56 ± 0.19,0.88 ± 0.15 vs 0.41 ± 0.11,respectively,P < 0.01).The expression of NF-κB increased with the development of fibrosis especially in group D;and it decreased in group E compared with groups C and D(1.43 ± 0.31 vs 1.89 ± 0.29,1.43 ± 0.31 vs 2.53 ± 0.54,respectively,P < 0.01).CONCLUSION:Our data demonstrate a potential mechanism that HO-1 can prevent liver fibrosis by enhancing the expression of PPARγ and decreasing the expression of NF-κB in liver tissues.

Huangqin flavonoid extraction for spinal cord injury in a rat model

Flavonoids from Huangqin（dried roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi） have anti-inflammatory effects, and are considered useful for treatment of spinal cord injury. To verify this hypothesis, the T9-10 spinal cord segments of rats were damaged using Allen＇s method to establish a rat spinal cord injury model. Before model establishment, Huangqin flavonoid extraction（12.5 g/kg） was administered intragastrically for 1 week until 28 days after model establishment. Methylprednisolone（30 mg/kg） was injected into the tail vein at 30 minutes after model establishment as a positive control. Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan locomotor scale scores were used to assess hind limb motor function. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to detect pathological changes in the injured spinal cord. Immunofluorescence and western blot assays were performed to measure immunoreactivity and expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neuronal marker neurofilament protein, microglial marker CD11 b and astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein in the injured spinal cord. Huangqin flavonoid extraction markedly reduced spinal cord hematoma, inflammatory cell infiltration and cavities and scars, and increased the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan locomotor scale scores; these effects were identical to those of methylprednisolone. Huangqin flavonoid extraction also increased immunoreactivity and expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurofilament protein, and reduced immunoreactivity and expression levels of CD11 b and glial fibrillary acidic protein, in the injured spinal cord. Overall, these data suggest that Huangqin flavonoid extraction can promote recovery of spinal cord injury by inducing brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurofilament protein expression, reducing microglia activation and regulating reactive astrocytes.

Effect of anti-asthma Chinese medicine Chuankezhi on the anti-tumor activity of cytokine-induced killer cells

Chuankezhi(CKZ),a new Chinese medicine,plays an important role in immunoregulation.Cytokineinduced killer(CIK)cells have been commonly used for immunotherapy in recent years.In this study,we aimed to investigate the immunoregulatory effect of CKZ on CIK cells.Peripheral blood monocytes were isolated from healthy donors,and CIK cells were generated by culturing monocytes with interferon-gamma(IFN-γ)and interleukin 2.Different concentrations of CKZ were added on day 2.After incubation for 14days in culture,the antitumor effects of CIK cells were measured by cytotoxicity assay.Flow cytometry was used to explore the effect of CKZ on CIK cell immunophenotype,intracellular cytokine production,and apoptosis.The effect of CKZ on the antitumor activity of CIK cells in nude mice was also investigated.CKZ increased the percentage of CD3+CD56+CIK cells but did not significantly change the percentage of CD4+,CD8+,or CD4+CD25+CIK cells.CKZ-conditioned CIK cells showed a greater ability to kill tumor cells,as well as a higher frequency of IFN-γand TNF-αproduction,compared with the CIK cells in the control group.CKZ also suppressed the apoptosis of CIK cells in vitro.Furthermore,CKZ combined with CIK cells had a stronger suppressive effect on tumor growth in vivo than the CIK,CKZ,or normal saline control groups.Our results indicate that CKZ enhances the antitumor activity of CIK cells and is a potential medicine for tumor immunotherapy.

Prognostic value of soluble MICA levels in the serum of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma

Serum levels of soluble MHC class I-related chain A (sMICA) are related with the prognosis of various types of cancer; however, few studies on the prognostic value of sMICA in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been reported. In this study, we retrospectively investigated the relationship between sMICA levels and clinical features of advanced HCC, and we assessed the prognostic value of sMICA in advanced HCC. Furthermore, the relationship of serum sMICA levels and natural killer group 2, member D (NKG2D) expression on natural killer (NK) cells was also evaluated. We detected sMICA levels in the serum of 60 advanced HCC patients using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and measured expression levels of NKG2D on NK cells using flow cytometry. We found that serum sMICA levels in HCC patients were in the range of 0.10 -6.21 ng/mL. Chi-square analyses showed that sMICA level was significantly related with only tumor size. Survival analysis showed that a high sMICA level was significantly related with poor prognosis among HCC patients. Multivariate analyses indicated that sMICA was an independent prognostic factor. In addition, the levels of CD56+NKG2D+NK cells were within the range of 11.2%-55.4%, and correlation analyses indicated that sMICA level was negatively correlated with the level of NKG2D+NK cells. Our results suggest that serum sMICA levels may be an independent prognostic factor for advanced HCC.

SMILE与EVO-ICL植入术矫正中度近视的短期视觉质量观察

目的:探讨飞秒激光小切口角膜基质透镜取出术(SMILE)与中央孔型有晶状体眼后房型人工晶状体(EVO-ICL)植入术矫正中度近视术后短期视觉质量表现。方法:前瞻性对照研究。选取2021-04/2022-02在潍坊眼科医院行SMILE和EVO-ICL植入术的中度近视患者51例51眼,根据手术方式分为SMILE组(30例30眼)和EVO-ICL组(21例21眼)。分别于术前、术后1wk,1、3mo观察两组患者视力[裸眼远视力(UDVA)、矫正远视力(CDVA)]、屈光度[等效球镜度(SE)]及双通道客观视觉质量分析系统(OQASⅡ)相关参数的变化,并填写视觉质量(QoV)调查问卷。结果:术后3mo,SMILE组和EVO-ICL组安全性指数(术后CDVA/术前CDVA)分别为1.20(1.00,1.20)和1.20(1.00,1.38),有效性指数(术后UDVA/术前CDVA)分别为1.00(1.00,1.20)和1.00(1.00,1.20);SE在±0.50D以内的比例分别为87%和100%。SMILE组术后客观散射指数(OSI)值增加,术后1wk,1mo调制传递函数截止频率(MTF cutoff)、对比度视力(VA)100%、VA20%及术后各时间点斯特列尔比(SR)、VA9%均较术前降低(均P<0.05);EVO-ICL组术后各时间点OSI、MTF cutoff、SR、VA与术前相比均无差异(均P>0.05)。SMILE和EVO-ICL植入术后最常见的视觉症状分别为视觉朦胧和光晕。结论:SMILE和EVO-ICL植入术矫正中度近视术后短期均有良好的安全性、有效性及可预测性,两种手术术后均有视觉症状的发生,但患者总体满意度高,且EVO-ICL植入术后具有更好的客观视觉质量表现。

Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness distribution in Chinese with myopia measured by 3D-optical coherence tomography

AIMTo assess the effect of myopia on the thickness of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) measured by 3D optical coherence tomography (3D-OCT) in a group of nonglaucomatous Chinese subjects.

T-PRK与SMILE矫正低度近视的视觉质量观察

目的:观察经上皮准分子激光角膜切削术(T-PRK)与飞秒激光小切口角膜基质透镜取出术(SMILE)矫正低度近视的角膜像差变化及视觉质量特点。方法:前瞻性队列研究。选取2021-04/2022-04于潍坊眼科医院行T-PRK手术32例32眼及SMILE手术45例45眼的低度近视患者,比较两组术后裸眼视力(UCVA)、最佳矫正视力(BCVA)、等效球镜(SE)、角膜高阶像差(HOAs)及客观视觉质量。结果:所有患者均顺利完成手术,未见感染等并发症。术后3mo,T-PRK组与SMILE组的安全指数分别为1.13±0.16和1.16±0.17(P=0.48),有效指数分别为1.10±0.20和1.15±0.18(P=0.27)。T-PRK组和SMILE组UCVA(LogMAR)≤0的占比分别为94%和98%。两组残余SE在±0.50D内的占比分别为88%和87%。两组患者HOAs和球差均显著升高(P≤0.01),且两组间增加量无差异(P=0.31、0.89)。两组患者水平彗差、水平三叶草、垂直三叶草均无显著性变化(P>0.05)。SMILE组垂直彗差显著升高(P<0.001),而T-PRK组无显著性变化(P>0.05),且SMILE组的增加量明显大于T-PRK组(P<0.001)。两组间OSI、MTF_(cut off)、SR、VA100%、VA20%、VA9%比较均未见差异(P>0.05)。结论:T-PRK与SMILE矫正低度近视均有良好的安全性、有效性和视觉质量,SMILE手术与T-PRK手术相比诱导更多的垂直彗差。

SMILE联合角膜胶原交联术后角膜形态学变化

目的:探讨飞秒激光小切口角膜基质透镜取出术(SMILE)联合角膜胶原交联术(CXL)治疗屈光不正患者术后早期角膜形态学变化及可能影响因素。方法:回顾性病例研究。选取2018-09/2019-03在我院接受SMILE手术的年龄偏小、度数较高、角膜偏薄或地形图显示形态欠规则的屈光不正患者39例76眼,按照治疗方式不同分为SMILE联合CXL术组患者17例32眼和仅行SMILE术组患者22例44眼。分别于术前、术后1 mo测定两组术眼的角膜形态学参数。结果:两组患者术眼K1、K2、Km、中央角膜厚度、角膜顶点后表面高度、最薄点前表面高度、最薄点后表面高度、D值和曲率对称性指数(IVA)的变化量间的比较均有差异(P<0.05),高度偏中心指数(IHD)的变化量间的比较无差异(P>0.05)。两组的前表面形态的部分参数变化量与激光切削深度、术前等效球镜度和光学区间有相关性(P<0.05),后表面形态的部分参数变化量与激光切削深度、术前等效球镜度和光学区间无明显相关性(P>0.05)。SMILE联合CXL术组的前后表面形态参数变化量与交联深度无明显相关性(P>0.05)。结论:SMILE联合CXL术应用于年龄偏小、度数较高、角膜偏薄或地形图显示形态欠规则的患者安全有效,且对角膜的后表面形态没有显著影响,对前表面形态有影响,其影响因素可能与激光切削深度、术前等效球镜度和光学区有关。

Corneal histomorphology and electron microscopic observation of R124L mutated corneal dystrophy in a relapsed pedigree

·AIM:To investigate the histological characteristics and ultrastructure of recurrent Chinese R124 L mutated corneal dystrophy after keratoplasty.·METHODS:The subjects were enrolled from a Chinese family of corneal dystrophy with R124 L heterozygous gene mutation and with a history of consanguineous marriage.Normal corneal samples were used as controls.·RESULTS:In this family,2 patients(3 eyes)underwent penetrating keratoplasty(PKP)and 2 patients(4 eyes)underwent lamellar keratoplasty(LKP).They had recurrence at 33.5±3.0(range 30-36)mo after keratoplasty.Among them,1 patient(1 eye)underwent PKP again and 1 patient(2 eyes)underwent LKP again.In the R124 L mutated recurrent corneal dystrophy,the corneal turbidity was mainly distributed from the upper corneal cortex to the anterior stroma;the corneal epithelium surface was rougher and more uneven;and,the corneal erosions were larger.Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that the thickness of the corneal epithelium was uneven;the arrangement of the epithelial cells was disordered;and,some corneal epithelial cells were swollen.The results of Congo red staining,Masson’s trichrome staining and Periodic acid-Schiff staining were positive,while that of Alcian blue staining was negative.Under a transmission electron microscope,deposition of high electron density substances between epithelial and basal cells,and,apoptosis of basal cells were observed.Many high electron density depositions were observed in the sub-epithelial and anterior corneal matrix.·CONCLUSION:In the Chinese family of recurrent corneal dystrophy with R124 L gene mutation,the corneal epithelia of the recurrent cases are rougher,and the corneal depositions are extra cellular amyloid fibrin.

Network pharmacological study and molecular docking verification of Capparis spinosa in the treatment of systemic sclerosis

Objective:To explore the molecular mechanism of Capparis spinosa in the treatment of systemic sclerosis((SSC))based on network pharmacology.Methods:GEO,Genecards,Pharmgkb,TTD and Drugbank databases were used to obtain SSC targets,related literatures and Swisstargetprediction databases were used to obtain the main components of Citrus and their corresponding targets,and intersection was used to obtain prediction targets.Log in to the String database to analyze the protein interaction of the prediction target(PPI),further used Cytoscape to obtain the core gene by network topology analysis,and the core gene was docked with the main components of Capparis spinosa.The prediction targets were analyzed by gene ontology(GO)analysis and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG)pathway analysis using R software.Results:A total of 15 active components and their targets were obtained,3171 SSC targets were obtained,and 66 predicted targets were obtained by intersection.Ten PPI core genes such as VEGFA,TNF,AKT1,PTGS2 and MMP9 were obtained by topological analysis.GO analysis involved many biological processes such as reactive oxygen species metabolic process、protein kinase B signaling、regulation of inflammatory response、phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling and so on.KEGG pathway analysis showed PI3K-Akt signaling pathway,Proteoglycans in cancer,Focal adhesion,Rap1 signaling pathway and other signaling pathways.Conclusion:The molecular mechanism of Capparis spinosa in the treatment of SSC is predicted by the method of network pharmacology,which provides theoretical basis and data support for the basic research of Citrus officinalis in the treatment of SSC.

电磁轴承系统动力学行为与辅助轴承性能的关系研究

Auxiliary bearings(ABs)are important backup and safety components in active magnetic bearing(AMB)systems.The performance of ABs significantly affects the reliability,safety,and serviceability of theAMB system and the rotating equipment.Research on the dynamic behavior during the touchdown process is crucial for analyzing the severity of the touchdown and the behavior is closely related to the performance of theAB.In this paper,a friction torque coefficient is introduced to evaluate the performance ofAB and the touchdown process is simulated and evaluated with various values of this coefficient with a detailed rotor-AB model of a verticalAMB system.The results show that large friction torque coefficient will result in undesired backward whirl of the rotor and catastrophic large load on the AB.Based on these results,this paper suggests that large friction torque coefficient ofABshould be avoided in practice.

Clinical Observation of Anesthesia Effect of 2%Lidocaine by Air Pressure Injection in Facial Skin Aesthetic Treatment

Objective To observe the anesthetic effect of 2%lidocaine with Pneumatic injector spray in facial beauty therapy.Methods 240 patients were randomly divided into two groups:the observation group(n=120)was treated with 2%lidocaine before the treatment,and the observation group(n=120)was treated with 2%lidocaine.120 cases of control group were treated with compound lidocaine cream before treatment.The onset time of anesthesia,the effect of anesthesia and adverse reactions were recorded.Results In the pneumatic spray group,the effective time of anesthesia was 5 minutes.Acupuncture had no pain,and the incidence of allergy was 0.8%.The control group:the effective time of anesthesia was 20 minutes.Acupuncture has pain in the skin and can be tolerated.The incidence of allergy was 10.8%.There was significant difference between the two groups(χ2=8.82 P<0.01).Conclusion The injection of 2%lidocaine in facial beauty therapy by air pressure spray instrument has the advantages of quick onset,good anaesthesia effect and less side effects,so it is worth popularizing and applying in clinic.

XELOX(capecitabine plus oxaliplatin)plus bevacizumab(anti-VEGF-A antibody)with or without adoptive cell immunotherapy in the treatment of patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer:a multicenter,open-label,randomized,controlled,phase 3 trial

Fluoropyrimidine-based combination chemotherapy plus targeted therapy is the standard initial treatment for unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer(mCRC),but the prognosis remains poor.This phase 3 trial(ClinicalTrials.gov:NCT03950154)assessed the efficacy and adverse events(AEs)of the combination of PD-1 blockade-activated DC-CIK(PD1-T)cells with XELOX plus bevacizumab as a first-line therapy in patients with mCRC.A total of 202 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive either first-line XELOX plus bevacizumab(the control group,n=102)or the same regimen plus autologous PD1-T cell immunotherapy(the immunotherapy group,n=100)every 21 days for up to 6 cycles,followed by maintenance treatment with capecitabine and bevacizumab.The main endpoint of the trial was progression-free survival(PFS).The median follow-up was 19.5 months.Median PFS was 14.8 months(95%CI,11.6-18.0)for the immunotherapy group compared with 9.9 months(8.0-11.8)for the control group(hazard ratio[HR],0.60[95%CI,0.40-0.88];p=0.009).Median overall survival(OS)was not reached for the immunotherapy group and 25.6 months(95%CI,18.3-32.8)for the control group(HR,0.57[95%CI,0.33-0.98];p=0.043).Grade 3 or higher AEs occurred in 20.0%of patients in the immunotherapy group and 23.5%in the control groups,with no toxicity-associated deaths reported.The addition of PD1-T cells to first-line XELOX plus bevacizumab demonstrates significant clinical improvement of PFS and OS with well tolerability in patients with previously untreated mCRC.

Improved survival ratios correlate with myeloid dendritic cell restoration in acute-on-chronic liver failure patients receiving methylprednisolone therapy

Acute-on-chronic liver failure （ACLF） is a severe life-threatening complication. Liver transplantation is the only available therapeutic option; however, several limitations have restricted its use in patients. The use of corticosteroids as an optional therapy for ACLF has received a great deal of interest. The rationale behind its use is the possible role of the immune system in initiating and perpetuating hepatic damage. In order to assess the relationship between myeloid dendritic cells （mDCs） and the efficacy of methylprednisolone （MP） treatment for hepatitis B virus （H BV）-associated ACLF patients, we recruited 30 HBV-associated ACLF patients who had received MP treatment at lO-day intervals; 26 patients received conservative medical （CM） management as a control. The functionality of DC subsets was lower in these ACLF patients compared with healthy subjects. In addition, compared with survivors, dead/transplanted patients had lower functional mDC in both groups. Furthermore, a decreased numbers of mDC at baseline was associated with high mortality of ACLF patients. Importantly, MP treatment resulted in a significant decrease in 28-day mortality, and all MP patients exhibited an initial rapid decrease in circulating mDC numbers within 10 days of MP treatment. Subsequently, MP survivors displayed a continuous increase in mDC numbers accompanied by a decrease in total bilirubin levels by more than 30%. However, MP dead/ transplanted patients lacked these sequential responses compared with survivors. This evidence suggests strongly that the higher mDC numbers at baseline and the recovery of mDC number at the end of treatment may represent a prognostic marker for favorable response to corticosteroid treatment in ACLF patients.

Remote Ischemic Postconditioning for Ischemic Stroke： A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Background：Remote ischemic postconditioning （RIPostC） appears to protect distant organs from ischemia-reperfusion injury （IRI）. However, cerebral protection results have remained inconclusive. In the present study, a meta-analysis was performed to compare stroke patients with and without RIPostC.Methods：CNKI, WanFang, VIP, CBM, PubMed, and Cochrane Library databases were searched up to July 2016. Data were analyzed using both fixed-effects and random-effects models by Review Manager. For each outcome, risk ratio （RR） and mean difference （MD） with 95% confidence interval （CI） were calculated.Results：A total of 13 randomized controlled trials that enrolled a total of 794 study participants who suffered from or are at risk for brain IRI were selected. Compared with controls, RIPostC significantly reduced the recurrence of stroke or transient ischemic attacks （RR = 0.37; 95% CI： 0.26–0.55; P 〈 0.00001）. Moreover, it can reduce the levels of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score （MD： 1.96; 95% CI： 2.18–1.75; P 〈 0.00001）, modified Rankin Scale score （MD： 0.73; 95% CI： 1.20–0.25; P = 0.00300）, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein （MD： 4.17; 95% CI： 4.71–3.62; P 〈 0.00001） between the two groups. There was no side effect of RIPostC using tourniquet cuff around the limb on ischemic stroke treating based on different intervention duration.Conclusion：The present meta-analysis suggests that RIPostC might offer cerebral protection for stroke patients suffering from or are at risk of brain IRI.

TES functions as a Mena-dependent tumor suppressor in gastric cancer carcinogenesis and metastasis

Background: In our previous study, we identified a candidate tumor suppressor gene, testin LIM domain protein (TES), in primary gastric cancer (GC). TES contains three LIM domains, which are specific interacting regions for the cell adhesion and cytoskeleton regulatory proteins. Mena is a known cytoskeleton regulator that regulates the assembly of actin filaments and modulates cell adhesion and motility by interacting with Lamellipodin (Lpd). Therefore, we hypothesized that TES plays a role as tumor suppressor in GC through interacting with Mena. This study aimed to investigate the tumor suppressive functions of TES in GC. Methods: We explored the tumor suppressive effect of TES in GC by in vitro cell proliferation assay, colony formation assay, cell cycle analysis, Transwell assays, and in vivo tumorigenicity and metastasis assays. The interaction of TES and Mena was investigated through immunoprecipitation-based mass spectrometry. We also analyzed the expression of TES and Mena in 172 GC specimens using immunohistochemistry and investigated the clinicopathological and prog-nostic significance of TES and Mena in GC. Results: TES suppressed GC cell proliferation and colony formation, induced cell cycle arrest, and inhibited tumorigenicity in vitro. Additionally, it inhibited GC cell migration and invasion in vitro and suppressed metastasis in vivo. TES interacted with Mena, and inhibited the interaction of Mena with Lpd. Transwell assays suggested that TES suppressed migration and invasion of GC cells in a Mena-dependent fashion. In GC patients with high Mena expression, the expression of TES was associated with tumor infiltration (P = 0.005), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.003), TNM stage (P = 0.003), and prognosis (P = 0.010). However, no significant association was observed in GC patients with low Mena expression. Conclusions: We believe that TES functions as a Mena-dependent tumor suppressor. TES represents a valuable prog-nostic marker and potential target for GC treatment.

Multiple indicators and analytic hierarchy process(AHP)for comprehensive performance evaluation of exhaust hood

Indicators are the basis for judging the working performance of exhaust hood and capture performance are usually used as the only indicator.An evaluation index system including three factors of cooking oil fumes(COF)instantaneous capture,health risk impact and thermal comfort was proposed to assess the comprehensive performance of exhaust hood in the present study.The primary capture efficiency(PCE)of formaldehyde,the PCE of particulate matter with the diameter less than or equal to 2.5μm(PM_(2.5)),the incremental lifetime cancer risk(ILCR)of formaldehyde,the ILCR of PM_(2.5)and the predicted mean vote(PMV),which can all be quantified with the aid of computational fluid dynamics(CFD),were selected as the indicators.And the analytic hierarchy process(AHP)method was introduced to perform the comprehensive performance evaluation of exhaust hood.The performance of two exhaust hood structures(grille and orifice type)with three exhaust rates(3000,4000,and 5000 m^(3)/h)in two cooking zones of a university canteen kitchen were evaluated.The result showed that the reduction of ILCR of COF exposure is the most important to the performance of exhaust hood.The comprehensive performance of orifice exhaust hood with exhaust rate of 4000 and 5000 m^(3)/h are optimal;the orifice exhaust hood with exhaust of 3000 m^(3)/h and grille exhaust hood with exhaust rate of 5000 m^(3)/h are moderate;the grille exhaust hood with exhaust rate of 3000 and 4000 m^(3)/h are low.Decision-making priorities based on comprehensive and individual performance are not exactly the same in the two cooking zones.It is necessary to use the index system to evaluate the comprehensive performance of exhaust hood that considers the impact on human health and thermal comfort.

Diffuse Type Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor of the Ankle

To the Editor： Tenosynovial giant cell tumor （TSGCT） has a localized and a diffuse form. Localized form, in 80-90% of cases, occurs in the hand joints, and infrequently in the knee and the ankle and around the lateral malleolus, without adhesion to the skin [Figure la], moreover, the patient＇s gait pattern and mobility of the ankle showed no abnormalities. X-ray images of

Linking satellite-based spring phenology to temperate deciduous broadleaf forest photosynthesis activity

Satellite-based remote sensed phenology has been widely used to assess global climate change.However,it is constrained by uncertain linkages with photo-synthesis activity.Two dynamic threshold methods were employed to retrieve spring phenology metrics from four Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer(MODIS)products,including fraction of Absorbed Photosyntheti-cally Active Radiation(fAPAR),Leaf Area Index(LAI),Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI),and Enhanced Vegetation Index(EVI)for three temperate deciduous broadleaf forests in North America between 2001 and 2009.These MODIS-based spring phenology metrics were subsequently linked to the photosynthetic curves(daily gross primary productivity,GPP)measured by an eddy covariance flux tower.The 20% dynamic threshold spring onset metrics from MODIS products were closer to the photosynthesis onset metrics at the date of 2% GPP increase for NDVI and fAPAR,and closer to the date of 5%and 10% increase of GPP for EVI and LAI,respectively.The 50% dynamic threshold onset metrics were closer to the photosynthesis onset metrics at the date of 10%GPP increase for NDVI,and closer to the date of 20% GPP increase for fAPAR,LAI and EVI,respectively.These results can improve our knowledge on the photosynthesis activity status of remotely sensed spring phenology metrics.