Functional near-infrared spectroscopy in non-invasive neuromodulation

Non-invasive cerebral neuromodulation technologies are essential for the reorganization of cerebral neural networks,which have been widely applied in the field of central neurological diseases,such as stroke,Parkinson’s disease,and mental disorders.Although significant advances have been made in neuromodulation technologies,the identification of optimal neurostimulation paramete rs including the co rtical target,duration,and inhibition or excitation pattern is still limited due to the lack of guidance for neural circuits.Moreove r,the neural mechanism unde rlying neuromodulation for improved behavioral performance remains poorly understood.Recently,advancements in neuroimaging have provided insight into neuromodulation techniques.Functional near-infrared spectroscopy,as a novel non-invasive optical brain imaging method,can detect brain activity by measuring cerebral hemodynamics with the advantages of portability,high motion tole rance,and anti-electromagnetic interference.Coupling functional near-infra red spectroscopy with neuromodulation technologies offe rs an opportunity to monitor the cortical response,provide realtime feedbac k,and establish a closed-loop strategy integrating evaluation,feedbac k,and intervention for neurostimulation,which provides a theoretical basis for development of individualized precise neuro rehabilitation.We aimed to summarize the advantages of functional near-infra red spectroscopy and provide an ove rview of the current research on functional near-infrared spectroscopy in transcranial magnetic stimulation,transcranial electrical stimulation,neurofeedback,and braincomputer interfaces.Furthermore,the future perspectives and directions for the application of functional near-infrared spectroscopy in neuromodulation are summarized.In conclusion,functional near-infrared spectroscopy combined with neuromodulation may promote the optimization of central pellral reorganization to achieve better functional recovery form central nervous system diseases.

Ultra reliability and massive connectivity provision in integrated internet of military things(IoMT)based on tactical datalink

One of the major challenges arising in internet of military things(IoMT)is accommodating massive connectivity while providing guaranteed quality of service(QoS)in terms of ultra-high reliability.In this regard,this paper presents a class of code-domain nonorthogonal multiple accesses(NOMAs)for uplink ultra reliable networking of massive IoMT based on tactical datalink such as Link-16 and joint tactical information distribution system(JTIDS).In the considered scenario,a satellite equipped with Nr antennas servers K devices including vehicles,drones,ships,sensors,handset radios,etc.Nonorthogonal coded modulation,a special form of multiple input multiple output(MIMO)-NOMA is proposed.The discussion starts with evaluating the output signal to interference-plus-noise(SINR)of receiver filter,leading to the unveiling of a closed-form expression for overloading systems as the number of users is significantly larger than the number of devices admitted such that massive connectivity is rendered.The expression allows for the development of simple yet successful interference suppression based on power allocation and phase shaping techniques that maximizes the sum rate since it is equivalent to fixed-point programming as can be proved.The proposed design is exemplified by nonlinear modulation schemes such as minimum shift keying(MSK)and Gaussian MSK(GMSK),two pivotal modulation formats in IoMT standards such as Link-16 and JITDS.Numerical results show that near capacity performance is offered.Fortunately,the performance is obtained using simple forward error corrections(FECs)of higher coding rate than existing schemes do,while the transmit power is reduced by 6 dB.The proposed design finds wide applications not only in IoMT but also in deep space communications,where ultra reliability and massive connectivity is a keen concern.

Brain mechanism of acupuncture for children with anisometropic amblyopia: a resting functional magnetic resonance imaging study based on voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity

AIM:To explore the brain mechanism of acupuncture for children with anisometropic amblyopia using the voxelmirror homotopic connectivity(VMHC)analysis method of resting functional magnetic resonance imaging(rs-fMRI)technology based on clinical effectiveness.METHODS:Eighty children with anisometropic monocular amblyopia were randomly divided into two groups:control(40 cases,1 case of shedding)and acupuncture(40 cases,1 case of shedding)groups.The control group was treated with glasses,red flash,grating,and visual stimulations,with each procedure conducted for 5min per time.Based on routine treatment,the acupuncture group underwent acupuncture of“regulating qi and unblocking meridians to bright eyes”,Jingming(BL1),Cuanzhu(BL2),Guangming(GB37),Fengchi(GB20)acupoints were taken on both sides,with the needle kept for 30min each time.Both groups were treated once every other day,three times per week,for a total of 4wk.After the treatment,the overall curative effect of the two groups and the latency and amplitude changes of P100 wave of pattern visual-evoked potential were counted.At the same time,nine children with left eye amblyopia were randomly selected from the two groups and were scanned with rsfMRI before and after treatment.The differences in the brain regions between the two groups were compared and analyzed with VMHC.RESULTS:Chi-square test showed a notable difference in the total efficiency rate between the acupuncture(94.87%)and control groups(79.49%).Regarding the P100 wave latency and amplitude,the acupuncture group had significantly shorter latency and higher amplitude of P100 wave than the control group.Moreover,the VMHC values of the bilateral temporal lobe,superior temporal gyrus,and middle temporal gyrus were notably increased in the acupuncture group after treatment.CONCLUSION:Acupuncture combined with conventional treatment can significantly improve the corrected visual acuity and optic nerve conduction in children with anisometropic amblyopia.Compared with the conventional treatment,the regulation of acupuncture on the functional activities of the relevant brain areas in the anterior cerebellum may be an effective acupuncture mechanism for anisometropic amblyopia.

Caliper-based precise positioning of the target(CALIPPOT)for transcranial magnetic stimulation without neuronavigation system

To the editor:Transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS)is a non-invasive brain modulation technique.One important usage of TMS is the transient interruption of cognitive brain function(also named virtual lesion)for investigating precisely where and when a specific cortical region contributes to a specific cognitive function.1 A more important usage of TMS is the treatment of brain disorders by repetitive TMS(rTMS).

Influence of the continuing COVID-19 epidemic on sleep quality and psychological status of healthcare workers in private institutions

BACKGROUND On January 22,2020,Macao reported its first case of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)infection.By August 2021,the situation had escalated into a crisis of community transmission.In response,the government launched a recruitment campaign seeking assistance and services of healthcare workers(HCWs)from the private sector throughout Macao.These participants faced concerns about their own health and that of their families,as well as the responsibility of maintaining public health and wellness.This study aims to determine whether the ongoing epidemic has caused them physical and psychological distress.AIM To examine the influence of COVID-19 on the sleep quality and psychological status of HCWs in private institutions in Macao during the pandemic.METHODS Data were collected from December 2020 to January 2022.Two consecutive surveys were conducted.The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI)scale,Self-Rating Anxiety Scale(SAS),and Self-Rating Depression Scale(SDS)were employed as investigation tools.RESULTS In the first-stage survey,32%of HCWs experienced a sleep disorder,compared to 28.45%in the second-stage survey.A total of 31.25%of HCWs in the first-stage survey and 28.03%in the second had varying degrees of anxiety.A total of 50.00%of HCWs in the first-stage survey and 50.63%in the second experienced varying degrees of depression.No difference in PSQI scores,SAS scores,or SDS scores were observed between the two surveys,indicating that the COVID-19 epidemic influenced the sleep quality and psychological status of HCWs.The negative influence persisted over both periods but did not increase remarkably for more than a year.However,a positive correlation was observed between the PSQI,SAS,and SDS scores(r=0.428-0.775,P<0.01),indicating that when one of these states deteriorated,the other two tended to deteriorate as well.CONCLUSION The sleep quality,anxiety,and depression of HCWs in private institution in Macao were affected by the COVID-19 epidemic.While these factors did not deteriorate significantly,the negative effects persisted for a year and remained noteworthy.

Comparison of R and Excel in the Field of Data Analysis

This research paper compares Excel and R language for data analysis and concludes that R language is more suitable for complex data analysis tasks.R language’s open-source nature makes it accessible to everyone,and its powerful data management and analysis tools make it suitable for handling complex data analysis tasks.It is also highly customizable,allowing users to create custom functions and packages to meet their specific needs.Additionally,R language provides high reproducibility,making it easy to replicate and verify research results,and it has excellent collaboration capabilities,enabling multiple users to work on the same project simultaneously.These advantages make R language a more suitable choice for complex data analysis tasks,particularly in scientific research and business applications.The findings of this study will help people understand that R is not just a language that can handle more data than Excel and demonstrate that r is essential to the field of data analysis.At the same time,it will also help users and organizations make informed decisions regarding their data analysis needs and software preferences.

Intelligent Vehicle Auxiliary Handling System Based on the Internet of Things Technology

This paper proposes an intelligent vehicle auxiliary handling system based on Internet of Things(IoT)technology,featuring an innovative holding mechanism design that adjusts to the length and width of various vehicles.The system combines precise positioning using satellite tracking technology,intelligent recognition via OpenCV,and the interconnectivity of IoT.This intelligent vehicle auxiliary handling system can independently identify vehicle positions and plan optimal handling paths,eliminating the traditional reliance on manual operation.It offers efficient and accurate handling,setting a new trend in the handling industry.Additionally,the system integrates seamlessly with parking lot management systems,providing real-time updates on vehicle locations and statuses.This allows managers to monitor the parking lot operations clearly and efficiently.This intelligent coordination greatly enhances overall work efficiency and streamlines parking management.Overall,the innovative design of the intelligent vehicle auxiliary handling system represents a significant breakthrough in both function and performance,gaining user favor with its smooth operation.Looking ahead,continued technological advancements and the expansion of application fields will bring even more vitality and intelligence to societal development.

Exosome-transported IncRNA H19 regulates insulin-like growth factor-1 via the H19/let-7a/insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor axis in ischemic stroke

LncRNA(long non-coding RNA) H19 is a transcript of the H19 gene that is expressed during embryogenesis.We previously discove red a role for circular lncRNA H19 in the onset and prognosis of cerebral ischemic stroke.In this study,we used serum from patients with ischemic stroke,and mouse and cell culture models to elucidate the roles of plasma and neuronal exosomes in the regulatory effect of lncRNA H19 on insulin-like growth factor-1 and its mechanism in ischemic stroke,using western blotting,quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction,and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.Plasma exosomal IncRNA H19 was negatively associated with blood levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 in samples from patients with cerebral ischemic stroke.In a mouse model,levels of exosomal IncRNA H19 were positively correlated with plasma and cerebral lncRNA H19.In a cell co-culture model,we confirmed that IncRNA H19 was transported from neuro ns to astrocytes by exosomes to induce downregulation of insulin-like growth factor-1 through the H19/let-7 a/insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor axis.This study provides the first evidence for the transpo rtation of IncRNA H19 by exosomes and the relationship between IncRNA H19 and insulinlike growth factor-1.

中国战略性新兴产业绿色全要素生产率增长的要素源泉及动态演化

战略性新兴产业高质量发展关乎当前乃至未来中国把握新一轮发展机遇、引领新科技革命和产业革命浪潮的重大战略决策。为此,本文将投入导向SBM方向性距离函数与Luenberger生产率指数相结合,实现对战略性新兴产业GTFP的科学测度,进一步借助Luenberger生产率指数在多层次分解上的优势,探究GTFP增长的要素源泉;采用随机核密度方法,揭示其动态演化规律。研究发现:(1)2003—2016年,中国战略性新兴产业GTFP累积增长率为29.28%,效率改善和技术进步累积增长率分别达到8.48%、20.8%;通过将政策支持后与政策支持前相比较,战略性新兴产业GTFP实现0.22%的增长,其增长主要来源于技术进步的推动,而效率改善存在明显恶化。(2)全要素劳动生产率、全要素能源生产率及全要素资本生产率依次成为战略性新兴产业GTFP增长的主要成因,要素贡献度分别为59.44%、23.75%、16.81%。(3)战略性新兴产业GTFP的分布形态呈现典型的“多峰”特征;政策支持后,高增速水平GTFP存在下滑风险。综上分析,本文认为当前乃至未来一段时期,在战略性新兴产业发展过程中,要进一步强化要素资源合理配置、提高要素生产率水平,也需要通过企业技术创新和管理方式优化,激发战略性新兴产业发展潜力。

Utilization of deep neuromuscular blockade combined with reduced abdominal pressure in laparoscopic radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer:An academic perspective

BACKGROUND Few studies have examined the specific efficacy of deep neuromuscular blockade(NMB)combined with pneumoperitoneal pressure reduction in laparoscopic radical gastrectomy(LRG)in the elderly.AIM To investigate the application effect of deep neuromuscular blockade(NMB)combined with reduced pneumoperitoneum pressure in LRG for gastric cancer(GC)in elderly patients and its influence on inflammation.METHODS Totally 103 elderly patients with GC treated in our hospital between January 2020 and January 2022 were retrospectively analyzed.Among them,45 patients treated with surgery based on deep NMB and conventional pneumoperitoneum pressure were assigned to the control group,while the rest of the 58 patients who underwent surgery based on deep NMB and reduced pneumoperitoneum pressure were assigned to the observation group.The two groups were compared in the changes of the Leiden-surgical rating scale score,serum tumor necrosis fact-α(TNF-α)and interleukin 6(IL-6)before and after therapy.The visual analogue scale(VAS)was adopted for evaluating the shoulder pain of patients at 8 h,24 h and 48 h after the operation.The driving pressure of the two groups at different time points was also compared.Additionally,the operation time,pneumoperitoneum time,infusion volume,blood loss,extubation time after surgery,residence time in the resuscitation room,TOF%=90%time and post-anesthetic recovery room(PACU)stay time were all recorded,and adverse PACU-associated respiratory events were also recorded.The postoperative hospitalization time and postoperative expenses of the two groups were counted and compared.RESULTS No significant difference was found between the two groups at the time of skin incision,60 minutes since the operation and abdominal closure after surgery(P>0.05).The observation group exhibited significantly lower VAS scores than the control group at 24 and 48h after surgery(P<0.05).Additionally,the observation group had significantly lower driving pressure than the control group at 5 min and 60 min after the establishment of pneumoperitoneum(P<0.05).Additionally,the two groups were similar in terms of the operation time,pneumoperitoneum time,infusion volume,blood loss,extubation time after surgery,residence time in the resuscitation room and TOF%=90%time(P>0.05),and the observation group showed significantly lower TNF-αand IL-6 Levels than the control group at 24 h after therapy(P<0.05).Moreover,the incidence of adverse events was not significantly different between the two groups(P>0.05),and the observation group experienced significantly less hospitalization time and postoperative expenses than the control group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Deep NMB combined with reduced pneumoperitoneum pressure can decrease the VAS score of shoulder pain and inflammatory reaction,without hindering the surgical vision and increasing adverse PACU-associated respiratory events,and can thus shorten the hospitalization time and treatment cost for patient.

Expert consensus on the clinical application of totally implantable venous access devices in the upper arm(2022 Edition)

With the widespread adoption of ultrasound guidance,Seldinger puncture techniques,and intracardiac electrical positioning technology for the placement of peripherally inserted central catheters in recent years,an increasing number of medical staff and patients now accept peripheral placement of totally implantable venous access devices(TIVADs)in the upper arm.This approach has the advantage of completely avoiding the risks of hemothorax,pneumothorax,and neck and chest scarring.Medical specialties presently engaged in this study in China include internal medicine,surgery,anesthesiology,and interventional departments.However,command over implantation techniques,treatment of complications,and proper use and maintenance of TIVAD remain uneven among different medical units.Moreover,currently,there are no established quality control standards for implantation techniques or specifications for handling complications.Thus,this expert consensus is proposed to improve the success rate of TIVAD implantation via the upper-arm approach,reduce complication rates,and ensure patient safety.This consensus elaborates on the technical indications and contraindications,procedures and technical points,treatment of complications,and the use and maintenance of upper-arm TIVAD,thus providing a practical reference for medical staff.

Atp6i deficient mouse model uncovers transforming growth factor-β1/Smad2/3 as a key signaling pathway regulating odontoblast differentiation and tooth root formation

The biomolecular mechanisms that regulate tooth root development and odontoblast differentiation are poorly understood.We found that Atp6i deficient mice(Atp6i^(−/−))arrested tooth root formation,indicated by truncated Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath(HERS)progression.Furthermore,Atp6i deficiency significantly reduced the proliferation and differentiation of radicular odontogenic cells responsible for root formation.Atp6i^(−/−)mice had largely decreased expression of odontoblast differentiation marker gene expression profiles(Col1a1,Nfic,Dspp,and Osx)in the alveolar bone.Atp6i^(−/−)mice sample RNA-seq analysis results showed decreased expression levels of odontoblast markers.Additionally,there was a significant reduction in Smad2/3 activation,inhibiting transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)signaling in Atp6i^(−/−)odontoblasts.Through treating pulp precursor cells with Atp6i^(−/−)or wild-type OC bone resorption-conditioned medium,we found the latter medium to promote odontoblast differentiation,as shown by increased odontoblast differentiation marker genes expression(Nfic,Dspp,Osx,and Runx2).This increased expression was significantly blocked by anti-TGF-β1 antibody neutralization,whereas odontoblast differentiation and Smad2/3 activation were significantly attenuated by Atp6i^(−/−)OC conditioned medium.Importantly,ectopic TGF-β1 partially rescued root development and root dentin deposition of Atp6i^(−/−)mice tooth germs were transplanted under mouse kidney capsules.Collectively,our novel data shows that the prevention of TGF-β1 release from the alveolar bone matrix due to OC dysfunction may lead to osteopetrosis-associated root formation via impaired radicular odontoblast differentiation.As such,this study uncovers TGF-β1/Smad2/3 as a key signaling pathway regulating odontoblast differentiation and tooth root formation and may contribute to future therapeutic approaches to tooth root regeneration.

RIS-assisted MIMO secure communications with Bob's statistical CSI and without Eve's CSI

In this paper,we consider a reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS)-assisted multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)secure communication system,where only legitimate user's(Bob's)statistical channel state information(CSI)can be obtained at the transmitter(Alice),while eavesdropper's(Eve's)CSI is unknown.Firstly,the analytical expression of the achievable ergodic rate at Bob is obtained.Then,by exploiting Bob's statistical CSI,we jointly design the transmit covariance matrix at Alice and the phase shift matrix at the RIS to minimize the transmit power of the information signal under the quality-of-service(QoS)constraint of Bob.Finally,we propose an artificial noise(AN)-aided method without Eve's CSI to enhance the security of this system and use the residual power to design the transmit covariance for AN.Simulation results verify the convergence of the proposed method,and also show that there exists a trade-off between the secrecy rate and QoS of Bob.

Development of a simple two-step lithography fabrication process for resonant tunneling diode using air-bridge technology

This article reports on the development of a simple two-step lithography process for double barrier quantum well(DBQW)InGaAs/AlAs resonant tunneling diode(RTD)on a semi-insulating indium phosphide(InP)substrate using an air-bridge technology.This approach minimizes processing steps,and therefore the processing time as well as the required resources.It is particularly suited for material qualification of new epitaxial layer designs.A DC performance comparison between the proposed process and the conventional process shows approximately the same results.We expect that this novel technique will aid in the recent and continuing rapid advances in RTD technology.

非结核分枝杆菌肺病的CT分型及其临床特征分析(附132例报告)

目的分析非结核分枝杆菌肺病的CT分型,以及不同型别患者的临床及CT表现特点。方法回顾性分析2011年11月至2018年1月首都医科大学附属北京胸科医院确诊的132例非结核分枝杆菌肺病患者的临床及CT资料,根据CT表现分为上叶空洞型、结节支气管扩张型、混合型和不易分类型4种类型,统计分析不同CT分型患者的临床及CT特征。采用SPSS17.0软件进行统计学分析,计数资料采用χ^2检验或连续校正χ^2检验,计量资料采用t检验或方差分析,均以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义;4组不同CT型别患者的临床统计数据进行两两比较时,以P<0.008为差异有统计学意义。结果132例非结核分枝杆菌肺病CT分型结果为:上叶空洞型36例(27.3%),结节支气管扩张型61例(46.2%),混合型15例(11.4%),不易分类型20例(15.2%)。非结核分枝杆菌肺病不同CT分型组中,男性构成比由高到低分别为上叶空洞型(86.1%,31/36)、不易分类型(70.0%,14/20),混合型(53.3%,8/15)和结节支气管扩张型(24.6%,15/61),差异有统计学意义(χ^2=37.712,P<0.001)。上叶空洞型、结节支气管扩张型、混合型和不易分类型患者平均年龄分别为(58.5±13.8)岁、(58.1±13.3)岁、(61.3±10.4)岁和(51.0±17.0)岁,差异无统计学意义(F=1.875,P=0.140)。上叶空洞型患者中吸烟者占64.7%(22/34),明显高于结节支气管扩张型患者(13.0%,7/54)(χ^2=25.258,P<0.001)。上叶空洞型患者发生肺气肿者占66.7%(24/36),发生间质纤维化改变者占33.3%(12/36),明显高于结节支气管扩张型[分别为13.1%(8/61)和0.0%(0/61)](χ^2=29.369、23.204,P值均<0.001)。上叶空洞型并发胸膜增厚者占61.1%(22/36),明显高于结节支气管扩张型(23.0%,14/61)(χ^2=14.125,P<0.001);混合型患者并发胸膜增厚者占66.7%(10/15),同样高于结节支气管扩张型(χ^2=10.649,P=0.001)。结论非结核分枝杆菌肺病中,结节支气管扩张型最常见;上叶空洞型好发于男性有肺气肿和(或)间质纤维化改变的患者,结节支气管扩张型好发于女性无肺部基础疾病(未并发肺部其他种类疾病,包括肺气肿、间质纤维化等)的患者。

生物质裂解产物的制备及HPLC检测其成分的虚拟仿真实验开发

为提高信息化背景下高校实验教学质量和实践育人水平,解决实习实训环节开展困难的问题,开发了生物质快速热解及HPLC检测其成分的虚拟仿真实验平台。实验依据生物质快速热解制取裂解产物的工厂实际操作流程,结合高效液相检测化学成分的仪器分析实验过程,将虚拟实验划分为生物质样品预处理系统、生物质快速热解系统、生物油提质系统和复杂成分的大型仪器HPLC测定四个子系统,通过仿真使生物质裂解车间"真实"再现。该虚拟仿真实验充分将农林院校优势特色农林专业广泛涉及的生物质利用与基础化学课程(如有机化学、仪器分析、化工原理等)融合贯通,有利于全面提升人才培养质量,具有参考价值。

Study on the Preparation and Characterization of Glycyrrhizic Acid Liposomes

The purpose of this study was to prepare glycyrrhizic acid nanoliposomes and evaluate the encapsulation efficiency and other properties of glycyrrhizic acid nanoliposomes, which would provide a reference for further research on Glycyrrhizic Acid in the treatment of liver diseases. Firstly, the preparation conditions of glycyrrhizic acid liposomes were optimized by the orthogonal design method. Then, glycyrrhizic acid liposomes were prepared by ultrasonic-film dispersion method and the encapsulation efficiency was determined by the HPLC method. Finally, the properties of glycyrrhizic acid nanoliposomes were also studied. The results showed that the optimal preparation conditions of liposomes were as follows: the ratio of drug to lipid was 1:30;Lecithin: cholesterol = 1:1;Hydration medium: pure water;Ultrasonic time: 120 s. The encapsulation efficiency of liposomes was about 90%. The final liposomes were round and uniform in distribution, with an average particle size of about 50 nm and absolute zeta potential of &#8722;28.9 mV. In this study, glycyrrhizic acid liposomes were prepared and the optimal preparation conditions were optimized. The encapsulation efficiency of the liposomes under the optimized conditions was determined. The evaluation of the morphology, size, particle size and stability of the liposomes was completed.

3-N-butylphthalide improves neuronal morphology after chronic cerebral ischemia

3-N-butylphthalide is an ettectwe drug for acute iscemlc stroke. However, its effects on cnromc cerebral ischemia-induced neuronal injury remain poorly understood. Therefore, this study li- gated bilateral carotid arteries in 15-month-old rats to simulate chronic cerebral ischemia in aged humans. Aged rats were then intragastrically administered 3-n-butylphthalide. 3-N-butylphtha- lide administration improved the neuronal morphology in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of rats with chronic cerebral ischemia, increased choline acetyltransferase activity, and decreased malondialdehyde and amyloid beta levels, and greatly improved cognitive function. These findings suggest that 3-n-butylphthalide alleviates oxidative stress caused by chronic cerebral ischemia, improves cholinergic function, and inhibits amyloid beta accumulation, thereby im- proving cerebral neuronal injury and cognitive deficits.

Carbon foam with microporous structure for high performance symmetric potassium dual-ion capacitor

A novel carbon foam with microporous structure(CFMS),with the advantages of a simple fabrication process,low energy consumption,large specific surface area and high conductivity,has been prepared by a facile one-step carbonization.In addition,the carbon foam possesses suitable interlayer spacing in short range which is flexible to accommodate the deformation of carbon layer caused by the ion insertion and deinsertion at the charge and discharge state.Furthermore,a low cost carbon-based symmetric potassium dual-ion capacitor(PDIC),which integrates the virtues of potassium ion capacitors and dual-ion batteries,is successfully established with CFMS as both the battery-type cathode and the capacitor-type anode.PDIC displays a superior rate performance,an ultra-long cycle life(90%retention after 10000 cycles),and a high power density of 7800 W kg^-1 at an energy density of 39Whkg^-1.The PDIC also exhibits excellent ultrafast charge and slow discharge properties,with a full charge in just 60 s and a discharge time of more than 3000 s.

Factors influencing HIV infection in men who have sex with men in China

To identify risk factors for HIV infection among men who have sex with men （MSM） and to provide a theoretical basis for prevention interventions. Between December 2011 and August 2012, a case-control study was conducted among MSM who underwent voluntary counselling and testing for HIV. Confirmed HIV-positive MSM were included in the case group, and HIV-negative MSM were included in the control group. Information on possible risk factors was collected by a survey questionnaire and a qualitative interview. The results of a conditional logistic regression showed that the following were influencing factors for HIV infection： average monthly income between 2001 and 3000 Yuan （odds ratio （0R）=6.341, 95% Ch 1.714-12.544）, only sometimes using condoms when having anal sex with men in the last 6 months （0R=7.601, 95% Ch 1.359-23.083）, having HIV-positive sex partners （0R=5.273, 95% Ch 1.572- 17.691）, rectal trauma with bleeding in the last 6 months （0R=2.947, 95% Ch 1.308-6.638）, not using condoms at last sexual encounter （OR-- 1.278, 95% Ch 1.012-5.595）, engaging in commercial sex （0R=5.925, 95% Ch 1.923-13.890） and having more than 16 sex partners in the last 6 months （0R=1.175, 95% Ch 1.021-1.353）. These seven factors were the risk factors of HIV infection （OR〉l）. However, having anal sex less than 10 times in the previous 1 month （OR=O.O02, 95% CI： 0.000-0.287） was a protective factor against HIV infection among MSM （OR〈l）, and insertive （0R=0.116, 95% Ch 0.000-0.236） （OR〈l） anal intercourse influenced HIV infection. Interventions should be targeted at MSM whose average monthly income is between 2001 and 3000 Yuan, and who engage in commercial sex. In addition, the importance of using condoms at every sexual encounter should be emphasised in health education, as should the treatment of rectal trauma with bleeding. Finally, MSM should decrease the number of sex partners and frequency of anal sex to decrease the rate of HIV infection.