Progress in the generation of spinal cord organoids over the past decade and future perspectives

Spinal cord organoids are three-dimensional tissues derived from stem cells that recapitulate the primary morphological and functional characteristics of the spinal cord in vivo.As emerging bioengineering methods have led to the optimization of cell culture protocols,spinal cord organoids technology has made remarkable advancements in the past decade.Our literature search found that current spinal cord organoids do not only dynamically simulate neural tube formation but also exhibit diverse cytoarchitecture along the dorsal-ventral and rostral-caudal axes.Moreover,fused organoids that integrate motor neurons and other regionally specific organoids exhibit intricate neural circuits that allows for functional assessment.These qualities make spinal cord organoids valuable tools for disease modeling,drug screening,and tissue regeneration.By utilizing this emergent technology,researchers have made significant progress in investigating the pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets of spinal cord diseases.However,at present,spinal cord organoid technology remains in its infancy and has not been widely applied in translational medicine.Establishment of the next generation of spinal cord organoids will depend on good manufacturing practice standards and needs to focus on diverse cell phenotypes and electrophysiological functionality evaluation.

The Impact of Nova Outbursts on the Chemical Abundance of the Interstellar Medium

Nova outbursts are the results of thermonuclear runaways,which occur when sufficient material accretes on the surfaces of white dwarfs(WDs).Using the MESA code,we construct a detailed grid for carbon-oxygen and oxygen-neon-magnesium novae.By employing population synthesis methods,we conduct a statistical analysis of the distribution of novae in the Milky Way.In our models,on average,a typical nova system may undergo about8000 eruptions and the Galactic nova rate is~130 yr^(-1).The C,N,and O elements in nova ejecta are strongly affected by the mixing degree between WD core and accreted material.Our results show that the average value of^(12)C/^(13)C in nova ejecta is about an order of magnitude lower than that on the surface of a red giant,that for^(16)O/^(17)O is about 5 times lower,and that for^(14)N/^(15)N is about 1.5 times lower.The annual yields of^(13)C,^(15)N,and^(17)O from nova ejection are larger than those from AGB stars.This indicates that compared to a red giant,nova eruptions are a more important source of the odd-numbered nuclear elements of^(13)C,^(15)N,and^(17)O in the Galactic interstellar medium.

氯化镁/甘油改性淀粉/聚丁二酸丁二醇酯共混材料的结构与性能

为了改善淀粉/聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)共混材料的相容性和力学性能,文中以氯化镁/甘油为复配改性剂,采用熔融共混方法制备了改性淀粉/聚丁二酸丁二醇酯共混材料,研究了改性共混材料的红外吸收特性、形态结构、热性能、力学性能及结晶性能。研究结果表明,氯化镁和甘油可与淀粉/PBS共混材料产生强相互作用,破坏淀粉/PBS共混材料原有的氢键与结晶结构,提高淀粉与PBS的相容性,使共混材料的玻璃化转变温度、结晶温度、冷结晶温度及结晶度降低;采用氯化镁/甘油复配改性剂可制备出具有良好性能的淀粉/PBS共混材料,改性后的淀粉/PBS共混材料的断裂伸长率和拉伸强度均得到提高。

Analysis on the Demand and Countermeasures of Air Ground Coordination in China’s Aviation Medical Rescue

Compared with ground first aid, aviation medical rescue has better advantages in mountain disaster relief, remote transfer and rapid medical rescue response, which is an effective supplement to ground medical first aid. China’s aviation medical rescue is in its infancy, compared with the level of developed countries there is a big gap. Based on the development and characteristics of aviation medical rescue in China, this paper combs the process of air-ground cooperative rescue, analyzes the demand and current situation of air-ground cooperative rescue in aviation medical rescue in China, and puts forward some countermeasures to improve the ability of aviation medical rescue in China.

重视标准D2胃癌根治术中No.8淋巴结清扫

临床研究证实进展期胃癌No.8淋巴结的转移发生率较高.能否彻底清扫No.8淋巴结将会影响胃癌的R0切除率和术后复发率.No.8淋巴结清扫的范围与程度仍存在争议.本文就标准D2胃癌根治术中No.8淋巴结清扫的相关问题作一综述.

园林企业消耗性生物资产审计风险控制对策案例研究

财务造假案例中不乏存货造假的身影,存货成为众多上市公司财务造假的后花园和重灾区。园林企业的存货中消耗性生物资产占据比例较高,因其复杂性和特殊性,审计师对这种类型企业的消耗性生物资产进行审计需耗费较多的心血,同时也将承担更高的审计风险。如何降低园林企业消耗性生物资产的审计风险,提高审计业务水平,为财务报表预期使用者提供一份公允反映企业财务状况的报告,这是所有审计人员的共同心愿。本文通过分析园林企业消耗性生物资产的审计流程,深刻揭露消耗性生物资产蕴含的审计风险,进而提出有效的方法和手段对园林企业消耗性生物资产审计风险进行有效控制,这对会计师事务所的内部管理工作具有现实指导意义。

COSO-ERM(2017)框架下公立医院预算管理优化研究

预算管理是公立医院内部控制中非常重要的一环,提升公立医院预算管理水平符合国家对公立医院改革的要求。基于COSO-ERM框架,提出风险导向下医院预算管理优化措施。研究结论表明通过推广风险管理文化、建立战略导向型预算、建立风险识别评估与应对机制、加强监督与信息沟通可以优化医院预算管理。

BSC模型下海尔智家数字化转型的战略绩效评价体系研究

数字化正在成为推动我国经济持续平稳发展的重要驱动力,建立科学规范的数字化转型战略绩效评价体系能够为我国企业数字化转型指明方向。以财务数据为主的传统绩效评价已无法全面真实的反映企业的转型绩效数字化。针对该局限性,本文以海尔智家的战略为导向,绘制了海尔智家数字化转型战略地图,并借助平衡计分卡构建战略绩效评价数字化转型战略评价体系。结果表明海尔智家数字化转型效果显著。评价体系的构建为企业指明转型方向,对企业成功进行数字化转型具有重要意义。

发展情报学思想的产生及其理论研究进展

[目的/意义]学习借鉴国外发展情报学的创新发展成功经验,推动具有中国特色的情报学研究健康发展及理论体系建设。[方法/过程]运用历史追溯和对比分析的方法,对近50年来发展情报学理论与应用的历史概况和主要领域研究进展进行了全面归纳总结。[结果/结论]认为与西方经典情报学相比,发展情报学的研究成果已在学科重点问题设定、理论体系基本假设修正和理论与实践紧密结合三个方面取得创新突破,在很大程度上拓展了情报科学的研究范畴及其应用价值。

Craniocerebral injury promotes the repair of peripheral nerve injury

The increase in neurotrophic factors after craniocerebral injury has been shown to promote fracture healing. Moreover, neurotrophic factors play a key role in the regeneration and repair of peripheral nerve. However, whether craniocerebral injury alters the repair of peripheral nerve injuries remains poorly understood. Rat injury models were established by transecting the left sciatic nerve and using a free-fall device to induce craniocerebral injury. Compared with sciat- ic nerve injury alone after 6-12 weeks, rats with combined sciatic and craniocerebral injuries showed decreased sciatic functional index, increased recovery of gastrocnemius muscle wet weight, recovery of sciatic nerve ganglia and corresponding spinal cord segment neuron mor- phologies, and increased numbers of horseradish peroxidase-labeled cells. These results indicate that craniocerebral injury promotes the repair of peripheral nerve injury.

Radiofrequency ablation for single hepatocellular carcinoma 3 cm or less as first-line treatment

AIM:To evaluate long-term outcomes of radiofrequency(RF) ablation as first-line therapy for single hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) ≤ 3 cm and to determine survival and prognostic factors.METHODS:We included all 184 patients who underwent RF ablation as a first-line treatment for single HCC ≤ 3 cm between April 2005 and December 2013.According to the criteria of Livraghi,the 184 patients were divided into two groups:those suitable for surgical resection(84 cases) and those unsuitable for surgical resection(100 cases).The primary endpoints were the overall survival(OS) rate and safety;the secondary endpoints were primary technique effectiveness and recurrence rate.RESULTS:There were 19(10.3%) cases of ablation related minor complications.The complete tumor ablation rate after one RF session was 97.8%(180/184).The rate of local tumor progression,extrahepatic metastases and intrahepatic distant recurrence were 4.9%(9/184),9.8%(18/184) and 37.5%(69/184),respectively.In the 184 patients,the 1-,3-,and 5-year OS rates were 99.5%,81.0%,and 62.5%,respectively.The 1-,3-,and 5-year OS rates were 100%,86.9%,and 71.4%,respectively,in those suitable for surgical resection and 99.0%,76.0%,and 55.0%,respectively,in those unsuitable for surgical resection(P = 0.021).On univariate and multivariate analyses,poorer OS was associated with Child-Pugh B class and portal hypertension(P < 0.05).CONCLUSION:RF ablation is a safe and effective treatment for single HCC ≤ 3 cm.The OS rate of patients suitable for surgical resection was similar to those reported in surgical series.

Laparoscopic vs computerized tomography-guided radiofrequency ablation for large hepatic hemangiomas abutting the diaphragm

AIM: To compare safety and therapeutic efficacy of laparoscopic radiofrequency(RF) ablation vs computed tomography(CT)-guided RF ablation for large hepatic hemangiomas abutting the diaphragm.METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed our sequential experience of treating 51 large hepatic hemangiomas abutting the diaphragm in 51 patients by CT-guided or laparoscopic RF ablation due to either the presence of symptoms and/or the enlargement of hemangioma.Altogether, 24 hemangiomas were ablated via a CTguided percutaneous approach(CT-guided ablation group), and 27 hemangiomas were treated via a laparoscopic approach(laparoscopic ablation group).RESULTS: The mean diameter of the 51 hemangiomas was 9.6 ± 1.8 cm(range, 6.0-12.0 cm). There was nodifference in the diameter of hemangiomas between the two groups(P > 0.05). RF ablation was performed successfully in all patients. There was no difference in ablation times between groups(P > 0.05). There were 23 thoracic complications in 17 patients: 15(62.5%, 15/24) in the CT-guided ablation group and2(7.4%, 2/27) in the laparoscopic ablation group(P< 0.05). According to the Dindo-Clavien classification,two complications(pleural effusion and diaphragmatic rupture grade Ⅲ) were major in two patients. All others were minor(grade Ⅰ). Both major complications occurred in the CT-guided ablation group. The minor complications were treated successfully with conservative measures, and the two major complications underwent treatment by chest tube drainage and thoracoscopic surgery, respectively. Complete ablation was achieved in 91.7%(22/24) and 96.3%(26/27) in the CT-guided and the laparoscopic ablation groups,respectively(P > 0.05).CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic RF ablation therapy should be used as the first-line treatment option for large hepatic hemangiomas abutting the diaphragm.It avoids thermal injury to the diaphragm and reduces thoracic complications.

A review of extractive distillation from an azeotropic phenomenon for dynamic control

Extractive distillation is an effective method for separating azeotropic or close boiling point mixtures by adding a third component.Various technologies for performing the extractive distillation process have been explored to protect the environment and save resources.This paper focuses on the improvement of these advanced technologies in recent years.Extractive distillation is retrieved and analyzed from the view of phase equilibrium,selection of solvent in extractive distillation,process design,energy conservation,and dynamic control.The quantitative structure–property relationship used in extractive distillation is discussed,and the future development of extractive distillation is proposed to determine how the solvent affects the relative volatility of the separated mixture.In the steady state design,the relationship between the curvature of the residue curve and parameters of the optimal steady state is also highlighted as another field worthy of further study to simplify the distillation process.

Practical constrained least-square algorithm for moving source location using TDOA and FDOA measurements

By utilizing the time difference of arrival （TDOA） and frequency difference of arrival （FDOA） measurements of signals received at a number of receivers, a constrained least-square （CLS） algorithm for estimating the position and velocity of a moving source is proposed. By utilizing the Lagrange multipliers technique, the known relation between the intermediate variables and the source location coordinates could be exploited to constrain the solution. And without requiring apriori knowledge of TDOA and FDOA measurement noises, the proposed algorithm can satisfy the demand of practical applications. Additionally, on basis of con- volute and polynomial rooting operations, the Lagrange multipliers can be obtained efficiently and robustly allowing real-time imple- mentation and global convergence. Simulation results show that the proposed estimator achieves remarkably better performance than the two-step weighted least square （WLS） approach especially for higher measurement noise level.

CD133^+ gallbladder carcinoma cells exhibit self-renewal ability and tumorigenicity

AIM： To identify cancer stern cells （CSCs） in human gallbladder carcinomas （GBCs）. METHODS： Primary GBC cells were cultured under serum-free conditions to produce floating spheres. The stem-cell properties of the sphere-forming cells, including self-renewal, differentiation potential, chemoresistance and tumorigenicity, were determined in vitro or in vivo. Cell surface expression of CD133 was investigated in primary tumors and in spheroid cells using flow cytometry. The sphere-colony-formation ability and tumorigenicity of CD133＋ cells were assayed.floating spheroids were generated from primary GBC cells, and these sphere-forming cells could generate new progeny spheroids in serum-free media. Spheroid cells were differentiated under serum-containing conditions with downregulation of the stem cell markers Oct-4, Nanog, and nestin （P 〈 0.05）. The differentiated cells showed lower spheroid-colony-formation ability than the original spheroid cells （P 〈 0.05）. Spheroid ceils were more resistant to chemotherapeutic reagents than the congenetic adherent cells （P 〈 0.05）. Flow cytometry showed enriched CD133＋ population in sphereforming cells （P 〈 0.05）. CD133＋ cells possessed high colony-formation ability than the CD133 population （P 〈 0.01）. CD133＋ cells injected into nude mice revealed higher tumorigenicity than their antigen-negative counterparts （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： CD133 may be a cell surface marker for CSCs in GBC.

Gastrointestinal symptoms and associated factors in Chinese patients with functional dyspepsia

AIM: To study the evolution of gastrointestinal symptoms and associated factors in Chinese patients with functional dyspepsia (FD).METHODS: From June 2008 to November 2009, a total of 1049 patients with FD (65.3% female, mean age 42.80 ± 11.64 years) who visited the departments of gastroenterology in Wuhan, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Xi’an, China were referred for this study. All of the patients fulfilled the Rome III criteria for FD. Baseline demographic data, dyspepsia symptoms, anxiety, depression, sleep disorder, and drug treatment were assessed using self-report questionnaires. Patients completed questionnaires at baseline and after 1, 3, 6 and 12 mo follow-up. Comparison of dyspepsia symptoms between baseline and after follow-up was explored using multivariate analysis of variance of repeated measuring. Multiple linear regression was done to examine factors associated with outcome, both longitudinally and horizontally.RESULTS: Nine hundred and forty-three patients (89.9% of the original population) completed all four follow-ups. The average duration of follow-up was 12.24 ± 0.59 mo. During 1-year follow-up, the mean dyspeptic symptom score (DSS) in FD patients showed a significant gradually reduced trend (P < 0.001), and similar differences were found for all individual symptoms (P < 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that sex (P < 0.001), anxiety (P = 0.018), sleep disorder at 1-year follow-up (P = 0.019), weight loss (P < 0.001), consulting a physician (P < 0.001), and prokinetic use during 1-year follow-up (P = 0.035) were horizontally associated with DSS at 1-year follow-up. No relationship was found longitudinally between DSS at 1-year follow-up and patient characteristics at baseline.CONCLUSION: Female sex, anxiety, and sleep disorder, weight loss, consulting a physician and prokinetic use during 1-year follow-up were associated with outcome of FD.

Anisodamine accelerates spontaneous passage of single symptomatic bile duct stones ≤ 10 mm

AIM:To investigate the rate of spontaneous passage of single and symptomatic common bile duct(CBD)stones≤10 mm in diameter in 4 wk with or without a2-wk course of anisodamine.METHODS:A multicenter,randomized,placebocontrolled trial was undertaken.A total of 197 patients who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled.Ninetyseven patients were assigned randomly to the control group and the other 100 to the anisodamine group.The anisodamine group received intravenous infusions of anisodamine(10 mg every 8 h)for 2 wk.The control group received the same volume of 0.9%isotonic saline for 2 wk.Patients underwent imaging studies and liver-function tests every week for 4 wk.The rate of spontaneous passage of CBD stones was analyzed.RESULTS:The rate of spontaneous passage of CBD stones was significantly higher in the anisodamine group than that in the control group(47.0%vs 22.7%).Most(87.2%,41/47)stone passages in the anisodamine group occurred in the first 2 wk,and passages in the control group occurred at a comparable rate each week.Factors significantly increasing the possibility of spontaneous passage by univariate logistic regression analyses were stone diameter(<5 mm vs≥5 mm and≤10 mm)and anisodamine therapy.Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that these two factors were significantly associated with spontaneous passage.CONCLUSION:Two weeks of anisodamine administration can safely accelerate spontaneous passage of single and symptomatic CBD stones≤10 mm in diameter,especially for stones<5 mm.

Meso-Cenozoic lithospheric thermal structure in the Bohai Bay Basin,eastern North China Craton

The Bohai Bay Basin is a region where part of the North China Craton has been thinned and destroyed. It has experienced two periods of crustal thinning that occurred during the Cretaceous and Paleogene, but investigations of its Mesozoic and Cenozoic lithospheric thermal structure are limited. Therefore, in this study,the distributions of mantle heat flow, crustal heat flow, and Moho temperatures during the Meso-Cenozoic are calculated based on analyses of the thermal history of the Bohai Bay Basin. The results indicate that the ratio of mantle heat flow to surface heat flow peaked during the late stages of the early Cretaceous and during the middle to late Paleogene. The corresponding mantle heat flow was more than 65% of the surface heat flow. Moho temperatures reached three peaks: 900-1100℃ in the late stages of the early Cretaceous;820-900℃ in the middle to late Paleogene; and(in the Linqing Depression, Cangxian Uplift, and Jizhong Depression) 770-810℃ during the early Neogene. These results reveal that the Bohai Bay Basin experienced significant geological change during the Cretaceous, including the transformation of lithospheric thermal structure from "cold mantle and hot crust" before the Cretaceous to "hot mantle and cold crust" after the Cretaceous. The results also indicate that the basin experienced two large-scale rifting events.Therefore, this work may provide the thermal parameters for further investigations of the geodynamic evolution of eastern China.

Radiofrequency ablation for hepatic hemangiomas: A consensus from a Chinese panel of experts

Recent studies have shown that radiofrequency(RF) ablation therapy is a safe, feasible, and effective procedure for hepatic hemangiomas, even huge hepatic hemangiomas. RF ablation has the following advantages in the treatment of hepatic hemangiomas: minimal invasiveness, definite efficacy, high safety, fast recovery, relatively simple operation, and wide applicability. It is necessary to formulate a widely accepted consensus among the experts in China who have extensive expertise and experience in the treatment of hepatic hemangiomas using RF ablation, which is important to standardize the application of RF ablation for the management of hepatic hemangiomas, regarding the selection of patients with suitable indications to receive RF ablation treatment, the technical details of the techniques, therapeutic effect evaluations, management of complications, etc. A final consensus by a Chinese panel of experts who have the expertise of using RF ablation to treat hepatic hemangiomas was reached by means of literature review, comprehensive discussion, and draft approval.

Effects of recombinant human canstatin protein in the treatment of pancreatic cancer

AIM: To examine the effect of canstatin, a newly discovered endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis, in the treatment of pancreatic cancer in vivo. METHODS: The canstatin cDNA fragment was synthesized and amplified from the total RNA extracted from human placenta tissues by RT-PCR. The resulting product was firstly cloned into pUCm-T vector, then into plasmid pET-22b (+) and transformed into E. coli BL21. Isopropyl-1-thio-b-Dgalactopyran-oside (IPTG) was used to induce the expression of canstatin protein and affinity chromatography was used to purify the protein. To determine the activity of purified recombinant human canstatin (rhCanstatin), orthotopic xenograft human pancreatic cancer models were established. Human pancreatic cancer cells (SW1990) were injected into the pancreas of BALB/c nude mice. Twenty-four nude mice with orthotopic xenograft tumor were randomly divided into 3 groups 10 d after the inoculation, and were treated with PBS 0.3 mL, or canstatin 5 mg/kg, or 10 mg/kg per day for 3 wk intraperitoneally. When the experiment was over, all tumors were resected and the effects of rhCanstatin on tumor growth, microvessel density (MVD) were analyzed. RESULTS: After IPTG induction, SDS-PAGE showed a new monomeric 24 kDa protein band. This protein was purified through affinity chromatography and refolded through dialysis with a final concentration of 60 mg/L. In orthotopic pancreatic cancer models, the final tumor volume in groups treated with PBS, canstatin 5 mg/ kg, 10 mg/kg were 355.21 ± 39.54 mm3, 112.73 ±10.47 mm3, and 61.75 ± 6.99 mm3 respectively. The immunohistochemical examination showed that the MVD in tumors treated with canstatin was significantly less than that in other group. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that the rhCanstatin effectively retards the growth of pancreatic cancer in a dose-dependent manner through inhibiting angiogenesis and may be a promising therapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer treatment in the clinic.