Spatial and temporal variation of water clarity in typical reservoirs in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region observed by GF 1-WFV satellite data

Rapidly monitoring regional water quality and the changing trend is of great practical and scientific significance,especially for the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH)region of China where water resources are relatively scarce and inland water bodies are generally small.The remote sensing data of the GF 1 satellite launched in 2013 have characteristics of high spatial and temporal resolution,which can be used for the dynamic monitoring of the water environment in small lakes and reservoirs.However,the water quality remote sensing monitoring model based on the GF 1 satellite data for lakes and reservoirs in BTH is still lacking because of the considerable differences in the optical characteristics of the lakes and reservoirs.In this paper,the typical reservoirs in BTH-Guanting Reservoir,Yuqiao Reservoir,Panjiakou Reservoir,and Daheiting Reservoir are taken as the study areas.In the atmospheric correction of GF 1-WFV,the relative radiation normalized atmospheric correction was adopted after comparing it with other methods,such as 6 S and FLAASH.In the water clarity retrieval,a water color hue angle based model was proposed and outperformed other available published models,with the R 2 of 0.74 and MRE of 31.7%.The clarity products of the four typical reservoirs in the BTH region in 2013-2019 were produced using the GF 1-WFV data.Based on the products,temporal and spatial changes in clarity were analyzed,and the main influencing factors for each water body were discussed.It was found that the clarity of Guanting,Daheiting,and Panjiakou reservoirs showed an upward trend during this period,while that of Yuqiao Reservoir showed a downward trend.In the influencing factors,the water level of the water bodies can be an important factor related to the water clarity changes in this region.

Steady increase in water clarity in Jiaozhou Bay in the Yellow Sea from 2000 to 2018:Observations from MODIS

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)surface reflectance data were used to analyze the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water clarity(Z_(sd))in the Jiaozhou Bay,Qingdao,China,in the Yellow Sea from 2000 to 2018.Z_(sd)retrieval models were regionally optimized using in-situ data with coincident MODIS images,and then were used to retrieve the Z_(sd) products in Jiaozhou Bay from 2000-2018.The analysis of the Z_(sd) results suggests that the spatial distribution of relative Z_(sd) spatial characteristics in Jiaozhou Bay was stable,being higher Z_(sd) in the southeast and a lower Z_(sd) in the northwest.The annual mean Z_(sd) in Jiaozhou Bay showed a significant upward trend,with an annual increase of approximately 0.02 m.Water depth and wind speed were important factors affecting the spatial distribution and annual variation of Z_(sd) in Jiaozhou Bay,respectively.

Pancreatic cancer–Staging laparoscopy

Objective: Accurate staging of patients with pancreatic cancer is crucial to clarify whether meaningful resection is indeed possible. Staging laparoscopy has been suggested as a tool for staging which may spare up to two-fifth of these patients from undergoing nontherapeutic laparotomy. A controversy exists, however, as to whether the procedure should be used routinely or selectively in these patients with no evidence of metastasis on noninvasive staging. This review aims to evaluate the available literature critically, identify its limitations and address the existing controversies. Methods: The current available English literature was reviewed on this topic. Results: A direct and conclusive comparison of the controversial literature is difficult because of inconsistent use of high-quality CT scans, different study designs and dissimilarity of judgment for non-resectability among patients staged by laparoscopy. However, recent studies reveal that not more than 14% of the patients benefit from diagnostic laparoscopy when a dual-contrast thin cut and 3-D digital reformatting CT scan has been performed previously. Conclusion: We conclude that routine use of diagnostic laparoscopy does not appear warranted in all patients with pancreatic cancer, especially for patients with early-staged pancreatic cancer or non-pancreatic periampullary cancers, because diagnostic laparoscopy is costly and ultrasonography is largely operator-dependent. Rather, selective use is appropriate, especially in patients with a large primary tumor, a tumor in the body or tail of the pancreas, equivocal findings of metastasis on CT, the presence of ascites, severe weight loss, hypoalbuminemia, and a markedly elevated CA 19–9.

Spatiotemporal variation of cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms in China based on literature and media information

Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms(CyanoHABs)in inland waters are now among the most pressing environmental issues worldwide,especially in China.Satellite remote sensing has limitations in monitoring CyanoHABs in small water bodies due to spatial and temporal resolution limitations.While literature and news media have the potential to supplement satellite remote sensing in monitoring CyanoHABs,they have currently not received sufficient attention.In this study,we combined information on the distributions of CyanoHABs from literature and media for the first time to comprehensively assess the spatiotemporal variation in CyanoHABs in China.We collected,cleaned,validated,and organized data from literature and media on CyanoHABs in China,resulting in the establishment of a comprehensive database on CyanoHABs in China's inland waters(ChinaCyanoDB)covering 198 water bodies,525 records for 1950-2021.The majority of water bodies with CyanoHABs(CyanoWaters)are located in the eastern China,mainly concentrated in the middle and lower Yangtze region,with a clear upward trend in their number over the last four decades.The ChinaCyanoDB and analytical results can provide valuable data support for monitoring and managing CyanoHABs in China while the database construction method may also be applied to other countries and regions.

Effects of tourmaline on nitrogen removal performance and biofilm structures in the sequencing batch biofilm reactor

The effects of tourmaline on nitrogen removal performance and biofilm structures were comparatively investigated in two identical laboratory-scale sequencing batch biofilm reactors（SBBRs）（denoted SBBR1 and SBBR2） at different nitrogen loading rates（NLRs） varying from（0.24 ± 0.01） to（1.26 ± 0.02） g N/（L·day）. SBBR1 was operated in parallel with SBBR2, but SBBR1 was filled with polyurethane foam loaded tourmaline（TPU） carriers and another（SBBR2） filled with polyurethane foam（PU） carriers. Results obtained from this study showed that the excellent and stable performance of SBBR1 was obtained. Ammonia nitrogen removal and total nitrogen removal were higher in SBBR1 than that in SBBR2 with increase of NLR. At an NLR of（0.24 ± 0.01） g N/（L·day）, the majority of the spherical and elliptical bacteria were surrounded by the extracellular polymeric substance（EPS） and bacillus or filamentous bacteria in two SBBRs biofilms. When NLR increased to（1.26 ± 0.02） g N/（L·day）, the clusters were more obvious in the SBBR1 biofilm than that in the SBBR2 biofilm. Bacteria in SBBR1 were inclined to synthesis more EPS, and the formed EPS could protect the bacteria from free ammonia（FA） under extreme condition NLR（1.26 ± 0.02） g N/（L·day）. The results of polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis showed that the microbial community similarity in SBBR2 decreased more obviously than that in SBBR1 with the increase of NLR, which the microbial community in SBBR1 was relatively stable.

Impacts of climate change on ecosystem in Priority Areas of Biodiversity Conservation in China

Priority Areas of Biodiversity Conservation(PABCs) are the key areas for future biodiversity conservation in China. In this study, we used 5 dynamic global vegetation models(DGVMs) to simulate the ecosystem function changes under future climate change scenario in the 32 terrestrial PABCs. We selected vegetation coverage,vegetation productivity, and ecosystem carbon balance as the indicators to describe the ecosystem function changes.The results indicate that woody vegetation coverage will greatly increase in the Loess Plateau Region, the North China Plain, and the Lower Hilly Region of South China.The future climate change will have great impact on the original vegetation in alpine meadow and arid and semiarid regions. The vegetation productivity of most PABCs will enhance in the coming 100 years. The largest increment will take place in the southwestern regions with high elevation. The PABCs in the Desert Region of InnerMongolia-Xinjiang Plateau are with fastest productivity climbing, and these areas are also with more carbon sink accumulation in the future. DGVM will be a new efficient tool for evaluating ecosystem function changes in future in large scale. This study is expected to provide technical support for the future ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation under climate change.

乌江流域生物多样性与生态系统服务的空间格局及相互关系

生物多样性与生态系统服务密切相关,但二者间的复杂关系和反馈机制尚未明晰。本研究以乌江流域为研究区域,基于物种空间分布格局,使用Max Ent模型、Zonation软件评估了乌江流域的生物多样性,并应用In VEST模型核算各项生态系统服务,运用随机森林模型、部分依赖图模型(PDP模型)分析了生物多样性与生态系统服务间的相互关系。结果显示:乌江流域的生物多样性呈东北高西南低的分布特征,表现为下游>中游>上游;2020年,乌江流域的水源供给量为810.57 mm/m^(2),粮食供给量为735.08 kg/ha,固碳服务为134.00 Mg/ha,水源涵养量为227.98 mm/m^(2),土壤保持量为401.30 t/ha,生境质量为0.68;水源供给和水源涵养对生物多样性的贡献度较高,分别为66.24%和44.72%;除粮食供给这种依赖人为活动的生态系统服务外,生物多样性与各生态系统服务均呈正相关。研究说明,受气候和人类活动影响较大的生态系统服务驱使着生物多样性的改变,但对于依赖生物功能的生态系统服务,生物多样性是其重要调节因素。

中国大型真菌红色名录评估研究进展

大型真菌具有重要的生态价值和经济价值,但由于环境污染、气候变化、生境丧失与破碎化,以及资源过度利用等因素,其生物多样性受到严重威胁。为了全面评估中国大型真菌的生存状况,国家生态环境部(原环境保护部)联合中国科学院于2016年启动了《中国生物多样性红色名录--大型真菌卷》的编制工作。经广泛和全面收集文献资料,依据IUCN物种红色名录等级与标准,结合大型真菌特点和国内研究现状,制定了中国大型真菌红色名录评估方法和流程,动员和组织了全国相关研究力量,对9,302种大型真菌的受威胁状况进行了评估。结果显示,中国大型真菌受威胁物种(包括疑似灭绝、极危、濒危、易危)共97个,占被评估物种总数的1.04%;近危101种,占总数的1.09%;无危2,764种,占总数的29.71%;数据不足6,340种,占总数的68.16%。此次评估工作汇集了全国140多位专家的智慧,是国内外迄今为止涉及物种数量最大、类群范围最宽、覆盖地域最广、参与人员最多的一次大型真菌生存状况评估,对我国大型真菌多样性保护与管理具有重要意义。

中国野生大型真菌受威胁程度评估、问题和对策

红色名录是制定科学、有效的物种保护战略与行动计划的基础和依据。自2000年起, 中国菌物学者开始探索真菌红色名录的制定, 包括采用IUCN评估等级和标准对中国大型真菌受威胁状况进行初步评估, 但与国际上采用的IUCN标准并未完全接轨, 且评估的物种数量少, 所涉及的地理范围较为狭窄, 难以反映中国大型真菌的整体受威胁状况。我们组织全国140余位真菌专家, 采用IUCN评估等级和标准对我国已知的227科1,298属9,302种大型真菌的受威胁状况进行了评估, 结果发现97种大型真菌处于受威胁状态, 并编制了首个国家范围的“中国大型真菌红色名录”。本文基于该评估结果, 并结合中国大型真菌保护现状, 针对存在的主要问题与挑战, 建议从5个方面加强对大型真菌的保护: (1)健全法律法规和政策体系; (2)完善就地保护体系, 提升迁地保护能力; (3)深入开展野外调查, 构建监测网络; (4)加强大型真菌的科普教育, 提高公众保护意识; (5)加大资金投入, 提升科技支撑能力。

中国生物多样性相关传统知识调查与评估指标体系构建

基于调查获得的数据开展生物多样性相关传统知识评估,明确面临的主要压力和保护空缺,可为相关管理部门决策提供科学依据。指标是开展评估的主要工具,但是目前尚未有关于生物多样性相关传统知识评估指标体系的文献报道。我们基于压力-状态-响应(pressure-state-response, PSR)模型,充分考虑生物多样性相关传统知识的基本特征、主要威胁因子、保护和传承措施,初步构建了区域和国家尺度的生物多样性相关传统知识评估指标体系。然后通过专家咨询,确定了30项指标,其中压力指标7项、状态指标14项、响应指标9项。这些指标不仅可以用于生物多样性相关传统知识的综合评估,还可以对其基本状况、受威胁状况、保护与传承状况、相关遗传资源进行单独评价。此外,基于评估参数计算的数据需求,我们借鉴国内外民族植物学和生物多样性相关传统知识调查的主要研究成果,建立了"全国生物多样性相关传统知识调查技术方法体系",并通过试点调查进行修改完善。"全国生物多样性相关传统知识调查"以关键人物访谈、问卷调查和参与观察为主,并辅以生物学和生态学调查;采用滚雪球抽样法对目标群体进行抽样,确定访谈对象。

中国大型真菌受威胁物种名录

为全面评估中国大型真菌受威胁状况,原环境保护部联合中国科学院于2016年启动了《中国生物多样性红色名录--大型真菌卷》的编制工作。本次评估过程中制定了中国大型真菌红色名录评估等级与标准(王科等, 2020),并依此开展评估工作。使用了以下评估等级:灭绝(Extinct, EX)、野外灭绝(Extinct in the Wild, EW)、疑似灭绝(Possibly Extinct,PE)、极危(CriticallyEndangered,CR)、濒危(Endangered,EN)、易危(Vulnerable,VU)、近危(Near Threatened, NT)、无危(Least Concern, LC)和数据不足(Data Deficient, DD)。

生物多样性相关传统知识调查与评估:以澜沧与康定两县域为例

本研究依据《县域生物多样性相关传统知识调查与评估技术规定》,调查评估了云南省澜沧县和四川省康定市两县域生物多样性相关传统知识的分布数量与特征,分析了传统知识保护与传承状况,识别了主要受威胁因素和保护空缺,旨在为我国传统知识保护和民族地区实施传统知识获取与惠益分享制度提供科学依据,推动《生物多样性公约》与《名古屋议定书》等国际公约的履行。研究结果如下:分别调查编目澜沧县、康定市的生物多样性相关传统知识145项、98项;这些传统知识具有明显的地区气候与自然环境特征、生产生活实践特征、传统文化特征和地区社会经济特征;相关部门在传统知识保护管理方面做出了积极努力,同时包括习惯法、传统节庆等传统文化和包括祭祀、神山、神林等宗教方式在内的地方社区行动在传统知识保护与传承方面也发挥了重要作用;生物多样性相关传统知识、创新和做法已被广泛应用于地方社区脱贫攻坚和产业发展;传统知识保护立法仍不健全、受到威胁、保护意识薄弱及承载传统知识的生物资源减少是制约传统知识保护传承的主要因素。两县域生物多样性相关传统知识丰富,并且地方社区有效参与了生物多样性相关传统知识的保护与可持续利用。今后应建立传统知识获取与惠益分享国家制度;加强宣传教育,提升保护传承意识;因地制宜开展传统知识保护;推动传统知识相关生物资源的保护与可持续利用。

中国大型真菌红色名录评估方法和程序

在中国大型真菌红色名录评估过程中,根据大型真菌与动植物在生物学特性上的差异,对IUCN物种红色名录标准做了适当调整,形成了"中国大型真菌红色名录评估等级与标准",即:(1)依据可见的分布地点和子实体数量来估计、推测或判断种群的波动以及种群成熟个体数量的变化;(2)以一定的时间段代替世代时长来计算种群的变化情况;(3)将"疑似灭绝"作为一个独立的评估等级。评估基本数据来自于中国菌物名录数据库、真菌分类文献资料和专家咨询,评估过程包括任务分工、数据收集、评估物种确定、建立评估表、初评、专家评审和编制红色名录等步骤,最终完成《中国生物多样性红色名录--大型真菌卷》的编制。

基于InVEST与倾向评分匹配模型评估秦岭国家级自然保护区水源涵养服务保护成效

自然保护区在保障水源涵养等生态系统服务方面发挥了重要作用,对区域水资源的可持续利用具有重要意义。然而,自然保护区水源涵养服务保护成效的主要影响因素仍然不清,不利于自然保护区的有效管理和区域可持续发展目标的实现。本文拟探讨:(1)秦岭区域水源涵养服务的总体情况;(2)自然保护区对水源涵养服务的保护成效;(3)自然保护区水源涵养服务保护成效的主要影响因素是什么。本文采用In VEST模型计算秦岭区域19个国家级自然保护区2010–2015年的水源涵养量,基于倾向评分配比法研究了自然保护区水源涵养服务保护成效,并通过随机森林回归判断自然保护区水源涵养服务保护成效的主要影响因素。研究结果表明,虽然在2010–2015年秦岭区域水源涵养服务整体降低,但与自然保护区外的配对样本相比,大多数自然保护区(63.16%)水源涵养服务保护成效显著(N=12,P<0.05);少数保护区(26.32%)在减缓水源涵养服务降低的作用不如自然保护区外(N=5,P<0.05);也有个别自然保护区(10.52%)对水源涵养服务保护成效不明显(N=2,P>0.05)。从主要影响因素来看,自然保护区水源涵养服务保护成效主要受降水量变化和自然保护区资金投入的影响。结果显示:(1)2010–2015年间秦岭区域水源涵养量减少较为明显,但总体来看自然保护区在减缓水源涵养服务降低方面取得了积极成效。(2)降水量变化对水源涵养服务保护成效起到主导作用;(3)管理因素也对保护区水源涵养服务保护成效有一定影响,在管理因素中资金投入的大小对水源涵养服务保护效果影响最大。因此,建议进一步增加资金投入,以提升自然保护区水源涵养服务的保护成效。

广西九万山国家级自然保护区外来入侵和本地草本植物多样性垂直分布格局

外来入侵植物快速扩散、蔓延,有些种类已进入到国家级自然保护区,威胁保护区的生物多样性。本文基于九万山国家级自然保护区134个草本样方的调查数据,对比分析了外来入侵草本和本地草本物种多样性的空间分布格局,并阐明了气候因素对物种丰富度分布格局的影响。本研究共记录本地草本143种,隶属于54科115属;外来入侵草本16种,隶属于7科13属。本地草本的物种丰富度和Shannon-Wiener指数随海拔上升显著增加(P<0.05),而外来入侵草本的物种丰富度和Shannon-Wiener指数随海拔升高呈下降趋势(P> 0.05)。本地草本和入侵草本的均匀度随海拔升高变化均不显著(P> 0.05)。在不同海拔梯度,本地草本的Shannon-Wiener指数均显著高于外来入侵草本,均匀度则相反。回归分析表明,温度和降水量共解释了本地草本物种丰富度差异的41.6%,其中温度解释率为21.4%,降水量解释率为10.7%,且温度的影响达到显著水平(P <0.05)。温度和降水量对外来入侵草本的物种丰富度均无显著影响(P>0.05),单一因子解释率均较低,分别为0.9%和0.4%。这些结果表明,九万山国家级自然保护区外来入侵草本与本地草本物种多样性随海拔变化呈截然相反的空间分布格局,且气候因素对两者分布格局的影响不同。外来入侵草本植物在海拔800–1,000 m地区具有相对多样的群落组成和较稳定的群落结构,可能会威胁本地植物多样性,建议加强此海拔区间外来入侵草本植物的管理。

“2020年后全球生物多样性框架”进展及展望

"2020年后全球生物多样性框架"是当前《生物多样性公约》谈判的焦点议题之一。本文阐述了框架制定的背景,介绍了"2020年后全球生物多样性框架"不限成员名额工作组(Open Ended Working Group, OEWG),的谈判过程,综合分析了缔约方在各有关磋商进程中的观点,以及目前缔约方对框架各个要素的共识和分歧,评估了框架的制定进展,并就框架的设计提出四点展望:(1)阐明转型变革的具体实施路径;(2)平衡反映公约三大目标;(3)加强与其他全球治理进程的协同;(4)强化框架对全球及缔约方履约进展的评估和审查。最后提出对我国的建议:(1)及时更新国家生物多样性战略与行动计划(National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans, NBSAP);(2)加强国内生物多样性工作的协调;(3)继续加强生态环境执法和责任机制。为缔约方更好参与框架制定进程,深入了解框架及其磋商进展提供参考,并为下一步框架制定提供参考。

中国大型真菌红色名录评估中存在的问题及今后的对策

2018年5月22日国际生物多样性日,生态环境部和中国科学院联合发布了"中国生物多样性红色名录--大型真菌卷",对9,302种大型真菌的受威胁现状进行了评估。根据大型真菌的生物学特性,此次评估还对IUCN红色名录评估等级标准体系进行了适当调整。本文总结了评估过程中发现的问题:(1)部分物种的分类学地位存在争议,缺少汉语学名;(2)大量物种的地理分布、种群数量及动态变化等信息缺乏;(3) IUCN的部分评估标准在大型真菌中难以使用;(4)物种的受威胁因素不明确,缺乏科学定量的分析。针对以上问题,我们建议:(1)加强真菌分类学研究,按命名规范拟定物种的汉语学名;(2)加强大型真菌的资源调查,对重要物种和多样性热点区域进行长期定点监测;(3)引入物种分布建模等定量分析方法,完善IUCN的评估标准,使之更适用于大型真菌的评估;(4)鼓励公众参与,建立交流互动平台,扩大红色名录工作的影响,加强大型真菌多样性保护。

Measuring and evaluating SDG indicators with Big Earth Data

The United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development provides an important framework for economic,social,and environmental action.A comprehensive indicator system to aid in the systematic implementation and monitoring of progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)is unfortunately limited in many countries due to lack of data.The availability of a growing amount of multi-source data and rapid advancements in big data methods and infrastructure provide unique opportunities to mitigate these data shortages and develop innovative methodologies for comparatively monitoring SDGs.Big Earth Data,a special class of big data with spatial attributes,holds tremendous potential to facilitate science,technology,and innovation toward implementing SDGs around the world.Several programs and initiatives in China have invested in Big Earth Data infrastructure and capabilities,and have successfully carried out case studies to demonstrate their utility in sustainability science.This paper presents implementations of Big Earth Data in evaluating SDG indicators,including the development of new algorithms,indicator expansion(for SDG 11.4.1)and indicator extension(for SDG 11.3.1),introduction of a biodiversity risk index as a more effective analysis method for SDG 15.5.1,and several new high-quality data products,such as global net ecosystem productivity,high-resolution global mountain green cover index,and endangered species richness.These innovations are used to present a comprehensive analysis of SDGs 2,6,11,13,14,and 15 from 2010 to 2020 in China utilizing Big Earth Data,concluding that all six SDGs are on schedule to be achieved by 2030.

MODIS observations of water color of the largest 10 lakes in China between 2000 and 2012

Forel-Ule(FU)index of water color is an important parameter in traditional water quality investigations.We retrieved the FU index of the largest 10 lakes in China during 2000-2012 from MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer surface reflectance product(MOD09)images.Since FU index is an optical parameter,it can be derived from optical remote sensing data by direct formulas,which is invariant with region and season.Based on validation by in situ measured reflectance data,the FU index products are reliable,with average relative error of 7.7%.FU index can be used to roughly assess water clarity:the clearer a water body is,and the bluer it is in color,the smaller its FU index is.FU index can also be used to roughly classify trophic state into three classes:oligotrophic,mesotrophic,and eutrophic.We analyzed the spatial,interannual,and seasonal variations of the FU index and its implications for water clarity and trophic state,and the findings are mostly consistent with the results from related literature.All in all,it might be a feasible way to roughly assess inland water quality by FU index in large region and over long time period.

An efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst derived from layer-by-layer self-assembly of a three-dimensional porous Co-N-C@graphene

Three-dimensional (3D) porous carbon-based materials with tunable composition and microstructure are of great interest for the development of oxygen involved electrocatalytic reactions. Here, we report the synthesis of 3D porous carbon-based electrocatalyst by self-assembling Co-metal organic frameworks (MOF) building blocks on graphene via a layer-by-layer technique. Precise control of the structure and morphology is achieved by varying the MOF layer to tune the electrocatalytic properties. The as-produced electrocatalyst exhibits an excellent catalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction in 0.1molL^-1 KOH, showing a high onset potential of 0.963V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and a low tafel slope of 54mVdec^-1, compared to Pt/C (0.934V and 52mVdec^-1, respectively). Additionally, it shows a slightly lower potential vs. RHE (1.72V) than RuO2 (1.75V) at 10mAcm^-2 in an alkaline electrolyte. A rechargeable Zn-air battery based on the as-produced 3D porous catalyst demonstrates a high peak power density of 119mWcm^-2 at a cell voltage of 0.578V while retaining an excellent stability over 250 charge-discharge cycles.