Equation of state for boron nitride along the principal Hugoniot to 16 Mbar

The thermodynamic properties of boron nitride under extreme pressures and temperatures are of great interest and importance for materials science and inertial confinement fusion physics,but they are poorly understood owing to the challenges of performing experiments and realizing ab initio calculations.Here,we report the first shock Hugoniot data on hexagonal boron nitride at pressures of 5–16 Mbar,using hohlraum-driven shock waves at the SGIII-p laser facility in China.Our density functional theory molecular dynamics calculations closely match experimental data,validating the equations of state for modeling the shock response of boron nitride and filling a crucial gap in the knowledge of boron nitride properties in the region of multi-Mbar pressures and eV temperatures.The results presented here provide fundamental insights into boron nitride under the extreme conditions relevant to inertial confinement fusion,hydrogen–boron fusion,and high-energy-density physics.

Effects of oral probiotics on inflammation and intestinal function in adult patients after appendectomy:Randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND Appendectomy is an acute abdominal surgery that is often accompanied by severe abdominal inflammation.Oral probiotics are one of the postoperative treatments for rapid rehabilitation.However,there is a lack of prospective studies on this topic after appendectomy.AIM To investigate whether the postoperative probiotics can modulate the inflammatory response and restore intestinal function in patients following appendectomy.METHODS This was a prospective,randomized trial.A total of 60 emergency patients were randomly divided into a control group(n=30)and a probiotic group(n=30).Patients in the control group started to drink some water the first day after surgery,and those in the probiotic group were given water supplemented with Bacillus licheniformis capsules for 5 consecutive days postsurgery.The indices of inflammation and postoperative conditions were recorded,and the data were analyzed with RStudio 4.3.2 software.RESULTS A total of 60 participants were included.Compared with those in the control group,the C-reactive protein(CRP),interleukin 6 and procalcitonin(PCT)levels were significantly lower in the probiotic group at 2 d after surgery(P=2.224e-05,P=0.037,and P=0.002,respectively,all P<0.05).This trend persisted at day 5 post-surgery,with CRP and PCT levels remaining significantly lower in the probiotic group(P=0.001 and P=0.043,both P<0.05).Furthermore,probiotics0.028,both P<0.05).CONCLUSION Postoperative oral administration of probiotics may modulate the gut microbiota,benefit the recovery of the early inflammatory response,and subsequently enhance recovery after appendectomy.

Analysis of hohlraum energetics of the SG series and the NIF experiments with energy balance model

The basic energy balance model is applied to analyze the hohlraum energetics data from the Shenguang(SG)series laser facilities and the National Ignition Facility(NIF)experiments published in the past few years.The analysis shows that the overall hohlraum energetics data are in agreement with the energy balance model within 20%deviation.The 20%deviation might be caused by the diversity in hohlraum parameters,such as material,laser pulse,gas filling density,etc.In addition,the NIF's ignition target designs and our ignition target designs given by simulations are also in accordance with the energy balance model.This work confirms the value of the energy balance model for ignition target design and experimental data assessment,and demonstrates that the NIF energy is enough to achieve ignition if a 1D spherical radiation drive could be created,meanwhile both the laser plasma instabilities and hydrodynamic instabilities could be suppressed.

三维绩效机制下的接力教学模式在护士急救仪器培训中的应用

目的 探讨三维绩效机制下的接力教学模式在护士急救生命支持类仪器培训中的应用效果。方法 在实施三维绩效机制下,选取80名分别为广西医科大学第二附属医院急诊科、麻醉科、呼吸与危重症学科的护士作为研究对象,2020年3—8月的采用传统模式进行急救仪器培训,2021年3—8月采用接力教学模式进行急救仪器培训。比较两种教学模式的临床实践成绩、操作用时以及护士满意度。结果 接力教学模式培训后护士急救仪器的临床实践成绩明显提升(P <0.05)、仪器操作用时明显缩短(P <0.05),护士对接力教学模式具有较高的满意率(93.5%)。结论 三维绩效机制下的接力教学模式,充分调动了护士参加非基础护理范畴的急救仪器培训学习的积极性、主动性和持续性,得到护士的高度认可,培训效果明显优于传统教学模式。

超表面实现复杂矢量涡旋光束的研究进展

作为一种人工微纳器件,超表面能够对光束的传播和相位进行精确的调控。具有不同偏振矢量特性的涡旋光束具有独特的光场分布特性,利用超表面生成复杂状态的矢量涡旋光场具有越来越广泛的研究前景。本文针对产生矢量涡旋光束超表面的材料进行分类,介绍了金属超表面、全介质超表面和智能超表面在矢量涡旋光束生成和调控方面的研究进展。我们详细阐述了超表面利用不同相位理论对入射波前调制的原理和超表面生成的不同矢量涡旋光束的特性,并探讨了这两者之间的联系。此外,我们总结了利用超表面代替传统光学器件生成矢量涡旋光束的优势,并展望了未来利用不同材料的超表面进行矢量光场调控研究方面的挑战和可能性。

Suppression of stimulated Raman scattering by angularly incoherent light, towards a laser system of incoherence in all dimensions of time, space, and angle

Laser–plasma instability(LPI)is one of the main obstacles to achieving predictable and reproducible fusion at high gain through laser-driven inertial confinement fusion(ICF).In this paper,for the first time,we show analytically and confirm with three-dimensional particle-incell simulations that angular incoherence provides suppression of the instability growth rate that is additional to and much stronger than that provided by the well-known temporal and spatial incoherence usually used in ICF studies.For the model used in our calculations,the maximum field ratio between the stimulated Raman scattering and the driving pulses drops from 0.2 for a Laguerre–Gaussian pulse with a single nonzero topological charge to 0.05 for a super light spring with an angular momentum spread and random relative phases.In particular,angular incoherence does not introduce extra undesirable hot electrons.This provides a novel method for suppressing LPI by using light with an angular momentum spread and paves the way towards a low-LPI laser system for inertial fusion energy with a super light spring of incoherence in all dimensions of time,space,and angle,and may open the door to the use of longer-wavelength lasers for inertial fusion energy.

Rapid inactivation of human respiratory RNA viruses by deep ultraviolet irradiation from light-emitting diodes on a high-temperatureannealed AlN/Sapphire template

Efficient and eco-friendly disinfection of air-borne human respiratory RNA viruses is pursued in both public environment and portable usage.The AlGaN-based deep ultraviolet(DUV)light-emission diode(LED)has high practical potentials because of its advantages of variable wavelength,rapid sterilization,environmental protection,and miniaturization.Therefore,whether the emission wavelength has effects on the disinfection as well as whether the device is feasible to sterilize various respiratory RNA viruses under portable conditions is crucial.Here,we fabricate AlGaN-based DUV LEDs with different wavelength on high-temperature-annealed(HTA)AlN/Sapphire templates and investigate the inactivation effects for several respiratory RNA viruses.The AlN/AlGaN superlattices are employed between the template and upper n-AlGaN to release the strong compressive stress(SCS),improving the crystal quality and interface roughness.DUV LEDs with the wavelength of 256,265,and 278 nm,corresponding to the light output power of 6.8,9.6,and 12.5 mW,are realized,among which the 256 nm-LED shows the most potent inactivation effect in human respiratory RNA viruses,including SARS-CoV-2,influenza A virus(IAV),and human parainfluenza virus(HPIV),at a similar light power density(LPD)of~0.8 mW/cm2 for 10 s.These results will contribute to the advanced DUV LED application of disinfecting viruses with high potency and broad spectrum in a portable and eco-friendly use.

基于TM&M分级系统肺癌胸腔镜肺主要手术并发症列线图预测模型的建立和验证

背景与目的并发症是肺切除术后患者死亡的重要原因,目前我国肺癌胸腔镜手术普及率逐年增高,但肺癌胸腔镜手术术后并发症的预测模型尚缺乏基于大样本数据库的支持。本研究采用TM&M(Thoracic Mortality and Morbidity)分级系统全面描绘我中心胸腔镜肺癌手术术后并发症,并建立和验证并发症的预测模型。该模型可为此类患者术后并发症的预防和干预提供依据,从而加速患者康复。方法回顾性收集我中心2007年1月-2018年12月胸腔镜肺癌手术患者临床资料,仅纳入Ⅰ期-Ⅲ期肺癌行胸腔镜肺主要手术的肺癌患者,术后并发症登记严格采用TM&M分级系统。将患者按照手术时期分为两组:前期组(2007年-2012年)和后期组(2013年-2018年),以倾向评分匹配法对两组基线数据进行匹配;匹配后数据采用二元Logistic回归分析建立并发症的预测模型,Bootstrap法内抽样进行内部验证。结果研究共纳入2,881例肺癌患者,平均年龄(61.0±10.1)岁,其中发生主要并发症180例(6.2%)。匹配后的1,268例患者进行二元Logistic回归分析显示:年龄(OR=1.04,95%CI:1.02-1.06,P<0.001)、手术时期(OR=0.62,95%CI:0.49-0.79,P<0.001)、病理类型(OR=1.73,95%CI:1.24-2.41,P=0.001)、术中出血量(OR=1.001,95%CI:1.000-1.003,P=0.03)、清扫淋巴结数目(OR=1.022,95%CI:1.00-1.04,P=0.005)为术后并发症发生的独立危险因素;将其纳入列线图模型,受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC)提示该模型区分度较好(C-指数为0.699),1,000次重复Bootstrap内部抽样验证C-指数为0.680。校准曲线显示预测模型的校准度良好。结论TM&M并发症分级系统可全面准确地报告胸腔镜肺癌外科的术后并发症。年龄、手术时期、病理类型、术中出血量、清扫淋巴结数目是胸腔镜肺癌手术后主要并发症的独立危险因素,以此建立的并发症预测模型具有较好的区分度和校准度。

双孔下软质胸腔镜联合硬质活检钳的临床应用

本研究探讨双孔下软质胸腔镜联合硬质活检钳用于诊断弥漫性肺部疾病和不明原因胸膜疾病的可能性。对63例弥漫性肺部疾病和不明原因胸积液患者随机采用软质胸腔镜、硬质胸腔镜和双孔下软质胸腔镜联合硬质活检钳3种不同方法进行脏层胸膜或壁层胸膜活检,测量活检标本大小,观察术后疼痛评分和术后并发症,比较3种活检方法的诊断效率。结果表明:双孔下软质胸腔镜联合硬质活检钳活检的诊断阳性率明显高于软质胸腔镜组和硬质胸腔镜组,标本大小也大于软质胸腔镜组,但疼痛评分、术后并发症与其他2组无显著差异。双孔下软质胸腔镜联合硬质活检钳诊断弥漫性肺部疾病和不明原因胸积液具有术野大且清晰、诊断阳性率高且无严重并发症、无需特殊培训、投入不大等特点。该术式是可行的,值得在以上疾病诊断时应用。

整建制管理模式下救治新型冠状病毒肺炎患者的应用探讨

医疗队应用整建制接管病区的模式,通过明确分工、明晰职责,实施制度化、流程化管理,开展多学科团队协作和感控并重的多元化救治策略,对新型冠状病毒肺炎患者进行救治,发现整建制管理救治在规范化管理、增强医护团队协调合作、加强医院感染防控、提升患者救治水平等方面效果良好,对高效开展新型冠状病毒肺炎救治具有良好的适用性,值得推广。

Progress in octahedral spherical hohlraum study

In this paper,we give a review of our theoretical and experimental progress in octahedral spherical hohlraum study.From our theoretical study,the octahedral spherical hohlraums with 6 Laser Entrance Holes(LEHs)of octahedral symmetry have robust high symmetry during the capsule implosion at hohlraum-to-capsule radius ratio larger than 3.7.In addition,the octahedral spherical hohlraums also have potential superiority on low backscattering without supplementary technology.We studied the laser arrangement and constraints of the octahedral spherical hohlraums,and gave a design on the laser arrangement for ignition octahedral hohlraums.As a result,the injection angle of laser beams of 50°-60°was proposed as the optimum candidate range for the octahedral spherical hohlraums.We proposed a novel octahedral spherical hohlraum with cylindrical LEHs and LEH shields,in order to increase the laser coupling efficiency and improve the capsule symmetry and to mitigate the influence of the wall blowoff on laser transport.We studied on the sensitivity of the octahedral spherical hohlraums to random errors and compared the sensitivity among the octahedral spherical hohlraums,the rugby hohlraums and the cylindrical hohlraums,and the results show that the octahedral spherical hohlraums are robust to these random errors while the cylindrical hohlraums are the most sensitive.Up till to now,we have carried out three experiments on the spherical hohlraum with 2 LEHs on Shenguang(SG)laser facilities,including demonstration of improving laser transport by using the cylindrical LEHs in the spherical hohlraums,spherical hohlraum energetics on the SGIII prototype laser facility,and comparisons of laser plasma instabilities between the spherical hohlraums and the cylindrical hohlraums on the SGIII laser facility.

Non-equilibrium between ions and electrons inside hot spots from National Ignition Facility experiments

The non-equilibrium between ions and electrons in the hot spot can relax the ignition conditions in inertial confinement fusion[Fan et al.,Phys.Plasmas 23,010703(2016)],and obvious ion-electron non-equilibrium could be observed by our simulations of high-foot implosions when the ion-electron relaxation is enlarged by a factor of 2.On the other hand,in many shots of high-foot implosions on the National Ignition Facility,the observed X-ray enhancement factors due to ablator mixing into the hot spot are less than unity assuming electrons and ions have the same temperature[Meezan et al.,Phys.Plasmas 22,062703(2015)],which is not self-consistent because it can lead to negative ablator mixing into the hot spot.Actually,this non-consistency implies ion-electron non-equilibrium within the hot spot.From our study,we can infer that ion-electron non-equilibrium exists in high-foot implosions and the ion temperature could be~9%larger than the equilibrium temperature in some NIF shots.

Dream fusion in octahedral spherical hohlraum

The octahedral spherical hohlraum provides an ideal and practical approach for indirect-drive toward a dream fusion with predictable andreproducible gain and opens a route to the development of a laser drive system for multiple laser fusion schemes. This paper addressesa number of issues that have arisen with regard to octahedral spherical hohlraums, such as how to naturally generate a highly symmetricradiation drive at all times and for all spectra without the use of symmetry tuning technology, how to determine the three-dimensional,temporal, and spectral characteristics of the real radiation drive on a capsule in experiments, and the relative energy efficiency of an octahedralspherical hohlraum compared with a cylindrical hohlraum. A design island for an octahedral spherical hohlraum is presented. Finally, thechallenges and future tasks for the path forward are presented.

Corrigendum to“First demonstration of improving laser propagation inside the spherical hohlraums by using the cylindrical laser entrance hole”[Matter Radiation Extremes 1(1)(2016)2-7]

Corrigendum Text:On page 2 of this letter,there is a misprint in the unit.The unit of the geometrical dimension of the spherical hohlraums on this page should always be“mm”rather than“mm”,i.e.in the second paragraph,“…with 800 J per beam at 0.35 mm…”should be“…with 800 J per beam at 0.35 mm…”,“The slit of 400 mm width is parallel…”should be“The slit of 400 mm width is parallel…”,“The laser focal diameter is about 500 mm…”should be“The laser focal diameter is about 500 mm…”;in the third paragraph,“…we take 850 mm as the radius…”should be“…we take 850 mm as the radius…”,“The LEH radius R_(L) is 400 mm…”should be“The LEH radius R_(L) is 400 mm…”,“…the radius of the cylindrical LEH outer ring is taken as 1.5 R_(L)=600 mm”should be“…the radius of the cylindrical LEH outer ring is taken as 1.5 R_(L)=600 mm”.This mistake does not affect any of the main results of the original letter.

P2 asymmetry of Au's M-band flux and its smoothing effect due to high-Z ablator dopants

X-ray drive asymmetry is one of the main seeds of low-mode implosion asymmetry that blocks further improvement of the nuclear per-formance of“high-foot”experiments on the National Ignition Facility[Miller et al.,Nucl.Fusion 44,S228(2004)].More particularly,the P2 asymmetry of Au's M-band flux can also severely influence the implosion performance of ignition capsules[Li et al.,Phys.Plasmas 23,072705(2016)].Here we study the smoothing effect of mid-and/or high-Z dopants in ablator on Au's M-band flux asymmetries,by modeling and comparing the implosion processes of a Ge-doped ignition capsule and a Si-doped one driven by X-ray sources with P2 M-band flux asymmetry.As the results,(1)mid-or high-Z dopants absorb hard X-rays(M-band flux)and re-emit isotropically,which helps to smooth the asymmetric M-band flux arriving at the ablation front,therefore reducing the P2 asymmetries of the imploding shell and hot spot;(2)the smoothing effect of Ge-dopant is more remarkable than Si-dopant because its opacity in Au's M-band is higher than the latter's;and(3)placing the doped layer at a larger radius in ablator is more efficient.Applying this effect may not be a main measure to reduce the low-mode implosion asymmetry,but might be of significance in some critical situations such as inertial confinement fusion(ICF)experiments very near the performance cliffs of asymmetric X-ray drives.

First experimental comparisons of laser-plasma interactions between spherical and cylindrical hohlraums at SGⅢ laser facility

We present our recent laser-plasmas instability(LPI)comparison experiment at the SGIII laser facility between the spherical and cylindrical hohlraums.Three kinds of filling are considered:vacuum,gas-filling with or without a capsule inside.A spherical hohlraum of 3.6 mm in diameter,and a cylindrical hohlraum of 2.4 mm?4.3 mm are used.The capsule diameter is 0.96 mm.A flat-top laser pulse with 3 ns duration and up to 92.73 kJ energy is used.The experiment has shown that the LPI level in the spherical hohlraum is close to that of the outer beam in the cylindrical hohlraum,while much lower than that of the inner beam.The experiment is further simulated by using our 2-dimensional radiation hydrodynamic code LARED-Integration,and the laser back-scattering fraction and the stimulated Raman scatter(SRS)spectrum are post-processed by the high efficiency code of laser interaction with plasmas HLIP.According to the simulation,the plasma waves are strongly damped and the SRS is mainly developed at the plasma conditions of electron density from 0.08 n_(c) to 0.1 n_(c) and electron temperature from 1.5 keV to 2.0 keV inside the hohlraums.However,obvious differences between the simulation and experiment are found,such as that the SRS back-scattering is underestimated,and the numerical SRS spectrum peaks at a larger wavelength and at a later time than the data.These dif-ferences indicate that the development of a 3D radiation hydrodynamic code,with more accurate physics models,is mandatory for spherical hohlraum study.

初级创伤救治培训模式在呼吸重症监护病房新入科护士技能培训中的应用

目的探讨初级创伤救治(Primary trauma care,PTC)培训模式在呼吸重症监护病房新入科护士培训中的应用效果。方法选择2018年1月~2019年1月我院呼吸重症监护病房新入科护士(包括新入职护士及轮转护士)30名,随机分为两组,实验组按照PTC培训模式进行培训,对照组按照传统方法进行培训,比较两组新入科护士的专科理论成绩、护理操作技能成绩和情景模拟考核成绩。结果采用PTC培训模式的呼吸重症监护病房新入科护士的专科理论考核成绩、护理操作技能考核成绩、情景模拟考核成绩均高于传统培训模式的护士,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论采用PTC培训模式对呼吸重症监护病房新入科护士进行培训,能更好地掌握专科相关理论和技能,提高抢救配合反应能力和团队意识,提高了护士综合能力。

Determination of laser entrance hole size for ignition-scale octahedral spherical hohlraums

A recently proposed octahedral spherical hohlraum with six laser entrance holes(LEHs)is an attractive concept for an upgraded laser facility aiming at a predictable and reproducible fusion gain with a simple target design.However,with the laser energies available at present,LEH size can be a critical issue.Owing to the uncertainties in simulation results,the LEH size should be determined on the basis of experimental evidence.However,determination of LEH size of an ignition target at a small-scale laser facility poses difficulties.In this paper,we propose to use the prepulse of an ignition pulse to determine the LEH size for ignition-scale hohlraums via LEH closure behavior,and we present convincing evidence from multiple diagnostics at the SGIII facility with ignition-scale hohlraum,laser prepulse,and laser beam size.The LEH closure observed in our experiment is in agreement with data from the National Ignition Facility.The total LEH area of the octahedral hohlraum is found to be very close to that of a cylindrical hohlraum,thus successfully demonstrating the feasibility of the octahedral hohlraum in terms of laser energy,which is crucially important for sizing an ignition-scale octahedrally configured laser system.This work provides a novel way to determine the LEH size of an ignition target at a small-scale laser facility,and it can be applied to other hohlraum configurations for the indirect drive approach.

First demonstration of improving laser propagation inside the spherical hohlraums by using the cylindrical laser entrance hole

The octahedral spherical hohlraums have natural superiority in maintaining high radiation symmetry during the entire capsule implosion process in indirect drive inertial confinement fusion.While,in contrast to the cylindrical hohlraums,the narrow space between the laser beams and the spherical hohlraum wall is usually commented.In this Letter,we address this crucial issue and report our experimental work conducted on the SGIII-prototype laser facility which unambiguously demonstrates that a simple design of cylindrical laser entrance hole(LEH)can dramatically improve the laser propagation inside the spherical hohlraums.In addition,the laser beam deflection in the hohlraum is observed for the first time in the experiments.Our 2-dimensional simulation results also verify qualitatively the advantages of the spherical hohlraums with cylindrical LEHs.Our results imply the prospect of adopting the cylindrical LEHs in future spherical ignition hohlraum design.

Editorial for special issue on laser fusion

It is a dream of worldwide scientists to demonstrate fusion ignition and gain in the laboratory.The demonstration of laboratory fusion ignition via Inertial Confinement Fusion(ICF)will allow scientists to understand processes in the cores of stars,to point the way toward carbon-free energy with virtually unlimited fuel supply,and to contribute to main-taining a safe and reliable nuclear deterrent without testing.In addition,the facilities,diagnostics and modeling developed for fusion research have enabled the emerging field of high energy density physics(HEDP)that impacts a broad range of topics including condensed matter,planetary and stellar science.