Exploration and Practice of Database System Course Based on KAPI Teaching Modality Under the Emerging Engineering Education

Nowadays,it is extremely urgent for the software engineering education to cultivate the knowledge and ability of database talents in the era of big data.To this end,this paper proposes a talent training teaching modality that integrates knowledge,ability,practice,and innovation(KAPI)for Database System Course.The teaching modality contains three parts:top-level design,course learning process,and course assurance and evaluation.The top-level design sorts out the core knowledge of the course and determines a mixed online and offline teaching platform.The course learning process emphasizes the correspondence transformation relationship between core knowledge points and ability enhancement,and the course is practiced in the form of experimental projects to finally enhance students’innovation consciousness and ability.The assurance and evaluation of the course are based on the outcome-based education(OBE)orientation,which realizes the objective evaluation of students’learning process and final performance.The teaching results of the course in the past 2 years show that the KAPI-based teaching modality has achieved better results.Meanwhile,students are satisfied with the evaluation of the modality.The teaching modality in this paper helps to stimulate students’initiatives,and improve their knowledge vision and practical ability,and thus helps to cultivate innovative and high-quality engineering talents required by the emerging engineering education.

Liver cancer incidence and mortality in China: Temporal trends and projections to 2030

Objective: Liver cancer is one of the most common cancers and major cause of cancer deaths in China,which accounts for over 50% of new cases and deaths worldwide.The systematic liver cancer statistics including of projection through 2030 could provide valuable information for prevention and control strategies in China,and experience for other countries.Methods: The burden of liver cancer in China in 2014 was estimated using 339 cancer registries’ data selected from Chinese National Cancer Center(NCC).Incident cases of 22 cancer registries were applied for temporal trends from 2000 to 2014.The burden of liver cancer through 2030 was projected using age-period-cohort model.Results: About 364,800 new cases of liver cancer(268,900 males and 95,900 females) occurred in China,and about 318,800 liver cancer deaths(233,500 males and 85,300 females) in 2014.Western regions of China had the highest incidence and mortality rates.Incidence and mortality rates decreased by about 2.3% and 2.6% per year during the period of 2000-2014,respectively,and would decrease by more than 44% between 2014 and 2030 in China.The young generation,particularly for those aged under 40 years,showed a faster down trend.Conclusions: Based on the analysis,incidence and mortality rates of liver cancer are expected to decrease through 2030,but the burden of liver cancer is still serious in China,especially in rural and western areas.Most cases of liver cancer in China can be prevented through vaccination and more prevention efforts should be focused on high risk groups.

Breast cancer incidence and mortality in women in China: temporal trends and projections to 2030

Objective:Breast cancer was the most common cancer and the fifth cause of cancer deaths among women in China in 2015.The evaluation of the long-term incidence and mortality trends and the prediction of the future burden of breast cancer could provide valuable information for developing prevention and control strategies.Methods:The burden of breast cancer in China in 2015 was estimated by using qualified data from 368 cancer registries from the National Central Cancer Registry.Incident cases and deaths in 22 cancer registries were used to assess the time trends from 2000 to 2015.A Bayesian age-period-cohort model was used to project the burden of breast cancer to 2030.Results:Approximately 303,600 new cases of breast cancer(205,100 from urban areas and 98,500 from rural areas)and 70,400 breast cancer deaths(45,100 from urban areas and 24,500 from rural areas)occurred in China in 2015.Urban regions of China had the highest incidence and mortality rates.The most common histological subtype of breast cancer was invasive ductal carcinoma,followed by invasive lobular carcinoma.The age-standardized incidence and mortality rates increased by 3.3%and 1.0%per year during 2000–2015,and were projected to increase by more than 11%until 2030.Changes in risk and demographic factors between 2015 and 2030 in cases are predicted to increase by approximately 13.3%and 22.9%,whereas deaths are predicted to increase by 13.1%and 40.9%,respectively.Conclusions:The incidence and mortality of breast cancer continue to increase in China.There are no signs that this trend will stop by 2030,particularly in rural areas.Effective breast cancer prevention strategies are therefore urgently needed in China.

Colorectal cancer burden and trends:Comparison between China and major burden countries in the world

Objective:To summarize the colorectal cancer(CRC)burden and trend in the world,and compare the difference of CRC burden between other countries and China.Methods:Incidence and mortality data were extracted from the GLOBOCAN2018 and Cancer Incidence in Five Continents.Age-specific incidence trend was conducted by Joinpoint analysis and average annual percent changes were calculated.Results:About 1.85 million new cases and 0.88 million deaths were expected in 2018 worldwide,including 0.52 million(28.20%)new cases and 0.25 million(28.11%)deaths in China.Hungary had the highest age-standardized incidence and mortality rates in the world,while for China,the incidence and mortality rates were only half of that.CRC incidence and mortality were highly correlated with human development index(HDI).Unlike the rapid increase in Republic of Korea and the downward trend in Canada and Australia,the age-standardized incidence rates by world standard population in China and Norway were rising gradually.The age-specific incidence rate in the age group of 50-59 years in China was increasing rapidly,while in Republic of Korea and Canada,the fastest growing age group was 30-39 years.Conclusions:The variations of CRC burden reflect the difference of risk factors,as well as levels of HDI and screening(early detection activities).The burden of CRC in China is high,and the incidence of CRC continues to increase,which may lead to a sustained increase in the burden of CRC in China in the future.Screening should be expanded to control CRC,and focused on young people in China.

Annual cost of illness of stomach and esophageal cancer patientsin urban and rural areas in China： A multi-center study

Objective： Stomach and esophageal cancer are imposing huge threats to the health of Chinese people whereasthere were few studies on the financial burden of the two cancers.Methods： Costs per hospitalization of all patients with stomach or esophageal cancer discharged betweenSeptember 2015 and August 2016 in seven cities/counties in China were collected, together with their demographicinformation and clinical details. Former patients in the same hospitals were sampled to collect information onannual direct non-medical cost, indirect costs and annual number of hospitalization. Annual direct medical cost wasobtained by multiplying cost per hospitalization by annual number of hospitalization. Annual cost of illness （ACI）was obtained by adding the average value of annual direct medical cost, direct non-medical cost and indirect cost,stratified by sex, age, clinical stage, therapy and pathologic type in urban and rural areas. Costs per hospitalizationwere itemized into eight parts to calculate the proportion of each part. All costs were converted to 2016 US dollars（1 USD：6.6423 RMB）.Results： Totally 19,986 cases were included, predominately male. Mean ages of stomach cancer and urbanpatients were lower than that of esophageal cancer and rural patients. ACI of stomach and esophageal cancerpatients were $10,449 and $13,029 in urban areas, and $2,927 and $3,504 in rural areas, respectively. Greater ACIwas associated with male, non-elderly patients as well as those who were in stage I and underwent surgeries.Western medicine fee took the largest proportion of cost per hospitalization.Conclusions： The ACI of stomach and esophageal cancer was tremendous and varied substantially among thepopulation in China. Preferential policies of medical insurance should be designed to tackle with this burden andfurther reduce the health care inequalities.

Cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2014

Background： National Central Cancer Registry of China（NCCRC） updated nationwide cancer statistics using population-based cancer registry data in 2014 collected from all available cancer registries.Methods： In 2017, 449 cancer registries submitted cancer registry data in 2014, among which 339 registries＇ data met the criteria of quality control and were included in analysis. These cancer registries covered 288,243,347 population, accounting for about 21.07% of the national population in 2014. Numbers of nationwide new cancer cases and deaths were estimated using calculated incidence and mortality rates and corresponding national population stratified by area, sex, age group and cancer type. The world Segi＇s population was applied for agestandardized rates.Results： A total of 3,804,000 new cancer cases were diagnosed, the crude incidence rate was 278.07/100,000（301.67/100,000 in males, 253.29/100,000 in females） and the age-standardized incidence rate by world standard population（ASIRW） was 186.53/100,000. Calculated age-standardized incidence rate was higher in urban areas than in rural areas（191.6/100,000 vs. 179.2/100,000）. South China had the highest cancer incidence rate while Southwest China had the lowest incidence rate. Cancer incidence rate was higher in female for population between20 to 54 years but was higher in male for population younger than 20 years or over 54 years. A total of 2,296,000 cancer deaths were reported, the crude mortality rate was 167.89/100,000（207.24/100,000 in males,126.54/100,000 in females） and the age-standardized mortality rate by world standard population（ASMRW） was106.09/100,000. Calculated age-standardized mortality rate was higher in rural areas than in urban areas（110.3/100,000 vs. 102.5/100,000）. East China had the highest cancer mortality rate while North China had the lowest mortality rate. The mortality rate in male was higher than that in female. Common cancer types and major causes of cancer death differed between age group and sex.Conclusions： Heavy cancer burden and its disparities between area, sex and age group pose a major challenge to public health in China. Nationwide cancer registry plays a crucial role in cancer prevention and control.

The epidemiology of colorectal cancer in China

Objective:Colorectal cancer(CRC)is one of the most common cancers and the major cause of cancer death in China.The aim of this study was to estimate the burden of CRC in China.Materials and methods:Data from the National Cancer Center(NCC)of China was used and stratified by area(urban/rural),sex(male/female)for analyzing the age-speci c incidence and mortality rates.Time trend of colorectal cancer was calculated based on the 22 high-quality cancer registries in China.National new cases and deaths of colorectal cancer were estimated using age-speci c rates multiplied by the corresponding national population in 2014.The Chinese population in 2000 and Segi’s world population were used to calculate age-standardized rates of colorectal cancer in China.Results:Overall,370,400 new colorectal cancer cases and 179,600 deaths were estimated in China in 2014,with about 214,100 new cases in men and 156,300 in women.Meanwhile,104,000 deaths cases of colorectal cancer were men and 75,600 deaths were women,which accounted for 9.74%and 7.82%of all cancer incidence and deaths in China,separately.Relatively higher incidence and mortality was observed in urban areas of China.And the Eastern areas of China showed the highest incidence and mortality.The age-standardized incidence and mortality rate of colorectal cancer has increased by about 1.9%per year for incidence and about 0.9%per year for mortality rate from 2000 to 2014.Conclusion:With gradually higher incidence and mortality rate in the past 15 years,colorectal cancer became a major challenge to China’s public health.E ective control strategies are needed in China.

Incidence and Mortality of Cancers in Female Genital Organs—China,2022

Introduction:This study presented the incidence and mortality rates of cancers affecting the female genital organs in China,along with their trends spanning from 2010 to 2018.Methods:700 population-based cancer registries provided relevant cancer incidence and mortality data for the year 2018.Among these,106 registries had continuous monitoring data suitable for trend analysis from 2010 to 2018.We focused specifically on cancers affecting female genital organs(ICD10=C51-C54,C56)and projected their incidences and mortalities in China for 2022 based on data from 2018 and the trends observed from 2010 to 2018.Age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR)and mortality rate(ASMR)were calculated using Segi’s world standard population.Results:In 2022,there were an estimated 296,300 new cases and 104,900 deaths from female cancers in China.ASIRs for vulva(C51),vagina(C52),cervix uteri(C53),corpus uteri(C54),and ovary(C56)were 0.32,0.23,13.83,6.84,and 5.68 per 100,000 population.ASIRs for corpus uteri and ovary cancers were higher in urban areas.ASMRs for vulva,vagina,cervix,corpus uteri,and ovary cancers were 0.14,0.08,4.54,1.05,and 2.64 per 100,000 population,respectively.ASMR for ovarian cancer was higher in urban areas.ASIRs and ASMRs for most female genital organ cancers increased from 2010 to 2018,although the rate of increase for vulvar and cervical cancers in rural areas has slowed recently.Conclusions:Tailored cancer prevention and control programs specific to each region are necessary to address the growing disease burden.

Cancer epidemiological database linkage study of China:Design,methods,and quality evaluation

To the Editor:Data linkage is a method of identifying and combining information derived from various sources that actually belongs to the same individual or event.[1]In recent years,data linkage has become an increasingly common practice in many countries.The socioeconomic and health benefits of data linkage in the healthcare field can be clearly demonstrated.From the perspective of scientific research,the combination of multidimensional health-related data at the individual level(e.g.,risk factor data,clinical diagnosis and treatment data,community management and follow-up data,disease surveillance data,birth,and vital statistics)and public records(e.g.,environmental monitoring data,motor vehicle crash data,criminal data)can create scientific inspiration in multiple disciplines and spur innovation.From the perspective of health management.

Cancer statistics in Chinese older people,2022:current burden,time trends,and comparisons with the US,Japan,and the Republic of Korea

Largely due to population ageing,the cancer burden from older people has been rising,which imposed considerable pressure on current Chinese healthcare system.We provide comprehensive information about cancer burden of Chinese older people based on the most recent data from National Central Cancer Registry of China.The logarithmic linear regression was used to project the current cancer burden in 2022,and Joinpoint regression was used for temporal trend analysis from 2000 to 2017.We also estimated cancer statistics of older people in the US,Japan and the Republic of Korea for comparisons.It is estimated that 2.79 million cases and 1.94 million deaths occur for Chinese older people,representing 55.8%and 68.2%of cases and deaths in all population in 2022.The overall cancer incidence rate gradually increased among older women,while the mortality rates declined for both sexes.Notably,approximately 10.0%of all cases and 17.7%of all deaths are from people aged over 80 years,and cancer incidence and mortality in this age group showed upward trends for women.Lung cancer and digestive cancers are the leading cancer types for Chinese older people.Compared with other countries,China has lower incidence rates but higher mortality rates for older people.The rapidly growing burden of prostate cancer,breast cancer,colorectal cancer,and declines in esophageal cancer,stomach cancer,and liver cancer among older people indicate the cancer pattern in China is being in a transition stage to that in developed countries.Our findings imply that it should be the national health priority to meet the growing demands for cancer diagnosis,treatment and care services from the older people as the rapid population ageing in next few decades.

2020年全球不同国家或地区人群一生患癌风险评估

一生患癌风险是衡量癌症负担的重要指标.但关于不同人群的患癌风险评估的研究目前仍然较少.本研究从GLOBOCAN获得了全球185个国家或地区2020年的癌症数据,从联合国经济和社会事务部人口司获得全因死亡率和人口数据,采用多原发调整法估计人群一生患癌风险.结果显示,全球来看,人群一生患癌风险约为25.10%(95%CI:25.08%~25.11%);男性26.27%(95%CI:26.24%~26.30%),女性23.96%(95%CI:23.93%~23.98%).其中,在人类发展指数(HDI)极高、较高、中等和较低的国家或地区中,一生患癌风险分别为38.48%、25.38%、11.36%和10.34%.男性和女性一生患癌风险最高的分别是前列腺癌症(4.65%)和乳腺癌症(5.90%).余生继续患癌风险随着年龄的增长逐渐降低,但是,70岁未患癌的人群仍然还有12.61%的患癌风险.纵观一生,大约有1/4的人会罹患癌症,男性和女性患癌风险总体上无统计学差异.一生患癌风险的指标可以为癌症预防和卫生系统规划提供重要信息和参考.

Hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma incidence between 2006 and 2015 in China: estimates based on data from 188 population-based cancer registries

Background:Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma(ICC)are the most common subtypes of primary liver cancer,but nationwide incidence of both liver cancer subtypes have never been reported in China.We aimed to estimate the most recent incidence of HCC and ICC and temporal trends in China based on the most updated data from high qualified population-based cancer registries(covering 13.1%of the national population),in comparison to those in the United States at the same period.Methods:We used data from 188 Chinese population-based cancer registries covering 180.6 million population of China to estimate the nationwide incidence of HCC and ICC in 2015.And 22 population-based cancer registries’data were used to estimate the trends of HCC and ICC incidence from 2006 to 2015.Multiple imputation by chained equations method was used to impute liver cancer cases with unknown subtype(50.8%).We used data from 18 population-based registries from the Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results program to analyze incidence of HCC and ICC in the United States.Results:In China,an estimated 301,500 and 61,900 newly diagnosed HCC and ICC occurred in 2015.The overall age-standardized rates(ASRs)of HCC incidence decreased by 3.9%per year.For ICC incidence,the overall ASR was relatively stable,but increased in the population of over 65 years old.Subgroup analysis by age showed that the ASR of HCC incidence had the sharpest decline in population who were less than 14 years old and received neonatally hepatitis B virus(HBV)vaccination.In the United States,though the incidence of HCC and ICC were lower than those in China,the overall HCC and ICC incidence increased by 3.3%and 9.2%per year.Conclusions:China still faces with a heavy burden of liver cancer incidence.Our results may further support the beneficial effect of Hepatitis B vaccination on reduction of HCC incidence.Both healthy lifestyle promotion and infection control are needed for future liver cancer control and prevention for China and the United States.

Incidence and survival of neuroendocrine neoplasms in China with comparison to the United States

Background:Neuroendocrine neoplasms(NENs)are rare tumors characterized by variable biology and delayed diagnosis.However,the nationwide epidemiology of NENs has never been reported in China.We aimed to estimate the incidence and survival statistics of NENs in China,in comparison to those in the United States during the same period.Methods:Based on the data from 246 population-based cancer registries covering 272.5 million people of China,we calculated age-specific incidence on NENs in 2017 and multiplied by corresponding national population to estimate the nationwide incidence in China.The data of 22 population-based cancer registries were used to estimate the trends of NENs incidence from 2000 to 2017 through the Joinpoint regression model.We used the cohort approach to analyze the 5-year age-standardized relative survival by sex,age group,and urban-rural area between 2008 and 2013,based on data from 176 high-quality cancer registries.We used data from the Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results(SEER)18 program to estimate the comparable incidence and survival of NENs in the United States.Results:The overall age-standardized rate(ASR)of NENs incidence was lower in China(1.14 per 100,000)than in the United States(6.26 per 100,000).The most common primary sites were lungs,pancreas,stomach,and rectum in China.The ASRs of NENs incidence increased by 9.8%and 3.6%per year in China and the United States,respectively.The overall 5-year relative survival in China(36.2%)was lower than in the United States(63.9%).The 5-year relative survival was higher for female patients than male patients,and was higher in urban areas than in rural areas.Conclusions:The disparities in burden of NENs persist across sex,area,age group,and site in China and the United States.These findings may provide a scientific basis on prevention and control of NENs in the two countries.

Trends in Incidence Rates,Mortality Rates,and Age-Period-Cohort Effects of Female Breast Cancer—China,2003-2017

Introduction:This study reported the trends in female breast cancer incidence and mortality rates in China,and analyzed the corresponding age-periodcohort effects.Methods:Data from 22 population-based cancer registries in China between 2003 and 2017 were analyzed.Age-standardized incidence rates(ASIR)and mortality rates(ASMR)were calculated using Segi’s world standard population.Joinpoint regression was employed to evaluate trends,and age-period-cohort effects were examined using the intrinsic estimator method.Results:The ASIR for female breast cancer exhibited a more rapid increase in rural areas compared to urban areas across all age groups.The most substantial increase was observed in the 20-34 age group in rural areas[annual percent change(APC)=9.0%,95%confidence interval(CI):7.0%-11.0%,P<0.001].The ASMR for females under 50 years old remained stable from 2003 to 2017 in both urban and rural areas.However,the ASMR for females over 50 in rural areas and those over 65 in urban areas demonstrated a significant increase,with the most pronounced increase observed among females over 65 in rural areas(APC=4.9%,95%CI:2.8%-7.0%,P<0.001).Age-period-cohort analysis revealed increasing period effects and decreasing cohort effects for female breast cancer incidence and mortality rates in both urban and rural settings.Notably,the cohort effect for incidence displayed a slight upward trend for females born between 1983 and 1992 in rural areas.Conclusions:Our study revealed a rapid increase in breast cancer incidence among younger generations and an accelerated mortality rate in older populations residing in rural areas.To effectively address the growing burden of female breast cancer in China,it is essential to develop and implement targeted intervention strategies.

Primary malignant bone tumors incidence,mortality,and trends in China from 2000 to 2015

Background:Primary malignant bone tumors are uncommon,and their epidemiological features are rarely reported.We aimed to study the incidence and death characteristics of bone tumors from 2000 to 2015.Methods:Population-based cancer registries submitted registry data to National Central Cancer Registry of China(NCCRC).The data collected from 501 local cancer registries in China were assessed using NCCRC screening methods and criteria.Incidence and mortality rates of primary bone tumor were stratified by age group,gender,and area.Age-standardized incidence and mortality rates were adjusted using the Chinese standard population in 2000 and Segi’s world population.The annual percentage change(APC)in rate was calculated using the Joinpoint Regression Program.Results:Data from 368 registries met quality control criteria,of which 134 and 234 were from urban and rural areas,respectively.The data covered 309,553,499 persons.The crude incidence,age-standardized incidence,and crude mortality rates were 1.77,1.35,and 1.31 per 100,000,respectively.Incidence and mortality rates were higher in males than those in females;they showed downward trends,with declines of 2.2%and 4.8%per year,respectively,and the rates in urban areas were lower than those in rural areas.Significant declining trends were observed in urban areas.Stable trends were seen in rural areas during 2000 to 2007,followed by downward trends.Age-specific incidence and mortality rates showed stable trends in the age group of 0 to 19 years,and downward trends in the age group elder than 19 years.Conclusions:The incidence and mortality rates of primary malignant bone tumors in rural areas were higher compared to those in urban areas.Targeted prevention measures are required to monitor and control bone tumor incidence and improve the quality of life of affected patients.This research can provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of bone tumors,as well as basic information for follow-up research.

ABE-induced PDGFD start codon silencing unveils new insights into the genetic architecture of sheep fat tails

Sheep is an important livestock species raised globally to produce meat,milk,wool,and other by-products.During the Neolithic Revolution,sheep were domesticated in the Fertile Crescent of Southwest Asia around 10,000 years ago(Chessa et al.,2009).

Incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in China in 2015

Objective:To estimate the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in China based on the cancer registration data in 2015,collected by the National Central Cancer Registry(NCCR).Methods:There were 501 cancer registries that submitted data to the NCCR,whose data were the basis for estimating the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in China in 2015.After evaluating the data quality,368 registries’data were accepted for the analysis and stratified by area(urban/rural)and age group.Combined with data on the national population in 2015,the nationwide incidence and mortality of cervical cancer were estimated.Cervical Cancer cases of 22 cancer registries were applied for temporal trends from 2000 to 2015.The Chinese population census in 2000 and Segi’s population were used to calculate age-standardized incidence and mortality rates.Results:An estimated 111,000 new cases were attributed to cervical cancer in China in 2015,accounting for 6.24%of all female new cancer cases in that year in China.The crude rate(CR)of incidence and age-standardized incidence rates by the China standard population(ASIRC)and by Segi’s world standard population(ASIRW)of cervical cancer were 16.56/100,000,11.78/100,000,and 10.86/100,000,respectively.The cumulative incidence rate from birth to 74 years old was 1.15%,whereas the calculation of incidence rates over the truncated age range of 35-64 years by Segi’s world standard population(T-ASIRW)was 27.66/100,000.The estimates of cervical cancer deaths were about 33,800 and 3.94%of all female cancer-related deaths in China in 2015,with a crude mortality rate of 5.04/100,000.The age-standardized mortality rates adjusted by the Chinese standard population(ASMRC)and by world Segi’s population(ASMRW)were 3.29/100,000 and 3.15/100,000,respectively,with a cumulative mortality rate(0-74 years old)of 0.35%.Both the incidence and mortality were higher in rural than in urban areas.The age-specific cervical cancer incidence significantly increased with age,particularly after age 25 years,and peaked at 50-54 years old,whereas age-specific mortality increased rapidly after 35 years old,peaking at 80-84 years old.The age-standardized incidence rates increased by about 8.6(95%CI:6.9,10.3)per year during the period of 2000−2015.The age at diagnosis of patients with cervical cancer tended to be younger.In rural areas,the mean age at diagnosis decreased about 3.22 years from 2000 to 2015(𝛽=-0.33,P<0.001).Conclusions:China has a high burden of cervical cancer and important disparities among different regions.Es-pecially in the middle and western areas and rural areas,cervical cancer is a serious issue in women’s health,and prevention strategies need to be enhanced.Prevention and control strategies need to be enhanced and imple-mented with reference to local status,such as human papillomavirus(HPV)vaccination and screening programs.

Cancer incidence and mortality in China,2016

Background:National Cancer Center(NCC)of China annually reports the nationwide statistics for cancer inci-dence and mortality using population-based cancer registry data from all available cancer registries in China.Methods:There were a total of 487 registries which reported high quality data of cancer incidence and mortality across China in 2016.The nationwide numbers of new cancer cases and deaths were estimated using the pooled cancer registry data,which were stratified by area(urban/rural),sex,age group(0,1-4,5-9,10-14…85+)and cancer site for incidence and mortality,and then multiplied by corresponding national population.The world Segi’s population was applied for the calculation of age-standardized rates.Results:About 4,064,000 new cancer cases and 2,413,500 new cancer deaths occurred in China in 2016.Cancers of the lung,colon-rectum,stomach,liver and female breast were the top five common cancers,accounting for 57.4%of total cancer new cases.Cancers of the lung,liver,stomach,colon-rectum and esophagus were the five leading causes of cancer deaths,accounting for 69.3%of total cancer deaths.The crude and age-standardized incidence rates(ASIR)were 293.91 and 186.46 per 100,000 population,respectively.The crude mortality rate was 174.55/100,000 and the age-standardized mortality rate(ASMR)was 105.19/100,000.The ASIR was higher but the ASMR was lower in urban areas than that in rural areas.In past decades,the ASIR was relatively stable in males,but significantly increased by about 2.3%per year in females for overall cancers combined.In contrast,the ASMR significantly decreased by about 1.2%per year for both sexes during 2000-2016.Notably,the cancer-specific ASIR and ASMR of esophageal,stomach,and liver cancers decreased significantly,whereas both rates for cancers of the colon-rectum,prostate,female breast,cervix,and thyroid increased significantly.Conclusions:Cancer remains a major public health problem in China,which demands long-term collaborative efforts of a broad community.With the national guideline on cancer prevention and control,tailored cancer prevention and control programs are needed in different regions to help reduce the burden of these highly fatal diseases in China.

Cancer incidence and mortality in China,2015

Background:National Cancer Center(NCC)updated nationwide cancer statistics using population-based cancer registry data in 2015.Methods:501 cancer registries submitted data,among which 368 registries with high quality data were included in analysis.Numbers of nationwide new cancer cases and deaths were estimated using incidence and mortality rates and corresponding national population stratified by area,sex,age group and cancer site.The world Segi’s population was applied for the calculation of age-standardized rates.Results:About 3,929,000 new cancer cases were diagnosed.The crude incidence rate was 285.83/100,000 and the age-standardized incidence rate by world standard population(ASIRW)was 186.39/100,000.ASIRW was higher in urban areas than in rural areas.South China had the highest ASIRW while Southwest China had the lowest ASIRW.Age-specific incidence rate was higher in males for population younger than 20 years or over 49 years.From 2000 to 2015,the ASIRWs for esophageal cancer,gastric cancer and liver cancer decreased significantly.The ASIRWs for colorectal cancer in whole population and for lung cancer,breast cancer,cervix cancer,uterus cancer and thyroid cancer in females increased significantly.2,338,000 cancer deaths were reported.The crude mortality rate was 170.05/100,000 and the age standardized mortality rate by world standard population(ASMRW)was 105.84/100,000.ASMRW was higher in rural areas than in urban areas.Central China had the highest ASMRW while North China had the lowest ASMRW.Age-specific mortality rates in males were higher than that in females in every age group.From 2000 to 2015,the ASMRWs for esophageal cancer,gastric cancer,liver cancer and lung cancer decreased significantly.The ASMRWs for colorectal cancer,pancreas cancer and prostate cancer in males and for breast cancer,cervix cancer and thyroid cancer in females increased significantly.Conclusions:Cancer has become a major life-threatening disease in China.Disease burdens differed across areas.Disease burdens for esophageal cancer,gastric cancer and liver cancer have decreased,while disease burdens for colorectal cancer,female breast cancer,cervix cancer and thyroid cancer have increased over the last 15 years.National and regional initiative for cancer prevention and control should be prioritized.

Cancer incidence and mortality in China,2022

Background:The National Cancer Center(NCC)of China regularly reports the nationwide statistics on cancer incidence and mortality in China.The International Agency for Research on Cancer(IARC)calculates and publishes the cancer burden of countries around the world every two years.To ensure consistency between the actual surveillance data in China and the data published by IARC,NCC has received approval from the National Health Commission and IARC to simultaneously release the cancer burden data for China in GLOBOCAN 2022.Methods:There were a total of 700 registries reporting high-quality data on cancer incidence and mortality across China in 2018,of which 106 registries with continuous monitoring from 2010 to 2018 were used to establish an age-period-cohort model to simulate the trend of cancer incidence and mortality and to estimate the incidence and mortality in China in 2022.In addition,we analyzed the temporal trends of age-standardized cancer incidence and mortality from 2000 to 2018 using data from 22 continuous cancer registries.Results:It was estimated about 4,824,700 new cancer cases and 2,574,200 new cancer deaths occurred in China in 2022.Cancers of the lung,colon-rectum,thyroid,liver and stomach were the top five cancer types,accounting for 57.42%of new cancer cases.Cancers of the lung,liver,stomach,colon-rectum and esophagus were the five leading causes of cancer deaths,accounting for 67.50%of total cancer deaths.The crude rate and age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR)were 341.75 per 100,000 and 201.61 per 100,000,respectively.The crude mortality rate was 182.34 per 100,000 and the age-standardized mortality rate(ASMR)was 96.47 per 100,000.The ASIR of all cancers combined increased by approximately 1.4%per year during 2000–2018,while the ASMR decreased by approximately 1.3%per year.We observed decreasing trends in ASIR and ASMR for cancers of the esophagus,stomach,and liver,whereas the ASIR increased significantly for cancers of the thyroid,prostate,and cervix.Conclusions:Cancer remains a major public health concern in China,with a cancer profile that reflects the coexistence of developed and developing regions.Sustained implementation of prevention and control measures has resulted in significant reductions in the incidence and mortality rates of certain historically high incidence cancers,such as esophageal,stomach and liver cancers.Adherence to the guidelines of the Healthy China Action Plan and the Cancer Prevention and Control Action Plan,along with continued efforts in comprehensive risk factor control,cancer screening,early diagnosis and treatment,and standardization of diagnostic and therapeutic protocols,are key strategies to effectively mitigate the increasing cancer burden by 2030.