Facile Semiconductor p-n Homojunction Nanowires with Strategic p-Type Doping Engineering Combined with Surface Reconstruction for Biosensing Applications

Photosensors with versatile functionalities have emerged as a cornerstone for breakthroughs in the future optoelectronic systems across a wide range of applications.In particular,emerging photoelectrochemical(PEC)-type devices have recently attracted extensive interest in liquid-based biosensing applications due to their natural electrolyte-assisted operating characteristics.Herein,a PEC-type photosensor was carefully designed and constructed by employing gallium nitride(GaN)p-n homojunction semiconductor nanowires on silicon,with the p-GaN segment strategically doped and then decorated with cobalt-nickel oxide(CoNiO_(x)).Essentially,the p-n homojunction configuration with facile p-doping engineering improves carrier separation efficiency and facilitates carrier transfer to the nanowire surface,while CoNiO_(x)decoration further boosts PEC reaction activity and carrier dynamics at the nanowire/electrolyte interface.Consequently,the constructed photosensor achieves a high responsivity of 247.8 mA W^(-1)while simultaneously exhibiting excellent operating stability.Strikingly,based on the remarkable stability and high responsivity of the device,a glucose sensing system was established with a demonstration of glucose level determination in real human serum.This work offers a feasible and universal approach in the pursuit of high-performance bio-related sensing applications via a rational design of PEC devices in the form of nanostructured architecture with strategic doping engineering.

Tunable artificial plasmonic nanolaser with wide spectrum emission operating at room temperature

With the rapid development of information and communication technology,a key objective in the field of optoelectronic integrated devices is to reduce the nano-laser size and energy consumption.Photonics nanolasers are unable to exceed the diffraction limit and typically exhibit low modulation rates of several GHz.In contrast,plasmonic nanolaser utilizes highly confined surface plasmon polariton(SPP)mode that can exceed diffraction limit and their strong Purcell effect can accelerate the modulation rates to several THz.Herein,we propose a parametrically tunable artificial plasmonic nanolasers based on metal–insulator–semiconductor–insulator–metal(MISIM)structure,which demonstrates its ability to compress the mode field volume toλ/14.As the pump power increases,the proposed artificial plasmonic nanolaser exhibits 20-nm-wide output spectrum.Additionally,we investigate the effects of various cavity parameters on the nanolaser’s output threshold,offering potentials for realizing low-threshold artificial plasmonic nanolasers.Moreover,we observe a blue shift in the center wavelength of the nanolaser output with thinner gain layer thickness,predominantly attributed to the increased exciton–photon coupling strength.Our work brings inspiration to several areas,including spaser-based interconnects,nano-LEDs,spontaneous emission control,miniaturization of photon condensates,eigenmode engineering of plasmonic nanolasers,and optimal design driven by artificial intelligence(AI).

Conversion of Lignin into Porous Carbons for High-Performance Supercapacitors via Spray Drying and KOH Activation: Structure-Properties Relationship and Reaction Mechanism

Lignin-derived porous carbons have emerged as promising electrode materials for supercapacitors.However,the challenge remains in designing and controlling their structure to achieve ideal electrochemical performance due to the complex molecular structure of lignin and its intricate chemical reactions during the activation process.In this study,three porous carbons were synthesized from lignin by spray drying and chemical activation with vary-ing KOH ratios.The specific surface area and structural order of the prepared porous carbon continued to increase with the increase of the KOH ratio.Thermogravimetric-mass spectrometry(TG-MS)was employed to track the molecular fragments generated during the pyrolysis of KOH-activated lignin,and the mechanism of the thermochemical conversion was investigated.During the thermochemical conversion of lignin,KOH facili-tated the removal of H2 and CO,leading to the formation of not only more micropores and mesopores,but also more ordered carbon structures.The pore structure exhibited a greater impact than the carbon structure on the electrochemical performance of porous carbon.The optimized porous carbon exhibited a capacitance of 256 F g-1 at a current density of 0.2 A g-1,making it an ideal electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors.

Correction:Brillouin scattering spectrum for liquid detection and applications in oceanography

After publication of this article1,it was brought to our at-tention that the mathematical expressions‘‰’were mis-takenly replaced by‘%’for salinities.Details are listed below.1.In the last sentence in abstract,“approximately 0.1℃and 0.5%”should be“approximately 0.1℃and 0.5‰”.

Parameters of ocular fundus on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography for glaucoma diagnosis

In this review, we summarize the progression of several parameters assessed by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography （SD-OCT） in recent years for the detection of glaucoma. Monitoring the progression of defects in the retinal nerve fiber layer （RNFL） thickness is essential. Imaging and analysis of retinal ganglion cells （RGCs） and inner plexiform layer （IPL）, respectively, have been of great importance. Optic nerve head （ONH） topography obtained from 3D SD-OCT images is another crucial step. Other important assessments involve locating the Bruch＇s membrane opening （BMO）, estimating the optic disc size and rim area, and measuring the lamina cribrosa displacement. Still other parameters found in the past three years for glaucoma diagnosis comprise central retinal artery resistive index, optic disc perfusion in optical coherence tomography angiography （OCTA） study, peripapillary choroidal thickness, and choroidal area in SD-OCT. Recently, several more ocular fundus parameters have been found, and compared with the earlier parameters to judge the accuracy of diagnosis. While a few of these parameters have been widely used in clinical practice, a fair number are still in the experimental stage.

The time and frequency standard system for FAST receivers

This paper reports on the time and frequency standard system for the Five-hundred meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope(FAST),including the system design,stability measurements and pulsar timing observations.The stability and drift rate of the frequency standard are calculated using 1-year monitoring data.The UTC-NIM Disciplined Oscillator(NIMDO)system improves the system time accuracy and stability to the level of 5 ns.Pulsar timing observations were carried out for several months.The weighted RMS of timing residuals reaches the level of less than 3.0μs.

缺乏囊膜支持的无晶状体眼中两种人工晶状体植入方式的疗效比较

目的:在缺少囊膜支撑的无晶状体眼中,比较后房植入虹膜夹人工晶状体(IOL)与后房睫状沟巩膜缝合固定人工晶状体的疗效。方法:本研究收集缺少囊膜支撑的无晶状体患者70例进行回顾性对比分析,患者根据手术方式的不同分为A、B两组,A组35眼行后房植入虹膜夹IOL,B组35眼行后房睫状沟巩膜缝合固定IOL。比较两组患者术前及术后3d,1、3、6mo,1a的裸眼视力(UCVA)、最佳矫正视力(BCVA)、眼压(IOP)、角膜内皮细胞密度(CECD),并且观察两组IOL的稳定性,记录术中及术后并发症。结果:随访12~14mo。术后3d,A组的UCVA较术前明显改善(P<0.01),而BCVA较术前无差异(P=0.073);B组的UCVA较术前无差异(P=0.097),而BCVA较术前差(P=0.002);两组患者术后1mo UCVA、BCVA均较术前显著改善(P<0.05),分别于术后6、3mo保持稳定。两组患者随访期间的IOP均维持于正常水平。A组、B组患者术后1a的CECD分别较术前平均降低0.7%、2.3%(均P<0.05)。两组患者随访期间各时间点IOP及CECD的均无差异(P>0.05)。两组患者术后1、3mo的全眼散光较角膜散光无明显差异(均P>0.05)。术后两组各有1眼IOL脱位,均经手术复位,其余患者术后随访期间IOL无显著倾斜和偏位;其他术后并发症较轻微,组间并发症发生率无差异(P>0.05)。结论:对于缺少囊膜支持的无晶状体眼患者,后房植入虹膜夹IOL与后房睫状沟巩膜缝合固定IOL均是安全有效的手术方式。后房植入虹膜夹IOL的操作相对简单,对眼球内组织损伤较小,手术时间较短,术后视力恢复较快,是有效的治疗方法之一。

Prevalence and correlates of meeting the muscle-strengthening exercise recommendations among Chinese children and adolescents:Results from 2019 Physical Activity and Fitness in China—The Youth Study

Purpose This study aimed to describe the national prevalence of Chinese children and adolescents who met the World Health Organization muscle-strengthening exercise(MSE)recommendations and identify correlates of meeting the MSE recommendations.Methods Cross-sectional data from the 2019 Physical Activity and Fitness in China—The Youth Study,a nationally representative sample of Chinese children and adolescents(n=80,413;mean age=13.7 years;53.9%girls)and their parents,were analyzed.Children and adolescents who reported engaging≥3 days(up to 7 days)of MSE per week were classified as meeting the MSE recommendations.MSE,demographics,lifestyle behaviors(sport participation,moderate-to-vigorous physical activity,screen time,and sleep duration),exercise intention,peer and parental support,and parental MSE participation were assessed through self-reports.Logistic regression models were used to determine the correlates of meeting the MSE recommendations.The analyses were completed in 2020.Results Overall,39.3%of children and adolescents met the MSE recommendations.Girls,10th-12th graders,minorities,those from lower income households and those from families with lower parental education were less likely to meet the MSE recommendations.Children and adolescents who were proficient in≥2 sports were more likely to meet the MSE recommendations(adjusted odds ratio(aOR)=1.44,95%confidence interval(95%CI):1.26-1.65),as were those with more moderate-to-vigorous physical activity(aOR=1.57,95%CI:1.53-1.61).Additionally,children and adolescents with high exercise intention(aOR=1.60,95%CI:1.51-1.69),those whose parents met the adult MSE recommendations(aOR=1.46,95%CI:1.40-1.52),and those who received high peer(aOR=1.27,95%CI:1.20-1.34)and parental support(aOR=1.07,95%CI:1.04-1.12)were more likely to meet the MSE recommendations.Conclusion Less than two-fifths of Chinese children and adolescents met the World Health Organization MSE recommendations.The correlates identified in our study can help inform the development of school and community based strategies and policies to enhance participation in MSE and improve muscular fitness of all Chinese children and adolescents.

Comparative evaluation of rotational stability of toric IOLs with four-eyelet vs two-eyelet capsular tension rings in eyes with high myopia

AIM:To compare the rotational stability of Toric intraocular lens(IOLs)implantation combined with foureyelet or two-eyelet capsular tension rings(CTRs)in eyes with high myopia and cataract.METHODS:This prospective randomized controlled interventional study in cluded 33 eyes which had preoperative corneal astigmatism≥1.5 D and ocular axial length≥25.5 mm.These eyes were randomly divided into two groups to undergo phacoemulsification and toric IOL implantation with either four-eyelet CTR implantation(group A,n=16)or two-eyelet CTR implantation(group B,n=17).Uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA),best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA),phoropter examination results,and toric IOL rotation degrees were tested 6 mo after the surgery.RESULTS:In both groups,the toric IOL was in the capsular sac 6 mo after surgery.The difference between the two groups in terms of visual outcome was not found to be statistically significant(P>0.05)at a follow-up of 6 mo.The mean residual astigmatism values were 0.56±0.22 D and 0.92±0.24 D in A and B groups,respectively(P<0.001).The mean rotation degree of IOL was 1.00°±0.73°in group A and 3.53°±1.46°in group B(P<0.001).CONCLUSION:In cataract patients with high myopia and astigmatism,four-eyelet CTR can effectively increase the rotation stability of toric IOLs,achieving the desired goal of correcting corneal astigmatism.

Brillouin scattering spectrum for liquid detection and applications in oceanography

The Brillouin scattering spectrum has been used to investigate the properties of a liquid medium.Here,we propose an improved method based on the double-edge technique to obtain the Brillouin spectrum of a liquid.We calculated the transmission ratios and deduced the Brillouin shift and linewidth to construct the Brillouin spectrum by extracting the Brillouin edge signal through filtered double-edge data.We built a detection system to test the performance of this method and measured the Brillouin spectrum for distilled water at different temperatures and compared it with the theoretical prediction.The observed difference between the experimental and theoretical values for Brillouin shift and linewidth is less than 4.3 MHz and 3.2 MHz,respectively.Moreover,based on the double-edge technique,the accuracy of the extracted temperatures and salinity is approximately 0.1°C and 0.5‰,respectively,indicating significant potential for application in water detection and oceanography.

EQR SiPM with P-on-N diode configuration

The silicon photomultiplier(SiPM) with epitaxial quenching resistor(EQR) is an emerging and developing technology that has recently attracted the interest from the research community. It has characteristics of a continuous low-resistance cap layer and integrated quenching resisters in epitaxial silicon layer, which makes it possible to increase microcell density or reduce microcell size, thus obtaining large dynamic range and high photon detection efficiency(PDE) simultaneously. Results published show that the EQR SiPM with N-on-P diode configuration had relatively low PDE at peak wavelength of 480 nm as 16%. This paper reported the EQR SiPM with P-on-N diode configuration having active area of 3 × 3 mm^2 and cell density of 10,000/mm^2(total 90,000 pixels). It was characterized with gain of 2E5, dark count rate of 7 MHz, crosstalk of 7%, dynamic range of 85,000 pixels, overall recovery time of 32 ns at room temperature and over-voltage of 3.5 V. The improved PDE at peak wavelength of 420 nm was 30%.

Mapping of fruit apex shape related QTLs across multi-genetic backgrounds in cucumber(Cucumis sativus L.)

The shape of fruit apex is critical to appearance quality in cucumber(Cucumis sativus L.),of which the genetic basis was poorly understood,and the use of marker-assisted breeding for fruit apex improvement is not available yet.In this study,the variation of fruit apex in different cucumber ecotypes was evaluated by fruit apex angle(variation coefficient from 7.1%to 15.7%)and fruit apex index(variation coefficient from 8.8%to 22.6%).Fruit apex associated QTLs were mapped by using 145 F_(2:3) families and 155 F_(2:6) population that were derived from the cross of different ecotype cucumbers.Phenotyping of the mapping populations were conducted in four experiments in 2 years.Four majoreffect QTLs,Bfal4.1,Bfai4.1,Bfad6.1 and Bfai6.1 were consistently and reliably detected across two environments which could explain 11.6%-33.6%phenotypic variations(R^(2))in the F_(2:3) families.Three major-effect QTLs,Ofai4.1(R^(2)=13.4%-15.5%),Ofal4.1(R^(2)=10.7%-12.8%),and Ofad6.1(R^(2)=11.6%-12.4%)were stably detected in the F_(2:6) population in two experiments.Bfai4.1,Bfal4.1,Ofai4.1 and Ofal4.1 were integrated to be consensus QTL fa4.1,within which 11 candidate genes were predicted.Bfai6.1 and Bfad6.1 were integrated to be consensus QTL fa6.1.QTL interaction analysis showed that Bfai6.1 has epistatic effect with Bfai4.1.This study revealed two reliable major-effect fruit apex related QTLs across multi-genetic backgrounds and environments in cucumber.The possible candidate genes regulating the shape of fruit apex,and the relationship between cell division and fruit apex morphogenesis were discussed.

Optimizing combination of aircraft maintenance tasks by adaptive genetic algorithm based on cluster search

It is significant to combine multiple tasks into an optimal work package in decision-making of aircraft maintenance to reduce cost,so a cost rate model of combinatorial maintenance is an urgent need.However,the optimal combination under various constraints not only involves numerical calculations but also is an NP-hard combinatorial problem.To solve the problem,an adaptive genetic algorithm based on cluster search,which is divided into two phases,is put forward.In the first phase,according to the density,all individuals can be homogeneously scattered over the whole solution space through crossover and mutation and better individuals are collected as candidate cluster centres.In the second phase,the search is confined to the neighbourhood of some selected possible solutions to accurately solve with cluster radius decreasing slowly,meanwhile all clusters continuously move to better regions until all the peaks in the question space is searched.This algorithm can efficiently solve the combination problem.Taking the optimization on decision-making of aircraft maintenance by the algorithm for an example,maintenance which combines multiple parts or tasks can significantly enhance economic benefit when the halt cost is rather high.

Fully Printed High‑Performance n‑Type Metal Oxide Thin‑Film Transistors Utilizing Coffee‑Ring Effect

Metal oxide thin-films transistors(TFTs)produced from solution-based printing techniques can lead to large-area electronics with low cost.However,the performance of current printed devices is inferior to those from vacuum-based methods due to poor film uniformity induced by the“coffeering”effect.Here,we report a novel approach to print highperformance indium tin oxide(ITO)-based TFTs and logic inverters by taking advantage of such notorious effect.ITO has high electrical conductivity and is generally used as an electrode material.However,by reducing the film thickness down to nanometers scale,the carrier concentration of ITO can be effectively reduced to enable new applications as active channels in transistors.The ultrathin(~10-nm-thick)ITO film in the center of the coffee-ring worked as semiconducting channels,while the thick ITO ridges(>18-nm-thick)served as the contact electrodes.The fully inkjet-printed ITO TFTs exhibited a high saturation mobility of 34.9 cm2 V^(−1) s^(−1) and a low subthreshold swing of 105 mV dec^(−1).In addition,the devices exhibited excellent electrical stability under positive bias illumination stress(PBIS,ΔV_(th)=0.31 V)and negative bias illuminaiton stress(NBIS,ΔV_(th)=−0.29 V)after 10,000 s voltage bias tests.More remarkably,fully printed n-type metal–oxide–semiconductor(NMOS)inverter based on ITO TFTs exhibited an extremely high gain of 181 at a low-supply voltage of 3 V,promising for advanced electronics applications.

A new species of Diaphorus(Diptera:Dolichopodidae)from Guangdong,China

During our study of Dolichopodidae from Shenzhen Fairy Lake Botanical Garden,a new species of Diaphorus was found.In this paper,we describe the new species,Diaphorus minos Liu&Yang sp.nov.,and present a key to the species of the genus Diaphorus from Guangdong.

Two-dimensional titanium carbonitride MXene as a highly efficient electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction

In this paper,we report,for the first time,on the electrochemical catalytic activity of 2D titanium carbonitride MXene for hydrogen evolution reaction(HER).According to our study,2D titanium carbonitride exhibited much higher electrocatalytic activity than its carbide analogues,achieving an onset overpotential of 53 mV and Tafel slope of 86 mV dec^(-1),superior to the titanium carbide with onset overpotential of 649 mV and Tafel slope of 303 mV dec^(-1).The obtained onset overpotential for 2D titanium carbonitride is lower than those of all the reported transition metal carbides MXene catalysts without additives,so far.Density functional theory calculations were conducted to further understand the electrochemical performance.The calculation results show that a greater number of occupied states are active for Ti_(3)CNO_(2),revealing free energy for the adsorption of atomic hydrogen closer to 0 than that of Ti_(3)C_(2)O_(2).Both experimental and calculation studies demonstrate the excellent electrocatalytic behavior of titanium carbonitride.The investigation of 2D titanium carbonitride opens up a promising paradigm for the conscious design of high-performance non-precious metal catalyst for hydrogen generation.

Devonian integrative stratigraphy,biotas,and paleogeographical evolution of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas

The Devonian System in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas is widely distributed,diverse in lithotypes and rich in fossils.It records the crucial processes of continuous subduction and reduction of the Paleo-Asian Ocean in the northern hemisphere and the transformation of the Proto-Tethys Ocean into the Paleo-Tethys Ocean in the southern hemisphere.Thus,it is of great significance for explaining the global paleogeographic evolution,tectonic activities and biodiversity changes during this critical period.The blocks on both sides of the southern Tienshan suture zone and the Longmu Co-ShuanghuChangning-Menglian suture zone belong to different sedimentary systems and paleobiogeographic realms and regions,showing important tectonic paleogeographic partitioning significance.The two suture zones represent the main branches of the PaleoAsian Ocean and the Paleo-Tethys Ocean,respectively,and on this basis the Devonian System can be subdivided into three types:the Tienshan type,the Tethys type and the Gondwana type.Based on recent research progress on the Devonian stratigraphy and paleontology in combining provenance analysis and biotic characteristics in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas,this paper aims to establish the latest integrative stratigraphic framework and conduct paleogeographic reconstruction,providing foundation for exploring the geological evolution and dynamic mechanisms of various terranes and blocks in the northern margin of Gondwana.The results indicate that the North Qiangtang,South Qiangtang,Simao,Baoshan and Tengchong terranes,as well as the Himalaya Tethys Zone and the South China Block have affinities with the Indian Block,while the Lhasa Terrane has affinities with the Australian Block,and may be located between the South China and Australian blocks.In the Emsian(Early Devonian),the South China Block separated from the northern margin of Gondwana,a process that was accompanied by the opening of the Jinshajiang-Ailaoshan Ocean.In the Middle Devonian,the mid-oceanic ridge of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean expanded rapidly,corresponding with a global sea-level rise,the widespread development of carbonate platforms and nadir values of Devonian seawater strontium isotopes.By the Late Devonian,the Paleo-Tethys Ocean had reached a considerable size,leading to abundant occurrences of Upper Devonian radiolarian cherts in the Paleo-Tethys suture zones.

Design and fabrication of customizable microneedles enabled by 3D printing for biomedical applications

Microneedles(MNs)is an emerging technology that employs needles ranging from 10 to 1000μm in height,as a minimally invasive technique for various procedures such as therapeutics,disease monitoring and diagnostics.The commonly used method of fabrication,micromolding,has the advantage of scalability,however,micromolding is unable to achieve rapid customizability in dimensions,geometries and architectures,which are the pivotal factors determining the functionality and efficacy of the MNs.3D printing offers a promising alternative by enabling MN fabrication with high dimensional accuracy required for precise applications,leading to improved performance.Furthermore,enabled by its customizability and one-step process,there is propitious potential for growth for 3D-printed MNs especially in the field of personalized and on-demand medical devices.This review provides an overview of considerations for the key parameters in designing MNs,an introduction on the various 3D-printing techniques for fabricating this new generation of MNs,as well as highlighting the advancements in biomedical applications facilitated by 3D-printed MNs.Lastly,we offer some insights into the future prospects of 3D-printed MNs,specifically its progress towards translation and entry into market.

Middle Devonian ostracods from Jiwozhai patch reef(Dushan,Guizhou Province,South China):Biostratigraphic and palaeoecological implication

The Middle Devonian ostracods from the Jiwozhai patch reef in Dushan, Guizhou Province, South China were described for the first time in this study. Twenty-nine species belonging to 20 genera were identified and figured, including a new species named Wangshangkia jiwozhaiensis sp. nov. The ostracod fauna in the Jiwozhai patch reef represents a Givetian age. The ostracod assemblage belongs to the smooth-podocopid association, which is also ecologically equivalent to the Eifelian Mega-Assemblage Ⅲ. This association is indicative of shallow open-marine environments. The Jiwozhai patch reef fauna is primarily comprised of suspension feeders, including filter-feeding ostracods, corals, brachiopods and bryozoans. Ostracods from the Jiwozhai patch reef were compared to the ostracod faunas from Laurentia-Baltica at generic level, which reveals limited faunal exchanges between South China and Laurentia-Baltica during the Middle Devonian.

Wheat FHB resistance assessment using hyperspectral feature band image fusion and deep learning

The breeding and selection of resistant varieties is an effective way to minimize wheat Fusarium head blight(FHB)hazards,so it is important to identify and evaluate resistant varieties.The traditional resistance phenotype identification is still largely dependent on time-consuming manual methods.In this paper,the method for evaluating FHB resistance in wheat ears was optimized based on the fusion feature wavelength images of the hyperspectral imaging system and the Faster R-CNN algorithm.The spectral data from 400-1000 nm were preprocessed by the multiple scattering correction(MSC)algorithm.Three feature wavelengths(553 nm,682 nm and 714 nm)were selected by analyzing the X-loading weights(XLW)according to the absolute value of the peaks and troughs in different principal component(PC)load coefficient curves.Then,the different fusion methods of the three feature wavelengths were explored with different weight coefficients.Faster R-CNN was trained on the fusion and RGB datasets with VGG16,AlexNet,ZFNet,and ResNet-50 networks separately.Then,the other detection models SSD,YOLOv5,YOLOv7,CenterNet,and RetinaNet were used to compare with the Faster R-CNN model.As a result,the Faster R-CNN with VGG16 was best with the mAP(mean Average Precision)ranged from 97.7%to 98.8%.The model showed the best performance for the Fusion Image-1 dataset.Moreover,the Faster R-CNN model with VGG16 achieved an average detection accuracy of 99.00%,which was 23.89%,1.21%,0.75%,0.62%,and 8.46%higher than SSD,YOLOv5,YOLOv7,CenterNet,and RetinaNet models.Therefore,it was demonstrated that the Faster R-CNN model based on the hyperspectral feature image fusion dataset proposed in this paper was feasible for rapid evaluation of wheat FHB resistance.This study provided an important detection method for ensuring wheat food security.