Growth of tandem long-mat rice seedlings using controlled release fertilizers:Mechanical transplantation can be more economical and high yielding

The traditional soil-based rice seedling production methods for mechanical transplanting are resource-intensive,time consuming and laborious.The improvement and optimization of nutrient management in soil-less nursery raising methods like tandem long-mat seedlings(TLMS)are necessary for the resource-efficient cultivation of rice.In the present study,a controlled-release fertilizer(CRF)-polymer-coated compound fertilizer with 3 months release period(PCCF-3M)was applied as seedling fertilizer(SF),and five different dosages of SF(SF-0,SF-10,SF-20,SF-30,and SF-40)were compared with an organic substrate as the control(CK).Among all SF treatments,the best results were obtained with the application of 20 g/tray of SF(SF-20),as the seedling quality and machine transplanting quality were comparable to those of CK.In contrast,the lower dosages(SF-0 and SF-10)resulted in low nitrogen content and reduced shoot growth,while the higher dosages(SF-30 and SF-40)resulted in toxicity(increased malondialdehyde accumulation)and inhibited the root growth.Similarly,SF-20 increased panicle number(5.6-7.0%)and yield(4.3-5.3%)compared with CK,which might be related to the remaining SF entangled in the roots supporting the tiller growth of rice seedlings in the field.Moreover,SF-20 reduced the seedling block weight(53.1%)and cost of seedling production(23.5%)but increased the gross margin,indicating that it was easy to handle and economical.Taken together,our results indicate that SF-20 is a cost-effective way to promote the growth and transplanting efficiency of rice seedlings.To our knowledge,this study is the first to determine the optimum dosage of CRF for the soil-less production of rice seedlings.

Effects of Nitrogen Application Rate and Ratio on Lodging Resistance of Super Rice with Different Genotypes

The objective of this study was to determine the morphology mechanism of nitrogen （N） fertilizer rates and ratio on lodging resistance through analying its effects among lodging index （LI）, lodging-related morphological traits and physical strength in basal intemodes by comparing japonica and indica super rice cultivars. Field experiments, with three nitrogen levels （0, 150 and 300 kg ha-L） and two ratios of basal to topdressing （8：2 and 5：5） with two super rice cultivars （Yliangyou 2 and Wuyunjing 23）, were conducted in the Baolin Farm, Danyang Country, Jiangsu Province, China, in 2011 and 2012. Effects of N fertilizer rates and ratios on morphology of whole plant, morphology traits in basal intemodes and culm＇s physical strength parameters were investigated at 20 d after full heading stage. LI of Yliangyou 2 was significant greater than that of Wuyunjing 23 due to larger bending moment by whole plant （WP） with higher plant height and gravity center height. With higher volume of N fertilizer, LI of two super rice cultivars was increased conspicuously. However, no significant effect was detected with increase of panicle fertilizer ratio. The size of breaking strength （M） in basal intemodes was the key factor determining LI among N fertilizer treatments. Correlation analysis revealed that M value was positively related bending stress （BS） of Wuyunjing 23 and section modulus （Z） of Yliangyou 2, respectively. The higher N fertilizer levels induced reduction ofBS of Wuyunjing 23 due to weak culm and leaf sheath plumpness status and reduced Z of Yliangyou 2 owning to small diameter and culm wall thickness, consequently, influencing their M indirectly. These results suggested that breaking strength was the key factor influencing LI with increase of N fertilizer levels. However, the lodging-related morphology mechanism was different with genotypes. Culm wall thickness and diameter in basal internodes of indica super rice and culm and leaf sheath plumpness status of japonica super rice influenced breaking strength, as well as lodging index, respectively.

Top-dressing nitrogen fertilizer rate contributes to decrease culm physical strength by reducing structural carbohydrate content in japonica rice

Lodging is an important factor limiting rice yield and quality by bending or breaking stem in japonica rice（Oryza sativa L.） production. The objectives of this study were to determine the mechanism of lodging resistance in japonica rice as affected by carbohydrate components, especially its related arrangement in culm tissue and response to top-dressing nitrogen（N） fertilizer. Field experiments were conducted in Danyang County, Jiangsu Province, China, by using two japonica rice varieties Wuyunjing 23（lodging-resistance variety） and W3668（lodging-susceptible variety） with three top-dressing N fertilizer rates（0, 135 and 270 kg N ha^（-1）） in 2013 and 2014. Lodging related physical parameters, morphological characteristics and stem carbohydrate components were investigated at 30 d after full heading stage. Results showed that with increasing N fertilizer rates, the lodging rate and lodging index increased rapidly primarily due to significant reduction of breaking strength in two japonica rice varieties. Correlation analysis revealed that breaking strength was significantly and positively correlated with bending stress, but negatively correlated with section modulus, except for significant correlation at W3668 in 2014. Higher stem plumpness status and structural carbohydrate contents significantly enhanced stem stiffness, despite of lower non-structural carbohydrate. With higher N fertilizer rate, the culm wall thickness was almost identical, and culm diameter increased slightly. The structural carbohydrates, especially for lignin content in culm, reduced significantly under high N rate. Further histochemical staining analysis revealed that high N treatments decreased the lignin deposition rapidly in the sclerenchyma cells of mechanical tissue, large vascular bundle and small vascular bundle region, which were consistent with reduction of bending stress, especially for W3668 and thus, resulted in poor stem strength and higher lodging index. These results suggested that structural carbohydrate plays a vital role for improving stem strength in japonica rice. N rate decreased lodging resistance primarily due to poor stem stiffness, by reducing structural carbohydrate content and lignin deposition in the secondary cell wall of lower internode culm tissue.

Effects of soilless substrates on seedling quality and the growth of transplanted super japonica rice

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of soilless substrates of hydroponically grown long-mat seedlings （HLMS） on seedling quality and field growth characteristics of transplanted super japonica rice. A widely grown conventional super japonica rice cultivar （Wuyunjing 23） was selected as the test material. The effect of HLMS on seedling quality, mechanical transplantation quality, field growth characteristics, yield, and benefit-cost ratio were compared with seedlings grown in organic substrates and traditional nutritive soil, whJch was selected as the control. Root number, root twJstJng power and root activity of seedlings cultivated by HLMS were decreased compared to that of the organic substrates andcontrol. However, seedling root length as well as aboveground growth were increased compared to the organic substrates and control seed- lings. In the HLMS, the content of gibberellin acid （GA3） decreased while abscisic acid （ABA） content increased compared to that of the organic substrates and control seedlings. During the early stages after transplanting, the re-greening of HLMS was delayed compared to that of the organic substrates and control seedlings. Nevertheless, there were no significant differences in tiller dynamics and crop yield among the HLMS, organic substrates and control treatments. The effects of HLMS on seedling production were similar to those of the organic substrates and traditional nutritive soil in the present study, suggesting that HLMS have the potential to replace traditional nutritive soil in seedling production without decreasing crop yield. Finally, it is important to reduce organic substrates and topsoil dependence during rice seedling production and worthwhile to consider HLMS popularization and its application on a larger scale.

Effects of different types of slow-and controlled-release fertilizers on rice yield

This experiment explored the effects of single application of seven types of slow-and controlled-release fertilizers on rice yield and various population characteristics.Based on a study of the nitrogen(N)release characteristics of these fertilizers,pot experiments were conducted in 2018 and 2019 with split fertilization(CK,urea applied split equally at basal and panicle initiation stages,respectively)as control,which assessed the effects on SPAD value,yield and yield components,dynamic changes of rice tillers and dry matter accumulation.The results showed that the N release characteristics of different types of slow-and controlled-release fertilizers were significantly different.Polymer-coated urea(PCU)showed a controlledrelease mode and provided sustained release throughout the whole growth stages.Sulfur-coated urea(SCU)exhibited a slow-release mode,providing insufficient release at the middle and late stages.Urease inhibitor urea(AHA)and ureaformaldehyde(UF)yielded a rapid-release mode,with an explosive N release at the early stage and no release at the middle and late stages.These results showed that PCU delayed the peak seedling stage.Compared with CK,dry matter accumulation and SPAD showed no significant differences,and due to the continuous release of N throughout the growth stages,rice yield,spikelets per panicle,seed setting rate,and 1000-grain weight were all increased.Owing to the lack of N supply at the late stage and the low number of spikelets,SCU led to a reduction of rice yield,which is nevertheless not statistically significant.AHA and UF were susceptible to environmental factors and had varying effects on rice yield.The results of this experiment indicated that given a fixed amount of N applied in a pot,the stronger the N supply capacity and the longer the effective duration time of the fertilizer,the higher the dry matter accumulation at the late growth stage,and the higher the rice yield.

Effects of seedling age on the growth stage and yield formation of hydroponically grown long-mat rice seedlings

Understanding the characteristics of rice productivity is of great importance for achieving high yield formation.However,such traits have not yet been studied for different ages of hydroponically grown long-mat rice seedlings(HLMS),which constitutes a new method of seedling cultivation.Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of seedling age on the growth stage,photosynthesis characteristics,dry matter production,and yield of HLMS.A conventional japonica rice cultivar(Wuyunjing 24)and an indica hybrid rice cultivar(6 Liangyou 9368)were used as test materials.The results showed that the whole phase was shortened by 13-15 days for young seedlings(13-day-old)compared with old seedlings(27-day-old),which occurred because the growth process accelerated with the transplantation of young seedlings.As seedling age increased,the dry matter weight of stems of individual plants and of the population increased at the transplanting stage but decreased at the maturity stage(MS).Compared with that of 27-day-old seedlings,the average ratio of panicle weight to total plant dry weight of 13-day-old seedlings during a 2-year period increased by 3.71%for Wuyunjing 24 and by 3.78%for 6 Liangyou 9368 at the MS.Moreover,as seedling age increased,the leaf area index and photosynthetic potential decreased for both cultivars,and the photosynthetic rate markedly decreased at the heading stage(HS).With the exception of that of Wuyunjing 24 from the jointing stage to the HS in 2014,the crop growth rate was higher for young seedlings than for old seedlings.Grain yield significantly decreased with seedling age,but no significant difference was detected between the 13-and 20-day-old seedlings for either cultivar.Therefore,equilibrious and high biological yield formation,vigorous growth in the late stages,and high photosynthetic production capacity are important characteristics and causes of the efficient and sustainable output of photosynthetic systems and for achieving high yield formation in young transplanted seedlings(13-20-day-old).

High quality and high efficiency fertilization of rice

Rice(Oryza sativa L.),one essential staple cereal,feeds over 60%of the world’s population(FAO 2020).As the global population grows,improving rice yield becomes an effective strategy to achieve food security(Deng et al.2019).The use of chemical fertilizer,especially N fertilizer,has historically played a critical role in the growth of rice yield(Zhang et al.2015;Wood et al.2020).

Charactering protein fraction concentrations as influenced by nitrogen application in low-glutelin rice cultivars

To optimize both grain yield and quality of low-glutelin rice cultivars under N-fertilizer strategies, two-year field experiments involving three low-glutelin rice cultivars（W1240, W1721, W025） and an ordinary rice cultivar（H9405） with five N treatments were carried out to determine the effects of N application rate and genotype on protein fractions contents and Glutelin/Prolamin ratio（Glu/Pro）. The difference of protein fraction concentrations affected by N application rate existed in genotypes. Ordinary rice cultivar had a larger increase in glutlein concentration affected by N application rate than low-glutelin rice cultivars did. Glutelin in H9405 had a increase of 30.6 and 41.0% under the N4 treatment（360 kg N ha^（–1）） when compared with N0 treatment（no fertilizer N） in 2010 and 2011 respectively, while all the low-glutelin rice cultivars showed relatively smaller increases for two years. Variance analysis showed no significant effect of N application rate on glutelin in W1240 and W025 while the effects on albumin, globulin and prolamin were significant in low-glutelin rice. What＇s more, N treatment had no significant i nfluence on Glu/Pro ratios in low-glutelin rice cultivars while a significant increase in Glu/Pro ratio was observed in ordinary rice cultivar. So low-gultelin rice cultivars showed a different pattern from ordinary rice cultivars when influenced by N application rate.

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization and Genotype on Rice Grain Macronutrients and Micronutrients

High nitrogen （N） input features China＇s intensive rice production system. To elucidate N and genotype effects on accumulation of macronutrients and micronutrients in grains of japonica rice, and to discuss its significance in rice production, a three-year field experiment involving six japonica rice varieties and seven N treatments were performed. Macronutrients （Ca, Mg, K, and Na） and micronutrients （Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn） concentrations in brown and milled rice were measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. For macronutrients, no consistently significant effect of N was detected in both brown and milled rice. For micronutrients, N showed significant effect, especially in lowering Zn accumulation in brown and milled rice. In addition, N tended to increase Fe concentration in milled rice. Genotype showed larger effect on distribution of minerals in milled rice than N. The high-yielding variety, Wuyunjing 7, accumulated larger proportion of Mg, K, and Zn in the milled rice as compared with the other five varieties and could be of value for rice breeding programs aiming at high nutritional quality. The results demonstrated differences in response to N between macronutrients and micronutrients, and are of significance for coping with ＇hidden hunger＇ both in humans and crops through agronomical practices.

掺混控释肥侧深施对稻田田面水氮素浓度的影响

为了明确掺混控释肥侧深施对稻田氮素损失的控制效果,采用大田试验,以武运粳23号为试验材料,通过设置无机化肥常规用量分次施用(CN)、掺混控释肥梯度减量一次性基施(常规用量、减量10%、减量20%和减量30%)共5个处理,研究了掺混控释肥(RBB)减量对太湖地区稻田田面水不同形态氮素浓度的影响及产量效益。结果表明,与无机化肥常规用量分次施用CN处理(270 kg/hm^2)相比,RBB减量10%～30%不会造成水稻减产。田面水氮素以铵态氮为主,无机化肥施用后田面水氮素浓度在施肥后1～2 d即达到峰值浓度,此后逐渐下降;掺混控释肥处理的3个肥期田面水氮素峰值浓度较低,均显著低于CN处理。由于田面水氮素以铵态氮为主,因此总氮均值浓度降低幅度与铵态氮较一致。其中,基肥期、蘖肥期、穗肥期田面水总氮均值浓度两年降低幅度分别为87.19%～93.87%(2015年)和76.93%～83.48%(2016年),69.74%～79.73%(2015年)和74.46%～87.52%(2016年),94.43%～96.69%(2015年)和95.52%～96.57%(2016年)。RBB减量能够降低前期(基肥期和蘖肥期)田面水氮浓度,总体呈随用量减少而降低的趋势。但减量幅度相近处理的田面水氮素浓度未呈现一致性规律变化。结果说明,RBB施用减少了太湖地区稻田肥期氮素流失风险,RBB肥料用量为189～216 kg/hm^2能够在保证水稻产量的前提下降低前期田面水氮素浓度,减少氮素流失风险。

江淮稻-麦两熟种植制度对气候变暖的适应

气候变暖日益加剧,近100年来全球地表平均气温已经上升近1.0℃。稻–麦两熟是苏、皖江淮地区的主流种植制度,但江淮稻–麦两熟种植制度对气候变暖的适应还不清楚。为此,我们利用34个气象站点和45个物候站点多年历史数据分析了江淮稻–麦两熟区气温升高特征和作物物候变化规律。研究表明,江淮地区增温幅度区域上南高北低,熟季间麦季高稻季低,月份间3月份最高。水稻季,江南地区播种期推迟3.4 d 10a^(–1)、淮南抽穗期提早2 d 10a^(–1)、淮北收获期推迟6.2 d 10a^(–1)。小麦季,江南播种期推迟6.4 d 10a^(–1)、全区域抽穗期和收获期有提早的趋势。稻–麦茬口期淮北缩短4.6 d 10a^(–1)、江南延长6.9 d 10a^(–1)。水稻、小麦各生育阶段平均温度没有显著变化、花后有效积温大多呈增加趋势。水稻季积温生产效率变化不大,小麦季积温生产效率提高了0.008~0.346 kg hm^(–2)℃^(–1)10a^(–1)。气温升高降低了江南和淮南地区小麦产量和淮南地区水稻产量,但增加了淮北地区小麦产量。研究结果表明江淮稻–麦两熟种植制度正逐步适应了气候变暖,通过合理改变播期可以减缓气候变暖对作物产量的负面影响;可为气候变化适应性栽培和耕作技术创新提供参考。

双粗糙表面的微动磨损行为研究

目的建立符合实际情况的粗糙表面微动磨损模型,准确揭示连接结构的磨损机理。方法利用ABAQUS有限元软件中的UMESHMOTION子程序和能量耗散模型,建立粗糙表面的微动磨损模型,并探究不同表面粗糙度、材料和振动频率对粗糙表面微动磨损的影响。结果在外部载荷、振动频率和材料相同的情况下,下试件表面粗糙度为0.2μm的磨损深度最小,0.8μm的磨损深度最大,0.5μm的磨损深度处于二者之间。当外部载荷、振动频率和表面粗糙度相同时,上试件材料为HT200的磨损深度最小,合金钢的磨损深度最大。当外部载荷、表面粗糙度和材料一定时,振动频率为1 Hz的磨损深度最小;频率增加到20 Hz时,磨损深度达到最大;增加到25 Hz时,磨损深度呈现减小趋势。结论粗糙模型的接触压力和磨损深度分布具有离散性。粗糙模型能反映磨损的实际接触面积,使得有限元模拟的表面接触和磨损情况更加准确。表面粗糙度和材料刚性的增大,使粗糙表面模型的磨损深度明显增大,而振动频率增大,使磨损量先增大、后减小,频率为20 Hz时的磨损量最大。

云南玉米叶龄和器官建成诊断的初步研究

【目的】本试验采用叶龄和器官间的同伸关系,探究叶龄模式诊断法的适用性,以期为建立云南不同总叶片数玉米品种的叶龄模式提供基础参数,为探索出能精确指导云南玉米高产栽培实践的技术体系提供理论依据。【方法】2014-2015年在昆明设置2个重复试验,从云南省玉米生产上大面积推广的玉米品种中选择3个不同总叶数的品种云瑞999、云瑞88、云瑞10号,对叶片进行标记,逐叶龄(每一片展开叶)取样10株观察记录节根发生台数,逐叶龄测量各个节间的长度,在解剖镜下逐叶龄剥查雄穗和雌穗的穗分化情况。【结果】果穗分化的起始叶龄,18叶品种为第6叶展开,19叶品种为第7叶展开,21叶品种为第8叶展开。第1毛叶展开,第1节间开始伸长可作为雄穗开始分化,果穗分化前兆的诊断指标。果穗着生叶展开时,所有品种的穗分化进程都处于雌蕊发育期;总叶片数相同的品种,果穗分化经历的叶龄数是一致的;节间中第7、第8两个节间的长度最长,符合了参试品种中果穗大部分着生于这两个节位上(倒7叶和倒6叶)的事实;当第1毛叶展开时,必然有一台次生根发生。【结论】第1毛叶展开期是一个具有综合诊断意义的重要诊断指标。果穗着生叶可见期(小喇叭口期),果穗进入小穗分化期,是促花的关键时期。果穗着生叶展开期(大喇叭口期),具有重要的诊断意义。

Compact plant type rice has higher lodging and N resistance under machine transplanting

To identify the major factors that contribute to the difference in lodging among different rice varieties under machine transplanting and their responses to nitrogen(N),field experiments were conducted at Danyang County(a representative eco-site of the Lower Yangtze River)in Jiangsu Province,China in 2017 and 2018,22 hybrid indica varieties(HIs),22 inbred japonica varieties(IJs)and two indica japonica hybrid varieties(IJHs)were transplanted by machine with three N rates(N0,N150 and N300,0,150 and 300 kg ha–1,respectively).Lodging-related physical parameters,morphological characteristics and apparent transport rates of dry matter were examined.Significant difference in yield was observed among different types of rice,and followed by IJs<HIs<IJHs.The average lodging index(LI)of hybrid varieties(HIs and IJHs)was higher than that of the inbred varieties(IJs)with higher plant height;moreover,lower apparent export rate of dry matter resulted lower LI in IJHs than in HIs.The HIs had a large difference in the LI,which came from the difference in bending stress(BS)induced by the difference in the apparent export rate of dry matter,varieties with lower leaf angle of upper three leaves possess strong lodging resistance capacity;however,the gap among the IJs was due to the difference in the cross section modulus(Z).The LI in the IJs or IJHs increased slightly with the increased N application,and there was no lodging incidence under the high N level,which was due to the low leaf angle and barely changed under high N;there was a significant interaction between varieties(HIs)and N rates in lodging rate and LI,varieties with lower leaf angle of upper three leaves were resistant to high N.These results suggest that compact plant type rice has higher lodging and N resistance at machine-transplanting method.

光-温度双重响应PNIPAM-b-PPAPEA共聚物的合成及其胶束特性

本文以二硫代苯甲酸异丁腈酯(CPDB)作为链转移剂,AIBN为引发剂,以N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPAM)和2-(4-苯基偶氮苯氧基)乙基丙烯酸酯(PAPEA)为单体,利用RAFT聚合法合成了PNIPAM及其嵌段共聚物PNIPAM-b-PPAPEA。利用FT-IR、~1H NMR、GPC对PNIPAM及其嵌段共聚物的结构进行了表征。同时,通过TEM、DLS和UV等手段测定了该嵌段共聚物胶束的形貌及大小、胶束的光响应性和温度响应性。结果表明,PAPEA的RAFT聚合反应动力学曲线呈良好的线性关系,PNIPAM-b-PPAPEA分子量分布小于1.3;PNIPAM-b-PPAPEA在水相中自组装形成球形胶束,其粒径随PPAPEA链段分子量的增加而增大;胶束呈现出良好的光响应性;随着温度的升高,胶束粒径变小,显示出明显的温度响应性。

Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of japonica Rice Varied with Production Areas in China

Northeast of China and Jiangsu Province are major production areas of japonica rice in China.Rice from northeast of China is well-known for its good-eating and appearance quality,and that from Jiangsu Province is viewed as inferior.However,little is known concerning the difference in physicochemical and sensory properties of rice between the major two production areas.Analysis of 16 commercial rice samples showed marked differences in physicochemical properties,including chalky grain rate,contents of amylose and protein and pasting properties between the two main areas.Northeastern rice contained more shortchain amylopectin as compared with Jiangsu rice.However,Jiangsu rice is comparable to northeastern rice in terms of sensory quality including overall acceptability and textural properties of springiness,stickiness and hardness as evaluated by trained panel.Our results indicated the limitation of conventional index of physicochemical properties,and suggested the necessity of identification of new factors controlling rice sensory property.In addition,the taste analyzer from Japan demonstrates limitation in distinguishing the differences between northeastern and Jiangsu rice,and therefore needs localization to fit China.

Effect of Nitric Oxide on Alleviating Cadmium Toxicity in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Nitric oxide （NO） is a gaseous signaling molecule in plants that plays a key role in mediating a wide range of physiological processes and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of the exogenous application of sodium nitroprusside （SNP）, an NO donor, on cadmium （Cd）-induced oxidative stress and Cd uptake in rice plants. Rice plants were exposed to Cd stress （0.2 mmol L^-1 CdC12） and different concentrations of SNP （0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mmol L^-1）. A SNP concentration of 0.1 mmol L^-1 （SNP 10） significantly reduced the Cd-induced decrease in shoot and root dry weights and leaf chlorophyll concentrations. The addition of NO also reduced the malondialdehyde （MDA）, hydrogen peroxide （H202） and ascorbic acid （ASA） concentrations. However, the reduction in glutathione （GSH） concentration was inhibited by NO treatment. Moreover, NO prevented the Cd-induced increase in antioxidative enzyme activity. The amount of Cd accumulation in rice plants was also influenced by the addition of NO. The NO supplied by the SNP enhanced the Cd tolerance of the rice by increasing the Cd uptake by the roots and decreasing the Cd accumulation by the shoots. However, the application of potassium ferrocyanide （Cd＋Fe） or sodium nitrate and nitrite （Cd＋N） （without NO release）, did not exhibit the effects of the SNP. Furthermore, the effects of the SNP were reversed by the addition of hemoglobin （an NO scavenger）. Our results suggested that exogenous NO was involved in the resistance of rice to Cd-toxicity.

专利药物“皮肤修复生态乳剂”对冻伤的疗效研究

专利药物"皮肤修复生态乳剂"是一种治疗皮肤冻伤的特效中药制剂。多年的临床治疗实践证明,该药物有抗细菌感染,温阳散寒,活血通络;修复因冻而受损伤的组织和细胞,促进微细组织伤口修复;愈合伤口而抗裂,促进皮肤新组织增生,从而达到冻伤皮肤愈合治疗效果。

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