尽管新一代基因编辑技术CRISPR/Cas9拥有众多优点,但在执行单个碱基水平的突变时其效率往往很低。由于DNA的双链断裂具有很多的不确定性,又加上基于供体模板的同源末端重组(homology directed repair,HDR)仅仅发生在分裂活跃的细胞中,...尽管新一代基因编辑技术CRISPR/Cas9拥有众多优点,但在执行单个碱基水平的突变时其效率往往很低。由于DNA的双链断裂具有很多的不确定性,又加上基于供体模板的同源末端重组(homology directed repair,HDR)仅仅发生在分裂活跃的细胞中,而非同源末端连接(non-homologous end joining,NHEJ)在整个细胞周期中都可以发生,因此,传统CRISPR/Cas9在单碱基分辨率上进行基因编辑时存在一定弊端。碱基编辑器(base editor,BE)的出现则在一定程度上弥补了这一缺陷。胞嘧啶碱基编辑器(cytosine base editor,CBE)或腺嘌呤碱基编辑器(adenine base editor,ABE)都能够在不引起双链断裂的情况下实现C·G到T·A或A·T到G·C的转换,极大地提高了单碱基编辑的应用价值。本文侧重对出现较早的CBE的原理、发展、应用及存在的问题进行综述,以期为高效单碱基突变工具在生物医学和畜牧业生产中的应用提供有益的参考和借鉴。展开更多
Cultivated land transition and its driving mechanism are the hotspots among studies on land use change. In this study, we constructed a framework to study the driving mechanism of cultivated land transition from the q...Cultivated land transition and its driving mechanism are the hotspots among studies on land use change. In this study, we constructed a framework to study the driving mechanism of cultivated land transition from the quantitative perspective. Based on the vector data of land use in 1990, 2000 and 2009 of Yantai Proper, Shandong Province China, 11 explanatory variables were chosen from two aspects: the elevation, slope, cost distance to major water area and cost distance to minor water area, which presented physical factors; cost distance to district center, cost distance to town center, cost distance to city expansion center, cost distance to major roads, cost distance to city roads, cost distance to county roads and cost distance to rural roads, which presented the socio-economic factors. Combined with spatial analysis tools and Logistic regression analysis model, we construct Logistic regression analyses with four objectives that were urban construction land, rural residential land, orchard and other lands. The results show that, cost distance to district center, cost distance to town center, cost distance to city expansion center and cost distance to city roads are the significant explanatory variables for the transition of cultivated land into urban construction land. The main explained factors on the transition of cultivated land into rural residential land are slope, cost distance to town center, cost distance to county roads and cost distance to rural roads. Slope, cost distance to minor water area, cost distance to town center, cost distance to county roads and cost distance to rural roads are the significant explanatory variables for the transition of cultivated land into orchard land. Elevation, slope, cost distance to major water area and cost distance to minor water area are the main explanatory variables on the transition of cultivated land into other land uses.展开更多
With rapid urban development in China in the last two decades, the three-dimensional(3D) characteristic has been the main feature of urban morphology. However, the vast majority of researches of urban growth have focu...With rapid urban development in China in the last two decades, the three-dimensional(3D) characteristic has been the main feature of urban morphology. However, the vast majority of researches of urban growth have focused on the planar area(two-dimensional(2D)) expansion. Few studies have been conducted from a 3D perspective. In this paper, the 3D urban expansion of the Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China from 2003 to 2012 was evaluated based on Geographical Information System(GIS) tools and high-resolution remote sensing images. Four indices, namely weighted average height of buildings, volume of buildings, 3D expansion intensity and 3D fractal dimension are used to quantify the 3D urban expansion. The weighted average height of buildings and the volume of buildings are used to illustrate the temporal change of the 3D urban morphology, while the other two indices are used to calculate the expansion intensity and the fractal dimension of the 3D urban morphology. The results show that the spatial distribution of the high-rise buildings in Yangzhou has significantly spread and the utilization of the 3D space of Yangzhou has become more efficient and intensive. The methods proposed in this paper laid a foundation for a wide range of study of 3D urban morphology changes.展开更多
文摘尽管新一代基因编辑技术CRISPR/Cas9拥有众多优点,但在执行单个碱基水平的突变时其效率往往很低。由于DNA的双链断裂具有很多的不确定性,又加上基于供体模板的同源末端重组(homology directed repair,HDR)仅仅发生在分裂活跃的细胞中,而非同源末端连接(non-homologous end joining,NHEJ)在整个细胞周期中都可以发生,因此,传统CRISPR/Cas9在单碱基分辨率上进行基因编辑时存在一定弊端。碱基编辑器(base editor,BE)的出现则在一定程度上弥补了这一缺陷。胞嘧啶碱基编辑器(cytosine base editor,CBE)或腺嘌呤碱基编辑器(adenine base editor,ABE)都能够在不引起双链断裂的情况下实现C·G到T·A或A·T到G·C的转换,极大地提高了单碱基编辑的应用价值。本文侧重对出现较早的CBE的原理、发展、应用及存在的问题进行综述,以期为高效单碱基突变工具在生物医学和畜牧业生产中的应用提供有益的参考和借鉴。
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41130748)
文摘Cultivated land transition and its driving mechanism are the hotspots among studies on land use change. In this study, we constructed a framework to study the driving mechanism of cultivated land transition from the quantitative perspective. Based on the vector data of land use in 1990, 2000 and 2009 of Yantai Proper, Shandong Province China, 11 explanatory variables were chosen from two aspects: the elevation, slope, cost distance to major water area and cost distance to minor water area, which presented physical factors; cost distance to district center, cost distance to town center, cost distance to city expansion center, cost distance to major roads, cost distance to city roads, cost distance to county roads and cost distance to rural roads, which presented the socio-economic factors. Combined with spatial analysis tools and Logistic regression analysis model, we construct Logistic regression analyses with four objectives that were urban construction land, rural residential land, orchard and other lands. The results show that, cost distance to district center, cost distance to town center, cost distance to city expansion center and cost distance to city roads are the significant explanatory variables for the transition of cultivated land into urban construction land. The main explained factors on the transition of cultivated land into rural residential land are slope, cost distance to town center, cost distance to county roads and cost distance to rural roads. Slope, cost distance to minor water area, cost distance to town center, cost distance to county roads and cost distance to rural roads are the significant explanatory variables for the transition of cultivated land into orchard land. Elevation, slope, cost distance to major water area and cost distance to minor water area are the main explanatory variables on the transition of cultivated land into other land uses.
基金Under the auspices of Major Project of National Social Science Foundation of China(No.13&ZD13027)National Science&Technology Pillar Program During 12th Five-year Plan Period(No.2012BAJ22B03-04)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41401164)
文摘With rapid urban development in China in the last two decades, the three-dimensional(3D) characteristic has been the main feature of urban morphology. However, the vast majority of researches of urban growth have focused on the planar area(two-dimensional(2D)) expansion. Few studies have been conducted from a 3D perspective. In this paper, the 3D urban expansion of the Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China from 2003 to 2012 was evaluated based on Geographical Information System(GIS) tools and high-resolution remote sensing images. Four indices, namely weighted average height of buildings, volume of buildings, 3D expansion intensity and 3D fractal dimension are used to quantify the 3D urban expansion. The weighted average height of buildings and the volume of buildings are used to illustrate the temporal change of the 3D urban morphology, while the other two indices are used to calculate the expansion intensity and the fractal dimension of the 3D urban morphology. The results show that the spatial distribution of the high-rise buildings in Yangzhou has significantly spread and the utilization of the 3D space of Yangzhou has become more efficient and intensive. The methods proposed in this paper laid a foundation for a wide range of study of 3D urban morphology changes.
