As significant evidence of permafrost degradation,thermokarst lakes play an important role in the permafrost regions by regulating hydrology,ecology,and biogeochemistry.In the Sources Area of the Yellow River(SAYR),pe...As significant evidence of permafrost degradation,thermokarst lakes play an important role in the permafrost regions by regulating hydrology,ecology,and biogeochemistry.In the Sources Area of the Yellow River(SAYR),permafrost degradation has accelerated since the 1980s,and numerous thermokarst lakes have been discovered.In this paper,we use Sentinel-2 images to extract thermokarst lake boundaries and perform a regional-scale study on their geometry across the permafrost region in the SAYR.We also explored the spatiotemporal variations and potential drivers from the perspectives of the permafrost,climate,terrain and vegetation conditions.The results showed that there were 47,518 thermokarst lakes in 2021 with a total area of 190.22×106 m^(2),with an average size of 4,003.3 m^(2).The 44,928 ponds(≤10,000 m^(2))predominated the whole lake number(94.1%)but contributed to a small portion of the total lake area(28.8%).With 2,590 features(5.9%),small-sized(10,000 to 100,000 m^(2))and large-sized lakes(>100,000 m^(2))constituted up to 71.2%of the total lake area.Thermokarst lakes developed more significantly in warm permafrost regions than in cold permafrost areas;74.1%of lakes with a total area of 119.6×106 m^(2)(62.9%),were distributed in warm permafrost regions.Most thermokarst lakes were likely to develop within the elevation range of 4,500~4,800 m,on flat terrain(slope<10°),on SE and S aspects and in alpine meadow areas.The thermokarst lakes in the study region experienced significant shrinkage between 1990 and 2021,characterized by obvious lake drainage;the lake numbers decreased by 5418(56.1%),with a decreasing area of 58.63×106 m^(2)(49.0%).This shrinkage of the thermokarst lake area was attributable mainly to the intensified degradation of rich-ice permafrost thawing arising from continued climate warming,despite the wetting climatic trend.展开更多
为解决铝合金表面高耐蚀、无铬有色钛锆转化膜的制备难题,以2024铝合金为基体,采用钛酸盐、锆酸盐为主盐,单宁酸为着色剂并加入缓蚀剂,制备了一种有色钛锆转化膜。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱(EDS)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、中性盐雾...为解决铝合金表面高耐蚀、无铬有色钛锆转化膜的制备难题,以2024铝合金为基体,采用钛酸盐、锆酸盐为主盐,单宁酸为着色剂并加入缓蚀剂,制备了一种有色钛锆转化膜。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱(EDS)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、中性盐雾试验、动电位极化曲线和电化学阻抗对有色转化膜的表面形貌、成分及耐蚀性能进行了表征和分析。结果表明:制备的钛锆转化膜均匀平整,无明显缺陷;处理后的2024铝合金经168h中性盐雾试验,膜层颜色略有变浅,但无明显腐蚀产物生成,转化膜腐蚀电位升高了270 m V,腐蚀电流密度降低了2个数量级,极化电阻增加了1个数量级;转化膜在腐蚀过程中自钝化作用及腐蚀产物的封闭阻挡作用是膜层具有较好防护性能的主要原因。展开更多
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Qinghai Province,China(No.2021-ZJ940Q)the Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture,Qinghai University(No.2022-ZZ-02)。
文摘As significant evidence of permafrost degradation,thermokarst lakes play an important role in the permafrost regions by regulating hydrology,ecology,and biogeochemistry.In the Sources Area of the Yellow River(SAYR),permafrost degradation has accelerated since the 1980s,and numerous thermokarst lakes have been discovered.In this paper,we use Sentinel-2 images to extract thermokarst lake boundaries and perform a regional-scale study on their geometry across the permafrost region in the SAYR.We also explored the spatiotemporal variations and potential drivers from the perspectives of the permafrost,climate,terrain and vegetation conditions.The results showed that there were 47,518 thermokarst lakes in 2021 with a total area of 190.22×106 m^(2),with an average size of 4,003.3 m^(2).The 44,928 ponds(≤10,000 m^(2))predominated the whole lake number(94.1%)but contributed to a small portion of the total lake area(28.8%).With 2,590 features(5.9%),small-sized(10,000 to 100,000 m^(2))and large-sized lakes(>100,000 m^(2))constituted up to 71.2%of the total lake area.Thermokarst lakes developed more significantly in warm permafrost regions than in cold permafrost areas;74.1%of lakes with a total area of 119.6×106 m^(2)(62.9%),were distributed in warm permafrost regions.Most thermokarst lakes were likely to develop within the elevation range of 4,500~4,800 m,on flat terrain(slope<10°),on SE and S aspects and in alpine meadow areas.The thermokarst lakes in the study region experienced significant shrinkage between 1990 and 2021,characterized by obvious lake drainage;the lake numbers decreased by 5418(56.1%),with a decreasing area of 58.63×106 m^(2)(49.0%).This shrinkage of the thermokarst lake area was attributable mainly to the intensified degradation of rich-ice permafrost thawing arising from continued climate warming,despite the wetting climatic trend.
文摘为解决铝合金表面高耐蚀、无铬有色钛锆转化膜的制备难题,以2024铝合金为基体,采用钛酸盐、锆酸盐为主盐,单宁酸为着色剂并加入缓蚀剂,制备了一种有色钛锆转化膜。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱(EDS)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、中性盐雾试验、动电位极化曲线和电化学阻抗对有色转化膜的表面形貌、成分及耐蚀性能进行了表征和分析。结果表明:制备的钛锆转化膜均匀平整,无明显缺陷;处理后的2024铝合金经168h中性盐雾试验,膜层颜色略有变浅,但无明显腐蚀产物生成,转化膜腐蚀电位升高了270 m V,腐蚀电流密度降低了2个数量级,极化电阻增加了1个数量级;转化膜在腐蚀过程中自钝化作用及腐蚀产物的封闭阻挡作用是膜层具有较好防护性能的主要原因。
