North China Plain(NCP) is the primary winter wheat production region in China, characterized by smallholder farming systems. Whereas the winter wheat average yield of smallholder farmers is currently low, the yield po...North China Plain(NCP) is the primary winter wheat production region in China, characterized by smallholder farming systems. Whereas the winter wheat average yield of smallholder farmers is currently low, the yield potential and limiting factors driving the current yield gap remain unclear. Therefore, increasing the wheat yield in NCP is essential for the national food security. This study monitored wheat yield, management practices and soil nutrient data in 132 farmers’ fields of Xushui County, Baoding City, Hebei Province during 2014–2016. These data were analyzed using variance and path analysis to determine the yield gap and the contribution of yield components(i.e., spikes per hectare, grain number per spike and 1 000-grain weight) to wheat yield. Then, the limiting factors of yield components and the optimizing strategies were identified by a boundary line approach. The results showed that the attainable potential yield for winter wheat was 10 514 kg ha^–1. The yield gaps varied strongly between three yield groups(i.e., high, middle and low), which were divided by yield level and contained 44 farmers in each group, and amounted to 2 493, 1 636 and 814 kg ha^–1, respectively. For the three yield components, only spikes per hectare was significantly different(P<0.01) among the three yield groups. For all 132 farmers’ fields, correlation between yield and spikes per hectare(r=0.51, P<0.01), was significantly positive, while correlations with grain number per spike(r=–0.16) and 1 000-grain weight(r=–0.10) were not significant. The path analysis also showed that the spikes per hectare of winter wheat were the most important component to the wheat yield. Boundary line analysis showed that seeding date was the most limiting factor of spikes per hectare with the highest contribution rate(26.7%), followed by basal N input(22.1%) and seeding rate(14.5%), which indicated that management factors in the seeding step were the most important for affecting spikes per hectare. For desired spikes per hectare(>6.598×10^6 ha^–1),the seeding rate should range from 210–300 kg ha^–1, seeding date should range from 3th to 8th October, and basal N input should range from 90–180 kg ha^–1. Compared to these reasonable ranges of management measures, most of the farmers’ practices were not suitable, and both lower and higher levels of management existed. It is concluded that the strategies for optimizing yield components could be achieved by improving wheat seeding quality and optimizing farmers’ nutrient management practices in the NCP.展开更多
The effect of Li(2.0 wt%)addition on mechanical properties and ageing precipitation behavior of Al-3.0 Mg 0.5 Si was investigated by tensile test,dynamic elasticity modulus test,scanning electron microscopy(SEM),trans...The effect of Li(2.0 wt%)addition on mechanical properties and ageing precipitation behavior of Al-3.0 Mg 0.5 Si was investigated by tensile test,dynamic elasticity modulus test,scanning electron microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM)and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM)images.The results show that the tensile strength of the Li-containing alloy can be significantly improved;however,the ductility is sharply decreased and the fracture mechanism changes from ductile fracture to intergranular fracture.The elasticity modulus of the Li-containing alloy increases by 11.6%compared with the base alloy.The microstructure observation shows that the Li addition can absolutely change the precipitation behavior of the base alloy,andδ′-Al_(3)Li phase becomes the main precipitates.Besides,β′′-Mg_(2)Si andδ′-Al_(3)Li dual phases precipitation can be visibly observed at 170℃ ageing for 100 h,although the quantity ofδ′-Al_(3)Li phase is more thanβ′′-Mg_(2)Si phase.The width of the precipitate-free zone(PFZ)of the Li-containing alloy is much wider at the over-ageing state than the base alloy,which has a negative impact on the ductile and results in the decrease of elongation.展开更多
In the industrial production, the dynamic cooling pre-aging treatment was employed to replace the isothermal pre-aging during the continuous heat treatment production of Al-Mg-Si alloy automotive sheets. The effects o...In the industrial production, the dynamic cooling pre-aging treatment was employed to replace the isothermal pre-aging during the continuous heat treatment production of Al-Mg-Si alloy automotive sheets. The effects of dynamic cooling pre-aging treatment on mechanical properties and paint-bake hardening behavior of an Al-Mg-Si alloy sheet are proposed in this study. The scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, tensile test, Vickers hardness test, and differential scanning calorimetry were conducted for the purpose. It was found that the dynamic cooling pre-aging treatment at low temperature region led to the decreasing of cluster II, resulting in the deterioration of the ability of the paint-bake hardening. With the increase of the cooling pre-aging temperature, the increasing of cluster II effectively improved the stability against natural aging and the paint-bake hardening ability. The optimized dynamic cooling pre-aging temperature was ~150 ℃. In this condition, the hardness increase of the alloy sheet with pre-aging treatment is low during storage at room temperature. The high yield strength increment is obtained after paint-bake hardening.展开更多
针对在卫星遥感图像中道路提取存在云雾植被遮挡、分辨率低等客观条件导致提取精度低,利用道路具有带状、连通性等特征,提出了一种基于八方向条状池化的遥感影像道路提取方法(DLinkNet-Road)。首先,结合道路的多方向带状特征和条状池化...针对在卫星遥感图像中道路提取存在云雾植被遮挡、分辨率低等客观条件导致提取精度低,利用道路具有带状、连通性等特征,提出了一种基于八方向条状池化的遥感影像道路提取方法(DLinkNet-Road)。首先,结合道路的多方向带状特征和条状池化提取细长目标的优势,构建了八方向条状池化道路提取模块,有效建立了道路像素长距离多方向依赖关系。其次,考虑到遮挡等导致道路断裂以及卷积池化操作导致道路轮廓细节信息丢失的问题,设计了道路特征加权补偿模块,并构建了加权特征融合结构,有效融合了多个尺度特征的道路信息。在DeepGlobe和Massachusetts两个道路数据集实验,本文方法的交并比(intersection over union,IoU)分别达到67.42%和66.38%,相较于基线模型提高了3.89%和3.17%。实验结果表明,所提模型能改善道路提取中的断线现象,保证道路提取结果的完整性。展开更多
盾构施工过程中土体大部分区域处于小应变状态,与常用的本构模型的土体性质有所不同。因此,为研究济南济泺路穿黄隧道区域内典型粉质黏土的的静动力行为特性及工程适用性,通过室内基础土工试验、侧限固结试验、标准三轴固结试验以及动...盾构施工过程中土体大部分区域处于小应变状态,与常用的本构模型的土体性质有所不同。因此,为研究济南济泺路穿黄隧道区域内典型粉质黏土的的静动力行为特性及工程适用性,通过室内基础土工试验、侧限固结试验、标准三轴固结试验以及动三轴试验,确定了粉质黏土基本物理性质参数以及切线刚度E_(oed)^(ref)、割线模量E_(50)^(ref)、卸载/重加载参考刚度E_(ur)^(ref),并将所得参数应用于济南济泺路穿黄隧道工程下穿北岸大堤沉降分析中,同时通过对比应用硬化土小应变硬化(hardening soil model with small strain stiffness,HSS)本构模型、摩尔库伦(M-C)本构模型的模拟结果与现场实测结果,验证了HSS本构模型在该地区变形分析中的准确性。结果表明:围压一定时,该地区粉质黏土试样竖向应变以塑性应变为主,且随动应力的增加,土体达到稳定所需时间越长;循环荷载一定时,增大土体围压可提高土体的稳定性;基于室内试验获取的HSS本构模型参数模拟的济南济泺路穿黄隧道下穿大堤工程地层变形结果与现场实测值吻合良好,验证了基于所提出的室内试验获取岩土小应变相关参数方法的适用性。研究成果可以丰富济南黄河地区粉质黏土地层参数研究,并为该地区岩土工程数值模拟分析的本构模型与地层参数选取提供参考。展开更多
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2015CB150405)the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest, China (201103003)
文摘North China Plain(NCP) is the primary winter wheat production region in China, characterized by smallholder farming systems. Whereas the winter wheat average yield of smallholder farmers is currently low, the yield potential and limiting factors driving the current yield gap remain unclear. Therefore, increasing the wheat yield in NCP is essential for the national food security. This study monitored wheat yield, management practices and soil nutrient data in 132 farmers’ fields of Xushui County, Baoding City, Hebei Province during 2014–2016. These data were analyzed using variance and path analysis to determine the yield gap and the contribution of yield components(i.e., spikes per hectare, grain number per spike and 1 000-grain weight) to wheat yield. Then, the limiting factors of yield components and the optimizing strategies were identified by a boundary line approach. The results showed that the attainable potential yield for winter wheat was 10 514 kg ha^–1. The yield gaps varied strongly between three yield groups(i.e., high, middle and low), which were divided by yield level and contained 44 farmers in each group, and amounted to 2 493, 1 636 and 814 kg ha^–1, respectively. For the three yield components, only spikes per hectare was significantly different(P<0.01) among the three yield groups. For all 132 farmers’ fields, correlation between yield and spikes per hectare(r=0.51, P<0.01), was significantly positive, while correlations with grain number per spike(r=–0.16) and 1 000-grain weight(r=–0.10) were not significant. The path analysis also showed that the spikes per hectare of winter wheat were the most important component to the wheat yield. Boundary line analysis showed that seeding date was the most limiting factor of spikes per hectare with the highest contribution rate(26.7%), followed by basal N input(22.1%) and seeding rate(14.5%), which indicated that management factors in the seeding step were the most important for affecting spikes per hectare. For desired spikes per hectare(>6.598×10^6 ha^–1),the seeding rate should range from 210–300 kg ha^–1, seeding date should range from 3th to 8th October, and basal N input should range from 90–180 kg ha^–1. Compared to these reasonable ranges of management measures, most of the farmers’ practices were not suitable, and both lower and higher levels of management existed. It is concluded that the strategies for optimizing yield components could be achieved by improving wheat seeding quality and optimizing farmers’ nutrient management practices in the NCP.
基金Project(2016YFB0300802)supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China。
文摘The effect of Li(2.0 wt%)addition on mechanical properties and ageing precipitation behavior of Al-3.0 Mg 0.5 Si was investigated by tensile test,dynamic elasticity modulus test,scanning electron microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM)and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM)images.The results show that the tensile strength of the Li-containing alloy can be significantly improved;however,the ductility is sharply decreased and the fracture mechanism changes from ductile fracture to intergranular fracture.The elasticity modulus of the Li-containing alloy increases by 11.6%compared with the base alloy.The microstructure observation shows that the Li addition can absolutely change the precipitation behavior of the base alloy,andδ′-Al_(3)Li phase becomes the main precipitates.Besides,β′′-Mg_(2)Si andδ′-Al_(3)Li dual phases precipitation can be visibly observed at 170℃ ageing for 100 h,although the quantity ofδ′-Al_(3)Li phase is more thanβ′′-Mg_(2)Si phase.The width of the precipitate-free zone(PFZ)of the Li-containing alloy is much wider at the over-ageing state than the base alloy,which has a negative impact on the ductile and results in the decrease of elongation.
基金Project(2020YFF0218200) supported by the National Key R&D Program of China。
文摘In the industrial production, the dynamic cooling pre-aging treatment was employed to replace the isothermal pre-aging during the continuous heat treatment production of Al-Mg-Si alloy automotive sheets. The effects of dynamic cooling pre-aging treatment on mechanical properties and paint-bake hardening behavior of an Al-Mg-Si alloy sheet are proposed in this study. The scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, tensile test, Vickers hardness test, and differential scanning calorimetry were conducted for the purpose. It was found that the dynamic cooling pre-aging treatment at low temperature region led to the decreasing of cluster II, resulting in the deterioration of the ability of the paint-bake hardening. With the increase of the cooling pre-aging temperature, the increasing of cluster II effectively improved the stability against natural aging and the paint-bake hardening ability. The optimized dynamic cooling pre-aging temperature was ~150 ℃. In this condition, the hardness increase of the alloy sheet with pre-aging treatment is low during storage at room temperature. The high yield strength increment is obtained after paint-bake hardening.
文摘针对在卫星遥感图像中道路提取存在云雾植被遮挡、分辨率低等客观条件导致提取精度低,利用道路具有带状、连通性等特征,提出了一种基于八方向条状池化的遥感影像道路提取方法(DLinkNet-Road)。首先,结合道路的多方向带状特征和条状池化提取细长目标的优势,构建了八方向条状池化道路提取模块,有效建立了道路像素长距离多方向依赖关系。其次,考虑到遮挡等导致道路断裂以及卷积池化操作导致道路轮廓细节信息丢失的问题,设计了道路特征加权补偿模块,并构建了加权特征融合结构,有效融合了多个尺度特征的道路信息。在DeepGlobe和Massachusetts两个道路数据集实验,本文方法的交并比(intersection over union,IoU)分别达到67.42%和66.38%,相较于基线模型提高了3.89%和3.17%。实验结果表明,所提模型能改善道路提取中的断线现象,保证道路提取结果的完整性。
文摘盾构施工过程中土体大部分区域处于小应变状态,与常用的本构模型的土体性质有所不同。因此,为研究济南济泺路穿黄隧道区域内典型粉质黏土的的静动力行为特性及工程适用性,通过室内基础土工试验、侧限固结试验、标准三轴固结试验以及动三轴试验,确定了粉质黏土基本物理性质参数以及切线刚度E_(oed)^(ref)、割线模量E_(50)^(ref)、卸载/重加载参考刚度E_(ur)^(ref),并将所得参数应用于济南济泺路穿黄隧道工程下穿北岸大堤沉降分析中,同时通过对比应用硬化土小应变硬化(hardening soil model with small strain stiffness,HSS)本构模型、摩尔库伦(M-C)本构模型的模拟结果与现场实测结果,验证了HSS本构模型在该地区变形分析中的准确性。结果表明:围压一定时,该地区粉质黏土试样竖向应变以塑性应变为主,且随动应力的增加,土体达到稳定所需时间越长;循环荷载一定时,增大土体围压可提高土体的稳定性;基于室内试验获取的HSS本构模型参数模拟的济南济泺路穿黄隧道下穿大堤工程地层变形结果与现场实测值吻合良好,验证了基于所提出的室内试验获取岩土小应变相关参数方法的适用性。研究成果可以丰富济南黄河地区粉质黏土地层参数研究,并为该地区岩土工程数值模拟分析的本构模型与地层参数选取提供参考。
