Pore Types and Quantitative Evaluation of Pore Volumes in the Longmaxi Formation Shale of Southeast Chongqing, China

The common microscale to nanoscale pore types were introduced and divided into organic and inorganic pores to estimate their contributions to porosity in the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation shale of southeast Chongqing. Following the material balance principle, the organic porosity values, which changed with formation subsidence and thermal evolution, were calculated using chemical kinetics methods and corrected via the organic porosity correction coefficient, which was obtained from field emission scanning electron microscopy. Grain density values were determined using the contents and true densities of compositions in the shale samples. The total porosity was calculated based on the grain and bulk densities. The inorganic porosity was determined from the difference between the total porosity and organic porosity at the same depth. The results show that inorganic pores mainly contain microfractures, microchannels, clay intergranular pores, intercrystalline pores and intracrystalline pores in the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation shale of southeast Chongqing. Organic pores mainly include organopore and fossil pore. The total porosity, organic porosity and inorganic porosity of organic-rich shale samples can be quantitatively evaluated using this method. The total porosity, organic porosity and inorganic porosity values of the Longmaxi Formation shale samples from the well Pyl in southeast Chongqing lie in 2.75%-6.14%, 0.08%-2.52% and 1.41%-4.92% with average values of 4.34%, 0.95% and 3.39%, respectively. The contributions of the inorganic pores to the total porosity are significantly greater than those of the organic pores.

Investigation of mechanical properties of bedded shale by nanoindentation tests: A case study on Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation of Youyang area in southeast Chongqing, China

The mechanical properties such as Young's modulus, hardness and fracture toughness of Lower Silurian Longmaxi shale samples from Youyang area in southeast Chongqing, China were investigated using dot matrix nanoindentation measurements. With the help of field emission scanning electron microscope(FESEM) and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy(EDS), the indentation morphology and mineral composition in indentation area were quantitatively analyzed. According to mechanical strength classification, a micromechanical model with three components was introduced and the Mori-Tanaka model was used to upscale mechanical parameters from nano-scale to centimeter-size scale, which were further compared with uniaxial compression results. The experimental results show that there is a positive linear correlation between Young's modulus and hardness and between the Young's modulus and the fracture toughness under nano-scale; the Young's modulus, hardness and fracture toughness perpendicular to the bedding are slightly lower than those parallel with the bedding. According to data statistics, the mechanical properties at the nano-scale follow Weibull distribution feature and the dispersion degree of hardness results is the highest, which is mainly due to shale anisotropy and nanoindentation projection uncertainty. Comparing the results from nanoindentation test, with those from upscaling model and uniaxial compression test shows that the mechanical parameters at the nano-scale are higher than those from upscaling model and uniaxial compression test, which proves mechanical parameters at different scales have differences. It's because the larger the core, the more pores and internal weakness it contains, the less accurate the interpreted results of mechanical parameters will be.

Classification of microscopic pore-throats and the grading evaluation on shale oil reservoirs

On the basis of the characterization of microscopic pore-throats in shale oil reservoirs by high-pressure mercury intrusion technique, a grading evaluation standard of shale oil reservoirs and a lower limit for reservoir formation were established. Simultaneously, a new method for the classification of shale oil flow units based on logging data was established. A new classification scheme for shale oil reservoirs was proposed according to the inflection points and fractal features of mercury injection curves: microscopic pore-throats(less than 25 nm), small pore-throats(25-100 nm), medium pore-throats(100-1 000 nm) and big pore-throats(greater than 1 000 nm). Correspondingly, the shale reservoirs are divided into four classes, I, II, III and IV according to the number of microscopic pores they contain, and the average pore-throat radii corresponding to the dividing points are 150 nm, 70 nm and 10 nm respectively. By using the correlation between permeability and pore-throat radius, the permeability thresholds for the reservoir classification are determined at 1.00× 10^(-3) μm^2, 0.40×10^(-3) μm^2 and 0.05×10^(-3) μm^2 respectively. By using the exponential relationship between porosity and permeability of the same hydrodynamic flow unit, a new method was set up to evaluate the reservoir flow belt index and to identify shale oil flow units with logging data. The application in the Dongying sag shows that the standard proposed is suitable for grading evaluation of shale oil reservoirs.

塔里木盆地塔北隆起英买力地区陆相原油分子地球化学特征及来源

尽管塔北隆起英买力地区陆相油气获得了重要突破,但油气成因类型及油源尚存在争议,根据分子地球化学及同位素参数,通过油源对比研究,明确了原油成因类型及来源。研究结果表明:研究区原油主要分为两种类型,其中第Ⅰ类原油广泛分布在除YM21井和YM46井外的其他地区,三环萜烷多以C_(21)为主峰,C_(24)四环萜烷含量相对较高,C_(24)Tet/C_(26)TT介于1.0~2.0,重排藿烷含量相对较低,该类原油与库车坳陷黄山街组烃源岩生物标志物特征类似;第Ⅱ类原油分布在YM21井和YM46井,原油中三环萜烷通常以C_(19)为主峰,C_(24)四环萜烷含量较高,明显高于第Ⅰ类原油,C_(24)Tet/C_(26)TT约为3,C_(30)重排藿烷/C_(30)藿烷约为0.5,该类原油与恰克马克组烃源岩生物标志物特征较为接近。此外,第Ⅰ类原油具有相对较轻碳同位素值,主要分布在-29.6‰~-28.2‰,第Ⅱ类原油具有相对偏重的碳同位素值,其同位素值约为-27‰,同位素特征也揭示第Ⅰ类原油和第Ⅱ类原油分别来源于黄山街组和恰克马克组烃源岩。

Experimental Investigations of the Mineral Wettability in Shale and its Influence Factors

Inspired by the successful development of shale oil/gas exploration in North American, multiple continental oil fields in China have vigorously put forward its evaluation and exploration of shale oil. However, the outcomes of shale oil drilling in China are not well as expected.

Quantitative evaluation model of shale oil adsorption:A case study of the first member of Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in northern Songliao Basin,NE China

A quantitative evaluation model that integrates kerogen adsorption and clay pore adsorption of shale oil was proposed,and the evaluation charts of adsorption-swelling capacity of kerogen(Mk)and adsorbed oil capacity of clay minerals(Mc)were established,taking the 1st member of Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in the northern Songliao Basin as an example.The model and charts were derived from swelling oil experiments performed on naturally evolved kerogens and adsorbed oil experiments on clays(separated from shale core samples).They were constructed on the basis of clarifying the control law of kerogen maturity evolution on its adsorption-swelling capacity,and considering the effect of both the clay pore surface area that occupied by adsorbed oil and formation temperature.The results are obtained in four aspects:(1)For the Qing 1 Member shale,with the increase of maturity,Mk decreases.Given Ro of 0.83%–1.65%,Mk is about 50–250 mg/g.(2)The clay in shale adsorbs asphaltene.Mc is 0.63 mg/m^(2),and about 15%of the clay pore surface is occupied by adsorbed oil.(3)In the low to medium maturity stages,the shale oil adsorption is controlled by organic matter.When Ro>1.3%,the shale oil adsorption capacity is contributed by clay pores.(4)The oil adsorption capacity evaluated on the surface at room temperature is 8%–22%(avg.15%)higher than that is held in the formations.The proposed evaluation model reveals the occurrence mechanisms of shale oils with different maturities,and provides a new insight for estimating the reserves of shale oil under formation temperature conditions.

Lower Limits and Grading Evaluation Criteria of Source Rocks and Reservoirs of Tight Oil and Gas

1 Introduction The importance of the unconventional petroleum is increasingly prominent, with the rising demand of oil and gas in the economic and social development and the gradual consumption and depletion of conventional oil and gas resources. Compared with the shale and coal-bed gas reservoir, tight reservoir has better fracturing capability.

Organoporosity Evaluation of Shale:A Case Study of the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Shale in Southeast Chongqing

1 Introduction Petrological characteristics （such as brittle mineral content）, miero-nanoscale porosity, total organic carbon and organic matter maturity of shale play important roles in the accumulation and exploration of shale gas. The nanometre pores in shale are mostly organopores （pores within organic matters in shale） created from hydrocarbon generation during formation subsidence and thermal evolution （Loucks et al., 2009; Liu et al., 2011; Chalmers et al., 2012）.

Limits and grading evaluation criteria of tight oil reservoirs in typical continental basins of China

Based on the microscopic pore-throat characterization of typical continental tight reservoirs in China,such as sandstone of Cretaceous Qingshankou and Quantou formations in Songliao Basin,NE China sandy conglomerate of Baikouquan Formation in Mahu area and hybrid rock of Lucaogou Formation in Jimusaer sag of Junggar Basin,NE China the theoretical lower limit,oil accumulation lower limit,effective flow lower limit and the upper limit of tight oil reservoirs were defined by water film thickness method,oil bearing occurrence method,oil testing productivity method and mechanical balance method,respectively.Cluster analysis method was used to compare the differences in pore-throat structure of different tight reservoirs,determine the grading criterion of tight reservoirs,and analyze its correlation with the limit of reservoir formation.The results show that the boundary between tight reservoir and conventional reservoir corresponds to the upper limit of physical properties,the boundary of classⅡand classⅢtight reservoirs corresponds to the lower limit of effective flow,the boundary of classⅢand classⅣtight reservoirs corresponds to the lower limit of reservoir forming,and the theoretical lower limit of tight reservoir corresponds to the boundary between tight reservoir and non-reservoir.Finally,the application results of the grading evaluation criterion show that the tight oil productivity is highly controlled by the type of tight reservoir,and classⅠand classⅡtight reservoirs are the favorable sections for high production of tight oil.

压裂液渗吸与富气页岩气井典型生产规律关系剖析

压裂液渗吸会改变储层内的原始气水赋存特征,进而影响页岩气井生产规律。为此,通过动态驱替与核磁共振实验,结合前人研究成果,剖析了孔隙内原始气水分布、压裂液渗吸对通孔和盲孔内气体赋存的影响以及气井生产规律与压裂液渗吸的关系。研究表明:孔隙内原始气水赋存类型与矿物种类、裂缝孔径及储层湿度有关,小孔隙、孔角处存在束缚水,大孔隙内甲烷吸附面积随储层湿度的增大而减小,吸附气含量受有机质孔隙占比及成熟度的影响;近裂缝区存在渗吸影响区,在影响区内压裂液渗吸可促进吸附气解吸,并驱替非均衡渗吸通孔中的游离气,压缩均衡渗吸通孔及盲孔中的游离气;非均衡渗吸通孔中被驱替出的气体是水力裂缝中游离气的主要来源之一,只有当井筒、裂缝及影响区内滞留的压裂液排出,各区域内部的气体才能产出,从而导致产气曲线滞后于产水曲线的现象,且裂缝排液阻力远小于基质孔隙排液阻力,是产气及产水曲线呈“L”形递减的主要因素。该研究成果聚焦于压裂液渗吸对气体赋存及产出的影响,可丰富页岩气储层保护理论,对气井高效开发具有指导作用。

Hydrocarbon potential of shale and classification and evaluation criteria of shale oil from the Williston Basin

1 Introduction The Williston Basin is one of the most successful basins in exploration and development of shale oil and gas in North America with abundant logging and geochemical data. A total of three chief source rocks are respectively developed in the Ordovician, the Devonian-Lower Carboniferous and the Cretaceous.

Application of NMR on Quantificational Characterization of Tight Glutenite Reservoirs Pore Size

Quantificational characterization of the microscopic pore structure is the key to evaluating tight reservoirs. Since tight reservoirs mainly develop nano-pores which are difficult to fully characterize pore throats＇ distribution by single conventional experimental method, there＇s an urgent need to establish a characterization method by jointing several conventional experimental methods.

Resources Potential Evaluation of Movable Shale Oil in the E2S4 Enrichment Segment of Damintun

Has been recognized that oil and gas is common in the mud shale and oil volume is mainly influenced by geochemical characteristics of source rock （the abundance, type and maturity）, workability mainly influenced by reconstructive fracturing of rock.

Study of Organic Heterogeneity Evaluation Methods

The organic heterogeneity evaluation technology has been very important in the unconventional oil and gas exploration. In the different basin , the accurate description of the shale＇s organic carbon content in the vertical and horizontal distribution characteristics, having a very important influence on the evaluation of the hydrocarbon source rock, the calculation of the hydrocarbon generation and expulsion efficiency, even the prediction of hydrocarbon distribution and so on.

Fracability Evaluation of the Unconventional Mud-Shale Reservoir

1 Introduction The brittleness of the shale mineral content has important influence on mud shale reservoir exploitation, high brittleness mineral content areas are generally believed to the benefit of the fracture section. But brittleness mineral content not on behalf of the rock strength, some brittle minerals have large fracture gradient, high fracture toughness and more energy required to produce the cracks, such as dolomite.

Microscopic Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Tight Reservoirs of Shahezi Formation in Xujiaweizi Fault Depression

1 Introduction After the natural gas breakthrough of Yingcheng Formation and Denglouku Formation, industrial capacity of 90,000 m3 natural gas was found under 3900m by XT1 Well, which represents a good tight gas exploration prospect of glutenite reservoirs of Shahezi Formation in Xuiiaweizi Fault Depression.

The Influence of Pore Throat Radius on its Internal Oil and Water Wettability

With the rising of energy demand and the dwindling of conventional oil and gas resources, the unconventional oil and gas resources are getting more and more attention, and has become the main contribution of global oil and gas production growth over the past five years.

Evaluation of Hydrocarbon Yield of Organic Matters with Hydrocarbon Generation Kinetics Method:An Example from the K1qn Formation of the Songliao Basin

1 Introduction Hydrocarbon yield from organic matters is the one of the key parameter of petroleum resource assessment. Previous methods of hydrocarbon yield from organic matters included thermal simulation experiment method, element conservation method and hydrocarbon generation kinetics method （Liu et al, 2006; Tang et al, 2013）.

四川盆地仪陇—平昌地区侏罗系凉高山组页岩油地质特征及富集条件

基于钻井岩心的地球化学及其他实验分析结果,结合生产测试资料,对四川盆地仪陇—平昌地区侏罗系凉高山组页岩油地质特征及富集条件进行研究,并划分了勘探有利区。研究结果表明:(1)仪陇—平昌地区凉高山组为早侏罗世第3次湖盆扩张期的沉积产物,整体经历了凉下段滨湖—浅湖、凉上段中—下部深湖—半深湖及浅湖、凉上段上部三角洲前缘和浅湖的沉积环境变化。(2)研究区凉高山组页岩可分为长英质页岩、钙质页岩、黏土质页岩等3种;页岩有机质丰度高,TOC值为0.50%~3.39%,平均值为1.30%,有机质类型以Ⅱ_(1)和Ⅱ_(2)型为主,热演化程度高,镜质体反射率(Ro)为1.00%~1.90%,处于高—过成熟阶段。(3)凉高山组页岩物性较好,孔隙度为0.48%~7.17%,平均为3.61%,发育无机成因孔、有机孔和构造缝等储集空间类型;含油性较好,以轻质组分为主,整体呈零散状、点状分布,局部呈团块状富集;凉上段下部富有机质页岩更发育,是目前勘探的重点层位。(4)凉高山组页岩油气的富集受控于前陆盆地过渡期的弱沉降环境、大面积分布的深湖相沉积、较高的热演化程度以及普遍发育的微裂缝。中南部为页岩油气潜力区,页岩储层厚度一般大于15 m,TOC值大于1.50%,孔隙度大于4.00%,R_(o)大于1.30%;凉高山组页岩油资源量为26.75×10^(8)t、页岩气资源量为1.72×10^(12)m^(3),有望成为四川盆地石油产量增加的主力层系。

深层页岩气产出过程碳同位素分馏特征及其地质意义——以川南地区泸州区块奥陶系五峰组-志留系龙马溪组为例

四川盆地南部地区(以下简称川南地区)中浅层页岩气已实现规模效益开发,深层页岩气是当前和将来一段时间增储上产的重要领域。为了探索川南地区深层页岩气中碳同位素分馏影响因素及其地质意义,以川南地区泸州区块深层奥陶系五峰组—志留系龙马溪组页岩为研究对象,系统开展了12块岩心现场解析测试和2口生产井连续监测工作,分析了甲烷、乙烷碳同位素(δ^(13)C_(1)、δ^(13)C_(2))分馏机理,建立了同位素分馏模式,并构建了根据同位素分馏参数计算吸附气与游离气相对比例和EUR的数学模型和方法,最后分析了页岩气赋存状态、富集特征和流动产出规律。研究结果表明:①川南地区深层页岩气解析过程中δ^(13)C_(1)值变重幅度介于10.3‰~22.7‰,δ^(13)C_(2)值变重幅度最大仅为4.2‰,页岩气井生产过程中甲烷和乙烷均存在约8‰的碳同位素分馏幅度;②页岩气完整产出过程中碳同位素分馏普遍存在“稳定—变轻—变重—再变轻”的4阶段模式,装罐后解析气仅能观测到基质产气为主所对应的变重阶段,而生产井井口气能够观测到反映裂缝与基质共同产气所对应的变轻阶段,环境温度和压力变化均会改变原有天然气碳同位素分馏模式,影响程度与所处阶段密切相关;③生产初期井口气样相较于岩心解析气样和生产中—后期井口气样更能反映储层原始天然气碳同位素组成信息;④通过构建多尺度多机理耦合的天然气碳同位素分馏模型,能够准确计算深层页岩原位含气量、吸附气/游离气比例等关键参数,实现页岩气井EUR预测和生产过程中吸附气/游离气产出比例的有效评价。结论认为,开展页岩气产出过程中碳同位素分馏影响因素及机理分析,可为深层页岩气赋存状态、富集特征和流动产出规律提供全新的视角和技术手段,将有助于深层页岩气的效益开发。