Astronomical Knowledge Entity Extraction in Astrophysics Journal Articles via Large Language Models

Astronomical knowledge entities,such as celestial object identifiers,are crucial for literature retrieval and knowledge graph construction,and other research and applications in the field of astronomy.Traditional methods of extracting knowledge entities from texts face numerous challenging obstacles that are difficult to overcome.Consequently,there is a pressing need for improved methods to efficiently extract them.This study explores the potential of pre-trained Large Language Models(LLMs)to perform astronomical knowledge entity extraction(KEE)task from astrophysical journal articles using prompts.We propose a prompting strategy called PromptKEE,which includes five prompt elements,and design eight combination prompts based on them.We select four representative LLMs(Llama-2-70B,GPT-3.5,GPT-4,and Claude 2)and attempt to extract the most typical astronomical knowledge entities,celestial object identifiers and telescope names,from astronomical journal articles using these eight combination prompts.To accommodate their token limitations,we construct two data sets:the full texts and paragraph collections of 30 articles.Leveraging the eight prompts,we test on full texts with GPT-4and Claude 2,on paragraph collections with all LLMs.The experimental results demonstrate that pre-trained LLMs show significant potential in performing KEE tasks,but their performance varies on the two data sets.Furthermore,we analyze some important factors that influence the performance of LLMs in entity extraction and provide insights for future KEE tasks in astrophysical articles using LLMs.Finally,compared to other methods of KEE,LLMs exhibit strong competitiveness in multiple aspects.

可循环Pd/TiO_(2)构筑及其紫外光催化苯甲醛与碘苯偶联合成二苯甲酮

二苯甲酮是有机化学中最重要的结构单元之一,广泛存在于药物、香料、光敏剂以及许多天然产物中.然而,传统的二苯甲酮合成方法通常涉及添加剂或有毒试剂,且产生大量废弃物,不利于环保.苯甲醛与卤代苯的直接偶联反应因原料易得而备受关注,但苯甲醛C(sp^(2))-H键的高键能(371 kJ mol^(-1))导致其活化困难,反应条件苛刻.此外,常用的Ni或Pd均相催化剂在反应体系中难以分离回收,限制了其应用.因此,构筑多相可回收催化剂成为研究热点.将活性钯金属负载到多相载体上进行酮合成,可以解决催化剂回收问题,但活性金属钯的浸出仍是挑战.本研究旨在探索制备有效的多相可回收催化剂,以推动二苯甲酮的环保合成.本文通过煅烧Pd^(2+)/MIL-125-NH_(2)制备了碳修饰二氧化钛负载的钯纳米颗粒(Pd/C-TiO_(2)),这是一种高效且可回收的多相催化剂.在紫外光照射下,该催化剂能有效催化苯甲醛和碘苯偶联合成二苯甲酮.研究结果表明,苯甲醛活化是该反应过程的控速步骤,而紫外光诱导生成的酰基自由基则是反应进行的关键.在不添加强氧化剂和配体的情况下,二苯甲酮的产率最高可达98%,选择性高达99%.通过电子顺磁共振技术检测到,反应过程中苯甲醛和碘苯均有可能生成碳自由基.利用密度泛函理论计算研究了基于碳自由基生成二苯甲酮的两种可能发生的路径,结果表明,相较于Pd0-PdI-PdIII过程(苯自由基进攻醛基自由基与钯加成的复合物),该反应更有可能通过Pd0-PdII-PdIII催化路径发生,即苯甲醛在紫外光下直接活化生成酰基自由基,然后进攻碘苯与钯氧化加成的复合物,最终通过还原消除生成二苯甲酮.醋酸钯、Pd/SiO_(2)催化剂等一系列对照试验结果表明,钯在反应体系中首先溶解并参与反应,随后在紫外光照射下被二氧化钛光催化剂原位还原,从而实现金属钯的原位沉积,有效抑制了钯金属的流失.催化剂在循环使用10次后,其活性没有明显下降.综上所述,本文利用高能紫外光直接活化苯甲醛与TiO_(2)光催化剂的高氧化还原性能相匹配,实现了紫外光下苯甲醛与碘苯偶联制备二苯甲酮和Pd催化剂的高效回收利用.本研究为在紫外光下活化苯甲醛与其他化合物偶联合成含羰基化合物提供了一种简便的方法,并为设计有机反应中可回收的钯催化剂提供了参考.

Transcription factor CabHLH035 promotes cold resistance and homeostasis of reactive oxygen species in pepper

Plant basic helix-loop-helix(bHLH)transcription factors(TFs)play central roles in various abiotic stresses.However,its role in plant cold resistance is largely unknown.Previously,we characterised CaNAC035 in pepper,which positively regulates tolerance to cold,salt and drought stresses tolerance.Here,we identified CabHLH035,a CaNAC035-interacting protein in pepper.To explore its functions in cold stress tolerance,we silenced the gene in pepper via virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS)and overexpressed the gene in Arabidopsis.The results showed that CabHLH035 expression was induced by cold treatment,and silencing of CabHLH035 decreased cold stress tolerance.Conversely,overexpression of CabHLH035 in Arabidopsis increased cold stress tolerance.To investigate homologs genes of C-repeat binding factor(CBF)pathway proteins and reactive oxygen species(ROS)marker gene expression blocking by CabHLH035,we performed yeast one-hybrid(Y1H),dual luciferase and electrophoretic mobility shift assay experiments.The results showed that CabHLH035 bound to the region upstream of the CaCBF1A and CaAPX promoters.Additionally,CaCBF1A bound to the CaDHN4 promoter.Taken together,our results showed that CabHLH035 plays a crucial role in cold stress tolerance and its potential as a target for breeding cold-resistant crops.The findings provide a basis for studying the functions and regulatory network of cold stress tolerance in pepper.

Assessing the energy release characteristics during the middle detonation reaction stage of aluminized explosives

Afterburning behind the detonation front of an aluminized explosive releases energy on the millisecond timescale,which prolong the release of detonation energy and the energy release at different stages also shows significant differences.However,at present,there are few effective methods for evaluating the energy release characteristics of the middle reaction stage of such explosives,which can have a duration of tens to hundreds of microseconds.The present work demonstrates an approach to assessing the midstage of an aluminized explosive detonation based on a water push test employing a high degree of confinement.In this method,the explosive is contained in a steel cylinder having one end closed that is installed at the bottom of a transparent water tank.Upon detonation,the gaseous products expand in one direction while forcing water ahead of them.The resulting underwater shock wave and the interface between the gas phase products and the water are tracked using an ultra-high-speed framing and streak camera.The shock wave velocity in water and the expansion work performed by the gaseous detonation products were calculated to assess the energy release characteristics of aluminized explosives such as CL-20 and RDX in the middle stage of the detonation reaction.During the middle stage of the detonation process of these aluminized explosives,the aluminum reaction reduced the attenuation of shock waves and increased the work performed by gas phase products.A higher aluminum content increased the energy output while the presence of oxidants slowed the energy release rate.This work demonstrates an effective means of evaluating the performance of aluminized explosives.

Effects of nano-metal oxide additives on ignition and combustion properties of MICs-boron rich fuels

Boron has been considered a promising powdered metal fuel for enhancing composite propellants'energy output due to its high energy density.However,the high ignition temperature and low combustion efficiency limit the application of boron powder due to the high boiling point of the boron oxide layer.Much research is ongoing to overcome these shortcomings,and one potential approach is to introduce a small quantity of metal oxide additives to promote the reaction of boron.This study prepared boron-rich fuels with 10 wt%of eight nano-metal oxide additives by mechanical ball milling.The effect of metal oxides on the thermo-oxidation,ignition,and combustion properties of boron powder was comprehensively studied by the thermogravimetric analysis(TG),the electrically heated filament setup(T-jump),and the laser-induced combustion experiments.TG experiments at 5 K/min found that Bi_(2)O_(3),MoO_(3),TiO_(2),Fe_(2)O_(3),and CuO can promote thermo-oxidation of boron.Compared to pure boron,Tonsetcan be reduced from 569℃to a minimum of 449℃(B/Bi_(2)O_(3)).Infrared temperature measurement in T-jump tests showed that when heated by an electric heating wire at rates from 1000 K/s to 25000 K/s,the ignition temperatures of B/Bi_(2)O_(3) are the lowest,even lower than the melting point of boron oxide.Ignition images and SEM for the products further showed that the high heating rate is beneficial to the rapid reaction of boron powder in the single-particle combustion state.Fuels(B/Bi_(2)O_(3),B/MoO_(3),and B/CuO)were mixed with the oxidant AP and ignited by laser to study the combustion performance.The results showed that B/CuO/AP has the largest flame area,the highest BO_(2) characteristic spectral intensity,and the largest burn rate for powder lines.To combine the advantages of CuO and Bi_(2)O_(3),binary metal oxide(CBO,mass ratio of 3:1)was prepared and the test results showed that CBO can very well improve both ignition and combustion properties of boron.Especially B/CBO/AP has the highest burn rate compared with all fuels containing other additives.It was found that multi-component metal-oxide additive can more synergistically improve the reaction characteristics of boron powder than unary additive.These findings contribute to the development of boron-rich fuels and their application in propellants.

A Prediction Model for Detecting Dysthyroid Optic Neuropathy Based on Clinical Factors and Imaging Markers of the Optic Nerve and Cerebrospinal Fluid in the Optic Nerve Sheath

Objective This study aimed to develop and test a model for predicting dysthyroid optic neuropathy(DON)based on clinical factors and imaging markers of the optic nerve and cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)in the optic nerve sheath.Methods This retrospective study included patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy(TAO)without DON and patients with TAO accompanied by DON at our hospital.The imaging markers of the optic nerve and CSF in the optic nerve sheath were measured on the water-fat images of each patient and,together with clinical factors,were screened by Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator.Subsequently,we constructed a prediction model using multivariate logistic regression.The accuracy of the model was verified using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.Results In total,80 orbits from 44 DON patients and 90 orbits from 45 TAO patients were included in our study.Two variables(optic nerve subarachnoid space and the volume of the CSF in the optic nerve sheath)were found to be independent predictive factors and were included in the prediction model.In the development cohort,the mean area under the curve(AUC)was 0.994,with a sensitivity of 0.944,specificity of 0.967,and accuracy of 0.901.Moreover,in the validation cohort,the AUC was 0.960,the sensitivity was 0.889,the specificity was 0.893,and the accuracy was 0.890.Conclusions A combined model was developed using imaging data of the optic nerve and CSF in the optic nerve sheath,serving as a noninvasive potential tool to predict DON.

腹腔镜辅助经肛全直肠系膜切除术治疗中低位直肠癌的临床分析（附32例报告）

目的探讨腹腔镜辅助经肛全直肠系膜切除术(TaTME)治疗中低位直肠癌的安全性和有效性,并分享手术经验。方法回顾性分析南华大学附属第一医院胃肠外科2017年12月-2018年12月行腹腔镜辅助TaTME的32例中低位直肠癌患者的临床资料。结果32例患者均顺利完成手术,无中转开腹者;手术时间为(257.50±32.60)min,术中出血量为(76.56±15.64)ml;TME标本质量优良者(评价为3级/2级)占96.88%,环周切缘阴性率为96.88%,远切缘阴性率为100.00%;术后排气时间为(1.69±0.54)d,首次下床活动时间为(1.34±0.28)d,引流管拔除时间为(7.63±3.26)d,术后住院天数为(12.87±1.56)d;术后无严重并发症(Clavien-DindoⅢ~Ⅳ级)发生;中位随访11.5个月,未见肿瘤复发转移。结论①对于中低位直肠癌患者,腹腔镜辅助TaTME是安全可行的,近期疗效较好;②应严格把握TaTME的适应证,并在掌握技术要点的基础上谨慎开展。

光催化制氢研究进展

光催化制氢作为一种具有前景的能源转化方式,受到了广泛关注。但是光催化过程中的三个步骤(光吸收、载流子分离、表面反应)效率较低,目前难以实现工业应用。研究者们对光催化的机理进行了深入研究,并提出了多种策略来调节半导体光催化剂的物理化学性质,以期有效提高光催化剂对可见光的吸收,降低光生载流子的复合,加速表面反应。上述策略包括:制造缺陷、局域表面等离子体共振、元素掺杂、异质结构建、助催化剂负载等。深入研究上述改性策略能够为设计制备高效稳定的光催化剂提供指导。因此,本综述聚焦于优化光吸收、载流子分离、表面反应的机理和改性光催化剂的制氢应用,并对构建高效制氢光催化剂的趋势做出了展望。

光电催化二氧化碳还原研究进展

CO2是最常见的化合物,作为潜在的碳一资源,可用于制备多种高附加值的化学品,如一氧化碳、甲烷、甲醇、甲酸等。传统的热催化转化CO2方法能耗高,反应条件苛刻。因此,如何在温和条件下高效地将CO2转化成高附加值的化学品,一直以来是催化领域的研究热点和难点之一。光催化技术反应条件温和、绿色环保。然而,纯光催化反应普遍存在太阳能利用效率有限,光生载流子分离效率低等问题。针对上述问题,在光催化的基础上引入电催化,可以提高载流子的分离效率,在较低的过电位下,实现多电子、质子向CO2转移,从而提高催化反应效率。总之,光电催化技术可以结合光催化和电催化的优势,提高CO2催化还原反应效率,为清洁、绿色利用CO2提供了一种新方法。本文依据光电催化CO2还原反应基本过程,从光吸收、载流子分离和界面反应等三个角度综述了光电催化反应的基本强化策略,并对未来可能的研究方向进行了展望。

光催化苯制苯酚的研究进展

苯酚作为一种重要的有机化学品,广泛用于制造树脂、合成橡胶、染料和药品等行业.然而,传统的苯酚生产方法——联苯法存在着许多问题,如反应条件苛刻和产物纯度低等,这些问题严重制约了苯酚的工业化生产应用.因此,开发一种高效、绿色的苯酚制备方法十分必要.目前,苯一步法制苯酚反应备受关注,然而,实现该反应难度很大.首先,苯分子的C(sp2)-H键活化在化学反应中比较稳定,难以高效活化.其次,相比惰性反应物苯,产物苯酚分子本身更易氧化,使反应的选择性调控成为挑战.光催化选择性氧化苯制苯酚具有反应条件温和、选择性高和产物纯度高等优点,是一种很有工业应用前景的苯酚制备方法.本文系统总结了近年来多相光催化氧化苯制苯酚的研究进展,包括从光催化剂设计原则、改性策略、反应机理分析、影响反应动力学的因素、反应器设计和光催化剂失活机制等方面.首先,单原子、层状双氢氧化物和金属簇构成的光催化剂具有高效催化作用和良好的反应选择性.其次,在光催化反应过程中,光催化剂的设计和合成是非常关键的,可以通过调节光催化剂的组成和结构来提高反应效率和选择性.此外,基于原位表征和密度泛函理论计算的机理研究也为光催化反应的优化提供了重要的理论基础.此外,介绍了光催化反应器的设计原理和操作要点,以及光催化剂失活的原因和解决方案.在未来的研究中,可以考虑更多的应用新材料和新技术来设计和制备高效催化剂.还可以利用先进的表征和理论计算方法更深入地研究光催化反应的机理,并探索更多的反应条件和催化剂组合,以提高光催化反应的效率和选择性.在实际应用中,光催化反应器的设计和操作也需要进一步完善,以确保光催化反应的稳定性和可控性.随着对光催化反应机理和催化剂设计的深入理解,相信未来光催化苯制苯酚技术会有更多的突破和进展.综上,本文为光催化选择性氧化苯成为苯酚的研究提供了参考,也为光催化反应的设计、优化和应用提供了一定的思路.

Study on Random Initiation Phenomenon for Sympathetic Detonation of Explosive

It is important to understand the characteristics of explosive sympathetic detonation for explosive safety.Sympathetic reaction test of GHL(RDX/Al/Binder)explosive charges with shell are conducted.A model of the sympathetic reaction test is established.The elements-apart method and nodes random-failure method are used in the model to describe the expansion progress of shell expanding and the randomly forming process of fragments.Random detonation phenomena of acceptor charge are simulated.

Preparation and phase change performance of Na_2HPO_4·12H_2O@poly(lactic acid) capsules for thermal energy storage

Micro-encapsulated phase-change materials(micro PCMs) with Na_2 HPO_4·12 H_2 O encapsulated in poly(lactic acid)(PLA) shell were prepared by a solvent evaporation–precipitation method that involves the use of a coaxial needle. The effects of PLA concentration, stirring speed, injection rate of core and shell solutions, and polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) concentration on phase change properties were investigated. The thermal properties of microP CMs were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC). The capsules prepared under the optimal conditions are about 2 mm in diameter and show a latent heat of up to 122.2 J·g^(-1).

Effects of nano-sized aluminum on detonation characteristics and metal acceleration for RDX-based aluminized explosive

Nano-sized aluminum(Nano-Al)powders hold promise in enhancing the total energy of explosives and the metal acceleration ability at the same time.However,the near-detonation zone effects of reaction between Nano-Al with detonation products remain unclear.In this study,the overall reaction process of 170 nm Al with RDX explosive and its effect on detonation characteristics,detonation reaction zone,and the metal acceleration ability were comprehensively investigated through a variety of experiments such as the detonation velocity test,detonation pressure test,explosive/window interface velocity test and confined plate push test using high-resolution laser interferometry.Lithium fluoride(LiF),which has an inert behavior during the explosion,was used as a control to compare the contribution of the reaction of aluminum.A thermochemical approach that took into account the reactivity of aluminum and ensuing detonation products was adopted to calculate the additional energy release by afterburn.Combining the numerical simulations based on the calculated afterburn energy and experimental results,the parameters in the detonation equation of state describing the Nano-Al reaction characteristics were calibrated.This study found that when the 170 nm Al content is from 0%to 15%,every 5%increase of aluminum resulted in about a 1.3%decrease in detonation velocity.Manganin pressure gauge measurement showed no significant enhancement in detonation pressure.The detonation reaction time and reaction zone length of RDX/Al/wax/80/15/5 explosive is 64 ns and 0.47 mm,which is respectively 14%and 8%higher than that of RDX/wax/95/5 explosive(57 ns and 0.39 mm).Explosive/window interface velocity curves show that 170 nm Al mainly reacted with the RDX detonation products after the detonation front.For the recording time of about 10 ms throughout the plate push test duration,the maximum plate velocity and plate acceleration time accelerated by RDX/Al/wax/80/15/5 explosive is 12%and 2.9 ms higher than that of RDX/LiF/wax/80/15/5,respectively,indicating that the aluminum reaction energy significantly increased the metal acceleration time and ability of the explosive.Numerical simulations with JWLM explosive equation of state show that when the detonation products expanded to 2 times the initial volume,over 80%of the aluminum had reacted,implying very high reactivity.These results are significant in attaining a clear understanding of the reaction mechanism of Nano-Al in the development of aluminized explosives.

Electronic structures and optical properties of Si-and Sn-doped β-Ga_2O_3: A GGA+U study

The electronic structures and optical properties of β-Ga_2O_3 and Si-and Sn-doped β-Ga_2O_3 are studied using the GGA + U method based on density functional theory. The calculated bandgap and Ga 3d-state peak of β-Ga_2O_3 are in good agreement with experimental results. Si-and Sn-doped β-Ga_2O_3 tend to form under O-poor conditions, and the formation energy of Si-doped β-Ga_2O_3 is larger than that of Sn-doped β-Ga_2O_3 because of the large bond length variation between Ga–O and Si–O. Si-and Sn-doped β-Ga_2O_3 have wider optical gaps than β-Ga_2O_3, due to the Burstein–Moss effect and the bandgap renormalization effect. Si-doped β-Ga_2O_3 shows better electron conductivity and a higher optical absorption edge than Sn-doped β-Ga_2O_3, so Si is more suitable as a dopant of n-type β-Ga_2O_3, which can be applied in deep-UV photoelectric devices.

Characteristics of a plasma flow field produced by a metal array bridge foil explosion

To improve the energy utilization efficiency of metal bridge foil explosion, and increase the function range of plasmas, array bridge foil explosion experiments with different structures were performed. A Schlieren photographic measurement system with a double-pulse laser source was used to observe the flow field of a bridge foil explosion. The evolution laws of plasmas and shock waves generated by array bridge foil explosions of different structures were analyzed and compared. A multi-phase flow calculation model was established to simulate the electrical exploding process of a metal bridge foil. The plasma equation of state was determined by considering the effect of the changing number of particles and Coulomb interaction on the pressure and internal energy. The ionization degree of the plasma was calculated via the Saha-Eggert equation assuming conditions of local thermal equilibrium. The exploding process of array bridge foils was simulated, and the superposition processes of plasma beams were analyzed. The variation and distribution laws of the density, temperature, pressure, and other important parameters were obtained. The results show that the array bridge foil has a larger plasma jet diameter than the single bridge foil for an equal total area of the bridge foil. We also found that the temperature, pressure, and density of the plasma jet＇s center region sharply increase because of the superposition of plasma beams.

Electrochemical behavior and underpotential deposition of Sm on reactive electrodes(Al,Ni,Cu and Zn)in a LiCl-KCl melt

Sm extraction from a LiCl-KCl melt was carried out by forming alloys on various electrodes,including Al,Ni,Cu,and liquid Zn,and the electrochemical behaviors of the resultant metal products were investigated using different electrochemical techniques.While Sm metal deposition via the conventional two-step reaction process was not noted on the inert electrode,underpotential deposition was observed on the reactive electrodes because of the latter's depolarization effect.The depolarization effects of the reactive electrodes on Sm showed the order Zn>Al>Ni>Cu.Sm-M(M=Al,Ni,Cu,Zn)alloys were deposited by galvanostatic and potentiostatic electrolysis.The products were fully characterized by X-ray diffractometry(XRD)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)-energy dispersive spectrometry(EDS),and the stability of the obtained M-rich compounds was determined.Finally,the relationship between the electrode potential and type of Sm-M intermetallic compounds formed was assessed on the basis of the observed electrochemical properties and electrodeposits.

Quantitative prediction and ranking of the shock sensitivity ofexplosives via reactive molecular dynamics simulations

A deep understanding of explosive sensitivities and their factors is important for safe and reliable applications.However,quantitative prediction of the sensitivities is difficult.Here,reactive molecular dynamics simulation models for high-speed piston impacts on explosive supercells were established.Simulations were also performed to investigate shock-induced reactions of various high-energy explosives.The fraction of reacted explosive molecules in an initial supercell changed linearly with the propagation distance of the shock-wave front.The corresponding slope could be used as a reaction rate for a specific shock-loading velocity.Reaction rates that varied with the shock-loading pressure exhibited two-stage linearities with different slopes.The two inflection points corresponded to the initial and accelerated reactions,which respectively correlated to the thresholds of shock-induced ignition and detonation.Therefore,the ignition and detonation critical pressures could be determined.The sensitivity could then be a quantitative prediction of the critical pressure.The accuracies of the quantitative shock sensitivity predictions were verified by comparing the impact and shock sensitivities of common explosives and the characteristics of anisotropic shock-induced reactions.Molecular dynamics simulations quantitatively predict and rank shock sensitivities by using only crystal structures of the explosives.Overall,this method will enable the design and safe use of explosives.

Association between uveitis and psoriatic disease: a systematic review and Meta-analysis based on the evidence from cohort studies

AIM: To conduct a systematic review and Meta-analysis to examine the association between uveitis and psoriatic disease, and to evaluate whether one condition predisposes individuals to the other. METHODS: We performed a comprehensive search of Pub Med and EMBASE to identify cohort studies examining the association between uveitis and psoriatic disease [psoriasis and/or psoriatic arthritis(Ps A)]. We used a random-effects model to calculate the pooled relative risks(RRs) adjusted for confounders, along with the 95% confidence intervals(CIs). RESULTS: This Meta-analysis included a total of 6 studies and a maximum of 80 178 648 participants. Compared with non-psoriatic controls, uveitis risk was significantly elevated in patients with psoriasis(RR=1.49;95%CI: 1.08-2.07), and Ps A(RR=3.16;95%CI: 2.16-4.63). Furthermore, pre-existing uveitis was associated with a significantly increased risk of psoriasis(RR=1.62;95%CI: 1.44-1.83), and Ps A(RR=4.44;95%CI: 3.52-5.60).CONCLUSION: The results of this systematic review and Meta-analysis suggest an overall positive bidirectional association between uveitis and psoriatic disease(psoriasis and Ps A), warranting increased awareness among clinicians involved in the management of these two conditions.Therefore, there remains a need for more detailed studies of the possible common pathogenesis of psoriatic disease and uveitis.

Methane oxybromination over Rh-based catalysts:Effect of supports

Bromine mediation has been regarded as one of the most efficient ways to activate and convert methane to useful organics.This article reports the effects of active components(Rh,Ru,Pd and Pt)and supports(SiO2,Mg O and Al2O3)on the catalysis of methane oxybromination.Among the prepared catalysts,Rh/SiO2 is the best in performance(CH4 conversion of ca.20%and CH3Br selectivity exceeding 70%).The results reveal that support type has a notable influence on the catalytic performance of Rh,especially on product distribution.The high selectivity to CH3 Br over Rh/SiO2 is attributed to its low propensity for CH3Br oxidation.It was found that Rh small in particle size shows high catalytic activity and CH3Br selectivity.Although silicalite-1 zeolite suffers from a certain degree of structural damage due to the presence of high temperature steam,the use of silicalite-1 as support results in a performance comparable to that of Rh/SiO2.

A survey on image and video stitching

Image/video stitching is a technology for solving the field of view(FOV)limitation of images/videos.It stitches multiple overlapping images/videos to generate a wide-FOV image/video,and has been used in various fields such as sports broadcasting,video surveillance,street view,and entertainment.This survey reviews image/video stitching algorithms,with a particular focus on those developed in recent years.Image stitching first calculates the corresponding relationships between multiple overlapping images,deforms and aligns the matched images,and then blends the aligned images to generate a wide-FOV image.A seamless method is always adopted to eliminate such potential flaws as ghosting and blurring caused by parallax or objects moving across the overlapping regions.Video stitching is the further extension of image stitching.It usually stitches selected frames of original videos to generate a stitching template by performing image stitching algorithms,and the subsequent frames can then be stitched according to the template.Video stitching is more complicated with moving objects or violent camera movement,because these factors introduce jitter,shakiness,ghosting,and blurring.Foreground detection technique is usually combined into stitching to eliminate ghosting and blurring,while video stabilization algorithms are adopted to solve the jitter and shakiness.This paper further discusses panoramic stitching as a special-extension of image/video stitching.Panoramic stitching is currently the most widely used application in stitching.This survey reviews the latest image/video stitching methods,and introduces the fundamental principles/advantages/weaknesses of image/video stitching algorithms.Image/video stitching faces long-term challenges such as wide baseline,large parallax,and low-texture problem in the overlapping region.New technologies may present new opportunities to address these issues,such as deep learning-based semantic correspondence,and 3D image stitching.Finally,this survey discusses the challenges of image/video stitching and proposes potential solutions.