Generally,a teleostean group(e.g.,family or genus)owns one type or a set of similar mitochondrial gene arrangement.It is interesting,however,that four different types of gene arrangement have been found in the mitocho...Generally,a teleostean group(e.g.,family or genus)owns one type or a set of similar mitochondrial gene arrangement.It is interesting,however,that four different types of gene arrangement have been found in the mitochondrial genome(mitogenome)of Cynoglossidae species.So far,the possible mechanisms of mitogenomic gene rearrangement and its potential implications have aroused widespread attention and caused lots of controversy.Here,a total of 21 Cynoglossidae mitogenomes and a newly sequenced mitogenome of Cynoglossus puncticpes(Pleuronectiformes:Cynoglossidae)were compared.The length ranges from 16417 bp to 18369 bp,which is mainly caused by the length heteroplasmy of control region(CR).Further analysis reveals that the difference of tandem repeats acts as a determining factor resulting in the length heterogeneity.Like most gene rearrangements of Cynoglossinae mitogenomes,tRNA-Gln gene encoded by the L-strand has translocated to the H-strand(Q inversion),accompanied by the translocation of CR in C.puncticpes mitogenome.The typical IQM order(tRNA-Ile-Gln-Met)changed to QIM order.Tandem duplication/random loss and mitochondrial recombination were accepted as the most possible models to account for the rearrangements in C.puncticpes mitogenome.Phylogenetic trees showed a strong correlation between the gap spacer in the rearranged QIM area and phylogeny,which provides a fresh idea for phylogenetic studies in future.展开更多
Complete mitochondrial genomes(mitogenomes) can provide useful information for phylogenetic relationships,gene rearrangement, and molecular evolution. In the present study, two newly sequenced mitogenomes of Ocypodoid...Complete mitochondrial genomes(mitogenomes) can provide useful information for phylogenetic relationships,gene rearrangement, and molecular evolution. In the present study, two newly sequenced mitogenomes of Ocypodoidea(Cleistostoma dilatatum and Euplax sp.) were reported for the first time, which are 15 444 bp and16 129 bp in length, respectively. Cleistostoma dilatatum is the first species in the family Camptandriidae whose complete mitogenome was sequenced. Each mitogenome contains an entire set of 37 genes and a putative control region, but their gene arrangements are largely different. Tandem duplication and random loss model is proposed to account for their gene arrangements. Comparative genomic analyses of 19 mitogenomes clustering in one branch reveal that 18 of them shared the same gene rearrangement, while that of C. dilatatum mitogenome was consistent with the ancestral gene arrangement of Brachyura. The dN/dS ratio analysis shows that all PCGs are evolving under purifying selection. Phylogenetic analyses show that all Macrophalmidae species cluster together as a group, and then form a sister clade with Camptandriidae. Moreover, the polyphyly of three superfamilies(Ocypodoidea, Eriphioidea, and Grapsoidea) is reconfirmed. These findings help to confirm the phylogenetic position of Camptandriidae, as well as provide new insights into the phylogeny of Brachyura.展开更多
The conventional theory of concerted evolution has been used to explain the lack of sequence variation in ribosomal RNA(rRNA)genes across diverse eukaryotic species.However,recent investigations into rRNA genes in fla...The conventional theory of concerted evolution has been used to explain the lack of sequence variation in ribosomal RNA(rRNA)genes across diverse eukaryotic species.However,recent investigations into rRNA genes in flatfish genome have resulted in controversial findings.This study focuses on 18S rRNA genes of the widely distributed tongue sole,Cynoglossus abbreviatus(Pleuronectiformes:Cynoglossidae),aiming to explore sequence polymorphism.Five distinct 18S rDNA sequence types(Type A,B,R1,R2,and R3)were identified,suggesting a departure from concerted evolution.A combination of general criteria and variations in highly conserved regions were employed to detect pseudogenes.The results pinpointed Type A sequences as potential pseudogenes due to significant sequence variations and deviations in secondary structure within highly conserved regions.Three types(Type R1,R2,and R3)were identified as recombinants between Type A and B sequences,with simple crossing over and gene conversion as the most likely recombination mechanisms.These findings not only contribute to rRNA pseudogene identification but also shed light on the evolutionary dynamics of rRNA genes in teleost genomes.展开更多
AIM： To identify clonality and genetic alterations in focal nodular hyperplasia （FNH） and the nodules derived from it. METHODS： Twelve FNH lesions were examined. Twelve hepatocellular adenomas （HCAs） and 22 hepa...AIM： To identify clonality and genetic alterations in focal nodular hyperplasia （FNH） and the nodules derived from it. METHODS： Twelve FNH lesions were examined. Twelve hepatocellular adenomas （HCAs） and 22 hepatocellular carcinomas （HCCs） were used as references. Nodules of different types were identified and isolated from FNH by microdissection. An X-chromosome inactivation assay was employed to describe their clonality status. Loss of heterozygosity （LOH） was detected, using 57 markers, for genetic alterations.RESULTS： Nodules of altered hepatocytes （NAH）, the putative precursors of HCA and HCC, were found in all the FNH lesions. Polyclonality was revealed in 10 FNH lesions from female patients, and LOH was not detected in any of the six FNH lesions examined, the results apparently showing their polyclonal nature. In contrast, monoclonality was demonstrated in all the eight HCAs and in four of the HCCs from females, and allelic imbalances were found in the HCAs （9/9） and HCCs （15/18）, with chromosomal arms 11p, 13q and 17p affected in the former, and 6q, 8p, 11p, 16q and 17p affected in the latter lesions in high frequencies （≥ 30%）. Monodonality was revealed in 21 （40%） of the 52 microdissected NAH, but was not found in any of the five ordinary nodules. LOH was found in all of the 13 NAH tested, being highly frequent at six loci on 8p, 11p, 13q and 17p. CONCLUSION： FNH, as a whole, is polyclonal, but some of the NAH lesions derived from it are already neoplastic and harbor similar allelic imbalances as HCAs.展开更多
We report a case of liver cell adenoma （LCA） in a 33-year-old female patient with special respect to its clonality status, pathogenic factors and differential diagnosis. The case was examined by histopathology, immu...We report a case of liver cell adenoma （LCA） in a 33-year-old female patient with special respect to its clonality status, pathogenic factors and differential diagnosis. The case was examined by histopathology, immunohistochemistry and a clonality assay based on X-chromosomal inactivation mosaicism in female somatic tissues and polymorphism at androgen receptor focus. The clinicopathological features of the reported cases from China and other countries were compared. The lesion was spherical, sizing 2 cm in its maximal dimension. Histologically, it was composed of cells arranged in cords, most of which were two-cell-thick and separated by sinusoids. Focal fatty change and excessive glycogen storage were observed. The tumor cells were round or polygonal in shape, resembling the surrounding parenchymal cells. Mitosis was not found. No portal tract, central vein or ductule was found within the lesion. The tumor tissue showed a positive reaction for cytokeratin （CK） 18, but not for CK19, vimentin, estrogen and progesterone receptors. Monoclonality was demonstrated for the lesion, confirming the diagnosis of an LCA. Clonality analysis is helpful for its distinction from focal nodular hyperplasia.K展开更多
Complete mitochondrial genomes(mitogenomes)can indicate phylogenetic relationships,as well as useful information for gene rearrangement mechanisms and molecular evolution.Currently,the phylogenetic location of the gen...Complete mitochondrial genomes(mitogenomes)can indicate phylogenetic relationships,as well as useful information for gene rearrangement mechanisms and molecular evolution.Currently,the phylogenetic location of the genus Varuna(Brachyura:Varunidae)has not been well resolved mainly because of limited representatives(only two extant species).Here,we determined a new mitogenome of this genus(Varuna litterata)and added the published mitogenomes to reconstruct the phylogeny of Varunidae.The 16368-bp mitogenome contains the entire set of 37 genes and a putative control region.The characteristics of this newly sequenced mitogenome were described and compared with the other 15 Varunidae mitogenomes.All 16 analyzed mitogenomes have identical gene order and similar molecular features.The sliding window and genetic distance analyses demonstrate highly variable nucleotide diversity,with comparatively low variability of COI and COII,and high variability of ND6.The nonsynonymous/synonymous substitution rates(dN/dS ratio)analysis shows that all 13 PCGs are under purifying selection and ATP8 gene evolves under the least selective pressure.Twelve tRNA genes,two rRNAs,one PCG,and the putative control region are found to be rearranged with respect to the pancrustacean ground pattern gene order.Tandem duplication/random loss model is adopted to explain the large-scale gene rearrangement events occurring in Varunidae mitogenomes.Phylogenetic analyses show that all Varunidae species are placed into one group,and form a sister clade with Macrophthalmidae.Nevertheless,the phylogenetic relationships within Varunidae are not completely consistent based on the two different datasets used in this study.These findings will contribute to a better understanding of gene rearrangement and molecular evolution in Varunidae mitogenomes,as well as provide insights into the phylogenetic studies of Brachyura.展开更多
Primary malignant melanoma of the liver is an exceedingly rare tumor. Only 12 cases have been reported in the worldwide literature. We present a case of isolated malignant melanoma of the liver occurring in a 36-year-...Primary malignant melanoma of the liver is an exceedingly rare tumor. Only 12 cases have been reported in the worldwide literature. We present a case of isolated malignant melanoma of the liver occurring in a 36-year-old Chinese male patient. Comprehensive dermatologic and ophthalmologic examinations revealed no evidence of a cutaneous or ocular primary lesion. Other lesions in brain, respiratory tract, lung, gastrointestinal tract and anus, were not demonstrated by serial position emission tomography (PET). Microscopic examination of the resected specimen revealed a malignant melanoma, which was confi rmed by immunohistochemical staining for HMB-45, S-100 protein, melanoma-pan and vimentin. Moreover, electron microscopy demonstrated melanosomes in tumor cell cytoplasm. Our case shows that primary malignant melanoma may occur in the liver and should be considered when the histopathological appearance is not typical for other hepatic neoplasm.展开更多
Natural loess slopes are characterized by a strong geological structure,which is an important factor in maintaining slope stability.The magnitude and duration of the earthquake may disturb the soil structure at differ...Natural loess slopes are characterized by a strong geological structure,which is an important factor in maintaining slope stability.The magnitude and duration of the earthquake may disturb the soil structure at different levels degrees,locally changing the arrangement between soil particles.The process of rainfall humidification weakens the cementation between soil particles,and the disturbance and humidification change the structural state of the soil,which in turn causes sliding of the slope along with the decay of soil mechanical properties.As slope instability is often the result of a series of post-earthquake ripple effects,it is of great scientific significance to study the mechanism of slope instability due to the structural decay of earthquake-damaged loess exacerbated by rainfall.In this paper,the impact of structural decay of loess on slope stability is simulated by GEOSTUDIO software under three conditions:pre-earthquake rainfall,post-earthquake rainfall and earthquake,taking the landslide in Buzi Village,Min County,Gansu Province as an example.The comparative analysis of the calculation results shows that the structural properties of the slope without earthquake disturbance are influenced by infil-tration amount.When it is fully saturated,the structural properties are similar to those of saturated soil,and the safety factor is reduced by 12.9%.In addition,the earthquake intensity and duration have different degrees of structural damage to the soil.When the structure is fully damaged,it is similar to that of remodelled soil,and the safety factor is reduced by 45.84%.Notably,the process of the earthquake and the following humidification generates the most serious damage to the loess structure,with a reduction in the safety factor of up to 56.15%.The quantitative analysis above obviously illustrates that the post-earthquake rainfall causes the most severe damage to structural loess slopes,and the resulting landslide hazard should not be underestimated.展开更多
Here,we sequenced the complete mitogenome of Parasesarma eumolpe(Brachyura:Grapsoidea:Sesarmidae)for the first time.The characteristics of this newly sequenced mitogenome were described and compared with other Sesarmi...Here,we sequenced the complete mitogenome of Parasesarma eumolpe(Brachyura:Grapsoidea:Sesarmidae)for the first time.The characteristics of this newly sequenced mitogenome were described and compared with other Sesarmidae species.The 15646-bp mitogenome contains 13 protein-coding genes(PCGs),two ribosomal RNA genes(r RNAs),22 transfer RNA genes(t RNAs),and an A-T rich region.All of the PCGs are initiated by the start codon ATN and terminated by the standard TAN codon or an incomplete T.The pairwise Ka/Ks ratio analysis shows that all 13 PCGs are under purifying selection,whereas the ATP8 gene is an outlier,with pairwise comparison values ranging from neutral selection(0.000)to positive selection(1.039).The gene arrangement of P.eumolpe compared with ancestral Decapoda shows the translocation of two t RNAs(t RNA-His and t RNA-Gln),which is identical to other Sesarmidae species.Phylogenetic analyses show that all Sesarmidae species are placed into one group,and the polyphyly of Eriphioidea,Ocypodoidea,and Grapsoidea is well supported.The relationship between gaps in the QIM region and the phylogeny of Sesarmidae is analyzed.It is obvious that both the G5(the gap between Q and I)and G6(the gap between I and M)decrease progressively with the evolution process.These results will help to better understand the genomic evolution within Sesarmidae and provide insights into the phylogeny of Brachyura.展开更多
BACKGROUND： It is hard to cure the open traumatic brain injury （TBI）, especially for the brain functional recovery after brain injury. In this regard, traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has a wide prospect. OBJEC...BACKGROUND： It is hard to cure the open traumatic brain injury （TBI）, especially for the brain functional recovery after brain injury. In this regard, traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has a wide prospect. OBJECTIVE： To observe the effect of Huayu capsule on limb-catching capability of rat models of open TBI, and investigate its possible mechanism. DESIGN： Randomized and controlled study. SETTING： Grade 3 Pharmacological Laboratory of TCM, State Administration of TCM, Chengdu University of TCM. MATERIALS： This study was performed from October 2005 to January 2006. Fifty Sprague-Dawley rats of either gender, aged 3 months old, weighing from 190 to 220 g, were involved in this study. Huayu capsule was made and supplied by the Department of TCM Processing of Chengdu University of TCM, Lot No. 050121; Xuefuzhuyu oral liquid was manufactured by Jilin Aodong Yanbian Pharmaceutical Industry Co.,Ltd., Lot No. 050406. METHODS： Open right parietal lobe TBI rat models were made as described in references. The involved rat models were randomized into 5 groups according to gender and body mass： model group, high-, middle-, low-dose Huayu capsule groups and Xuefuzhuyu oral liquid group, with 10 rats in each. Rats in the model group were administrated with distilled water of 5 mL/kg; Rats in the high-, middle- and low-dose Huayu capsule groups were administrated with 1.030, 0.515, 0.258 g/kg raw herbs; Rats in the Xuefuzhuyu oral liquid group were administrated with Xuefuzhuyu oral liquid of 5 mL/kg, intragastrically once a day for 7 days successively for all after recovering consciousness from anesthetization. ① One hour after administration on the 6^th day, rats in each group were placed on a 100 cm fine straight iron wire paralleling to the ground and 20 cm above the operational table. The time of the rats keeping on the wire was counted and it indicated the nerve-muscle catching capability. The longer the remained time, the better the nerve-muscle catching capability.② Twenty-four hours after the administration on the 7^th day, the samples of the whole brain were carefully taken out and stained by toluidine blue for observing the morphology of cells in the injured brain tissue. ③ The nerve cells in 4 visual fields from 4 directions （upper, lower, left, right） of injured area of brain tissue were counted. The amount was the total number of the four visual fields. The nerve cells in the injured brain tissue were measured by the same way. ④ On the basis of nerve cell counting, the content of Nissl＇s body in the corresponding nerve cells was measured. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： ①Nerve-muscle catching capability. ②Histopathomorphological examination of the injured areas in brain. ③Measurement of nerve cells and macrophages in the injured areas of brain. ④Measurement of content of Nissl＇s body in the injured areas of brain. RESULTS： All the 50 rats were involved in the final analysis. ①The catching time of rats in the high- and middle-dose Huayu capsule groups as well as Xuefuzhuyu oral liquid group was extended to （ 23.6 ± 10.12 ）, （ 18.6 ± 8.17 ） and （22.6 ± 9.43） s, respectively, which was significantly higher than that in the model group [ （12.1 ± 4.15） s, P 〈 0.05 - 0.01 ]. ② The injured areas of brain tissue of rats in the Huayu capsule-treated groups and Xuefuzhuyu oral liquid group were decreased to different extents. The nerve cells adjacent to brain injured area were increased. ③ The number of macrophages around the brain injured area of rats in the high- and middle-dose Huayu capsule groups as well as Xuefuzhuyu oral liquid group was 63.9 ± 7.99, 59.7 ± 7.41 and 62.9 ± 7.37, respectively, which was significantly larger than that in the model group （49.2 ± 8.00, P 〈 0.01 ） . The number of nerve cells adjacent to brain injured area of rats in the high-, middle-, and low-dose Huayu capsule groups as well as Xuefuzhuyu oral liquid group was 86.2 ± 25.93, 93.5 ± 31.79, 92.1 ± 14.54 and 125.2 ±34.25, respectively, which was significantly larger than that in the model group （62.5 ± 16.98, P 〈 0.05 -0.01 ） .④ The total area, the total and integral absorbance, the average gray degree of Nissl＇s body in the cytoplasm of nerve cells of rats in the Huayu capsule-treated groups and Xuefuzhuyu oral liquid group were all significantly increased （P 〈 0.05 - 0.01）. CONCLUSION： Huayu capsule at different doses can promote the limb-catching capability of rat models of open TBI to different extent. This promoting effect may be related to increasing macrophages in the injured area, lessening the apoptosis of nerve cells and increasing the content of Nissl＇s body in the nerve cells.展开更多
基金The Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province under contract No.LY21C190007the Basic Scientific Research Operating Expenses of Zhejiang Provincial Universities under contract No.2021JZ003the Zhoushan Science and Technology Bureau under contract No.2021C21007。
文摘Generally,a teleostean group(e.g.,family or genus)owns one type or a set of similar mitochondrial gene arrangement.It is interesting,however,that four different types of gene arrangement have been found in the mitochondrial genome(mitogenome)of Cynoglossidae species.So far,the possible mechanisms of mitogenomic gene rearrangement and its potential implications have aroused widespread attention and caused lots of controversy.Here,a total of 21 Cynoglossidae mitogenomes and a newly sequenced mitogenome of Cynoglossus puncticpes(Pleuronectiformes:Cynoglossidae)were compared.The length ranges from 16417 bp to 18369 bp,which is mainly caused by the length heteroplasmy of control region(CR).Further analysis reveals that the difference of tandem repeats acts as a determining factor resulting in the length heterogeneity.Like most gene rearrangements of Cynoglossinae mitogenomes,tRNA-Gln gene encoded by the L-strand has translocated to the H-strand(Q inversion),accompanied by the translocation of CR in C.puncticpes mitogenome.The typical IQM order(tRNA-Ile-Gln-Met)changed to QIM order.Tandem duplication/random loss and mitochondrial recombination were accepted as the most possible models to account for the rearrangements in C.puncticpes mitogenome.Phylogenetic trees showed a strong correlation between the gap spacer in the rearranged QIM area and phylogeny,which provides a fresh idea for phylogenetic studies in future.
文摘Complete mitochondrial genomes(mitogenomes) can provide useful information for phylogenetic relationships,gene rearrangement, and molecular evolution. In the present study, two newly sequenced mitogenomes of Ocypodoidea(Cleistostoma dilatatum and Euplax sp.) were reported for the first time, which are 15 444 bp and16 129 bp in length, respectively. Cleistostoma dilatatum is the first species in the family Camptandriidae whose complete mitogenome was sequenced. Each mitogenome contains an entire set of 37 genes and a putative control region, but their gene arrangements are largely different. Tandem duplication and random loss model is proposed to account for their gene arrangements. Comparative genomic analyses of 19 mitogenomes clustering in one branch reveal that 18 of them shared the same gene rearrangement, while that of C. dilatatum mitogenome was consistent with the ancestral gene arrangement of Brachyura. The dN/dS ratio analysis shows that all PCGs are evolving under purifying selection. Phylogenetic analyses show that all Macrophalmidae species cluster together as a group, and then form a sister clade with Camptandriidae. Moreover, the polyphyly of three superfamilies(Ocypodoidea, Eriphioidea, and Grapsoidea) is reconfirmed. These findings help to confirm the phylogenetic position of Camptandriidae, as well as provide new insights into the phylogeny of Brachyura.
基金The Basic Scientific Research Operating Expenses of Zhejiang Provincial Universities under contract 2021JZ003the Zhoushan Science and Technology Bureau under contract No.2021C21007+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province under contract Y21C190023the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract 31272273.
文摘The conventional theory of concerted evolution has been used to explain the lack of sequence variation in ribosomal RNA(rRNA)genes across diverse eukaryotic species.However,recent investigations into rRNA genes in flatfish genome have resulted in controversial findings.This study focuses on 18S rRNA genes of the widely distributed tongue sole,Cynoglossus abbreviatus(Pleuronectiformes:Cynoglossidae),aiming to explore sequence polymorphism.Five distinct 18S rDNA sequence types(Type A,B,R1,R2,and R3)were identified,suggesting a departure from concerted evolution.A combination of general criteria and variations in highly conserved regions were employed to detect pseudogenes.The results pinpointed Type A sequences as potential pseudogenes due to significant sequence variations and deviations in secondary structure within highly conserved regions.Three types(Type R1,R2,and R3)were identified as recombinants between Type A and B sequences,with simple crossing over and gene conversion as the most likely recombination mechanisms.These findings not only contribute to rRNA pseudogene identification but also shed light on the evolutionary dynamics of rRNA genes in teleost genomes.
基金Supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), Grants 30171052, 30572125 and 30772508the CAMS Cancer Hospital Clinical Research Project LC2007A21
文摘AIM： To identify clonality and genetic alterations in focal nodular hyperplasia （FNH） and the nodules derived from it. METHODS： Twelve FNH lesions were examined. Twelve hepatocellular adenomas （HCAs） and 22 hepatocellular carcinomas （HCCs） were used as references. Nodules of different types were identified and isolated from FNH by microdissection. An X-chromosome inactivation assay was employed to describe their clonality status. Loss of heterozygosity （LOH） was detected, using 57 markers, for genetic alterations.RESULTS： Nodules of altered hepatocytes （NAH）, the putative precursors of HCA and HCC, were found in all the FNH lesions. Polyclonality was revealed in 10 FNH lesions from female patients, and LOH was not detected in any of the six FNH lesions examined, the results apparently showing their polyclonal nature. In contrast, monoclonality was demonstrated in all the eight HCAs and in four of the HCCs from females, and allelic imbalances were found in the HCAs （9/9） and HCCs （15/18）, with chromosomal arms 11p, 13q and 17p affected in the former, and 6q, 8p, 11p, 16q and 17p affected in the latter lesions in high frequencies （≥ 30%）. Monodonality was revealed in 21 （40%） of the 52 microdissected NAH, but was not found in any of the five ordinary nodules. LOH was found in all of the 13 NAH tested, being highly frequent at six loci on 8p, 11p, 13q and 17p. CONCLUSION： FNH, as a whole, is polyclonal, but some of the NAH lesions derived from it are already neoplastic and harbor similar allelic imbalances as HCAs.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 30171052 and No. 30572125
文摘We report a case of liver cell adenoma （LCA） in a 33-year-old female patient with special respect to its clonality status, pathogenic factors and differential diagnosis. The case was examined by histopathology, immunohistochemistry and a clonality assay based on X-chromosomal inactivation mosaicism in female somatic tissues and polymorphism at androgen receptor focus. The clinicopathological features of the reported cases from China and other countries were compared. The lesion was spherical, sizing 2 cm in its maximal dimension. Histologically, it was composed of cells arranged in cords, most of which were two-cell-thick and separated by sinusoids. Focal fatty change and excessive glycogen storage were observed. The tumor cells were round or polygonal in shape, resembling the surrounding parenchymal cells. Mitosis was not found. No portal tract, central vein or ductule was found within the lesion. The tumor tissue showed a positive reaction for cytokeratin （CK） 18, but not for CK19, vimentin, estrogen and progesterone receptors. Monoclonality was demonstrated for the lesion, confirming the diagnosis of an LCA. Clonality analysis is helpful for its distinction from focal nodular hyperplasia.K
基金The Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province under contract No.LY21C190007。
文摘Complete mitochondrial genomes(mitogenomes)can indicate phylogenetic relationships,as well as useful information for gene rearrangement mechanisms and molecular evolution.Currently,the phylogenetic location of the genus Varuna(Brachyura:Varunidae)has not been well resolved mainly because of limited representatives(only two extant species).Here,we determined a new mitogenome of this genus(Varuna litterata)and added the published mitogenomes to reconstruct the phylogeny of Varunidae.The 16368-bp mitogenome contains the entire set of 37 genes and a putative control region.The characteristics of this newly sequenced mitogenome were described and compared with the other 15 Varunidae mitogenomes.All 16 analyzed mitogenomes have identical gene order and similar molecular features.The sliding window and genetic distance analyses demonstrate highly variable nucleotide diversity,with comparatively low variability of COI and COII,and high variability of ND6.The nonsynonymous/synonymous substitution rates(dN/dS ratio)analysis shows that all 13 PCGs are under purifying selection and ATP8 gene evolves under the least selective pressure.Twelve tRNA genes,two rRNAs,one PCG,and the putative control region are found to be rearranged with respect to the pancrustacean ground pattern gene order.Tandem duplication/random loss model is adopted to explain the large-scale gene rearrangement events occurring in Varunidae mitogenomes.Phylogenetic analyses show that all Varunidae species are placed into one group,and form a sister clade with Macrophthalmidae.Nevertheless,the phylogenetic relationships within Varunidae are not completely consistent based on the two different datasets used in this study.These findings will contribute to a better understanding of gene rearrangement and molecular evolution in Varunidae mitogenomes,as well as provide insights into the phylogenetic studies of Brachyura.
文摘Primary malignant melanoma of the liver is an exceedingly rare tumor. Only 12 cases have been reported in the worldwide literature. We present a case of isolated malignant melanoma of the liver occurring in a 36-year-old Chinese male patient. Comprehensive dermatologic and ophthalmologic examinations revealed no evidence of a cutaneous or ocular primary lesion. Other lesions in brain, respiratory tract, lung, gastrointestinal tract and anus, were not demonstrated by serial position emission tomography (PET). Microscopic examination of the resected specimen revealed a malignant melanoma, which was confi rmed by immunohistochemical staining for HMB-45, S-100 protein, melanoma-pan and vimentin. Moreover, electron microscopy demonstrated melanosomes in tumor cell cytoplasm. Our case shows that primary malignant melanoma may occur in the liver and should be considered when the histopathological appearance is not typical for other hepatic neoplasm.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51969011)the Gansu Science and Technology Program of China(20JR10RA274,21JR7RA301).
文摘Natural loess slopes are characterized by a strong geological structure,which is an important factor in maintaining slope stability.The magnitude and duration of the earthquake may disturb the soil structure at different levels degrees,locally changing the arrangement between soil particles.The process of rainfall humidification weakens the cementation between soil particles,and the disturbance and humidification change the structural state of the soil,which in turn causes sliding of the slope along with the decay of soil mechanical properties.As slope instability is often the result of a series of post-earthquake ripple effects,it is of great scientific significance to study the mechanism of slope instability due to the structural decay of earthquake-damaged loess exacerbated by rainfall.In this paper,the impact of structural decay of loess on slope stability is simulated by GEOSTUDIO software under three conditions:pre-earthquake rainfall,post-earthquake rainfall and earthquake,taking the landslide in Buzi Village,Min County,Gansu Province as an example.The comparative analysis of the calculation results shows that the structural properties of the slope without earthquake disturbance are influenced by infil-tration amount.When it is fully saturated,the structural properties are similar to those of saturated soil,and the safety factor is reduced by 12.9%.In addition,the earthquake intensity and duration have different degrees of structural damage to the soil.When the structure is fully damaged,it is similar to that of remodelled soil,and the safety factor is reduced by 45.84%.Notably,the process of the earthquake and the following humidification generates the most serious damage to the loess structure,with a reduction in the safety factor of up to 56.15%.The quantitative analysis above obviously illustrates that the post-earthquake rainfall causes the most severe damage to structural loess slopes,and the resulting landslide hazard should not be underestimated.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.41706176the Basic Scientific Research Operating Expenses of Zhejiang Provincial Universities under contract No.2019J00022。
文摘Here,we sequenced the complete mitogenome of Parasesarma eumolpe(Brachyura:Grapsoidea:Sesarmidae)for the first time.The characteristics of this newly sequenced mitogenome were described and compared with other Sesarmidae species.The 15646-bp mitogenome contains 13 protein-coding genes(PCGs),two ribosomal RNA genes(r RNAs),22 transfer RNA genes(t RNAs),and an A-T rich region.All of the PCGs are initiated by the start codon ATN and terminated by the standard TAN codon or an incomplete T.The pairwise Ka/Ks ratio analysis shows that all 13 PCGs are under purifying selection,whereas the ATP8 gene is an outlier,with pairwise comparison values ranging from neutral selection(0.000)to positive selection(1.039).The gene arrangement of P.eumolpe compared with ancestral Decapoda shows the translocation of two t RNAs(t RNA-His and t RNA-Gln),which is identical to other Sesarmidae species.Phylogenetic analyses show that all Sesarmidae species are placed into one group,and the polyphyly of Eriphioidea,Ocypodoidea,and Grapsoidea is well supported.The relationship between gaps in the QIM region and the phylogeny of Sesarmidae is analyzed.It is obvious that both the G5(the gap between Q and I)and G6(the gap between I and M)decrease progressively with the evolution process.These results will help to better understand the genomic evolution within Sesarmidae and provide insights into the phylogeny of Brachyura.
文摘BACKGROUND： It is hard to cure the open traumatic brain injury （TBI）, especially for the brain functional recovery after brain injury. In this regard, traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has a wide prospect. OBJECTIVE： To observe the effect of Huayu capsule on limb-catching capability of rat models of open TBI, and investigate its possible mechanism. DESIGN： Randomized and controlled study. SETTING： Grade 3 Pharmacological Laboratory of TCM, State Administration of TCM, Chengdu University of TCM. MATERIALS： This study was performed from October 2005 to January 2006. Fifty Sprague-Dawley rats of either gender, aged 3 months old, weighing from 190 to 220 g, were involved in this study. Huayu capsule was made and supplied by the Department of TCM Processing of Chengdu University of TCM, Lot No. 050121; Xuefuzhuyu oral liquid was manufactured by Jilin Aodong Yanbian Pharmaceutical Industry Co.,Ltd., Lot No. 050406. METHODS： Open right parietal lobe TBI rat models were made as described in references. The involved rat models were randomized into 5 groups according to gender and body mass： model group, high-, middle-, low-dose Huayu capsule groups and Xuefuzhuyu oral liquid group, with 10 rats in each. Rats in the model group were administrated with distilled water of 5 mL/kg; Rats in the high-, middle- and low-dose Huayu capsule groups were administrated with 1.030, 0.515, 0.258 g/kg raw herbs; Rats in the Xuefuzhuyu oral liquid group were administrated with Xuefuzhuyu oral liquid of 5 mL/kg, intragastrically once a day for 7 days successively for all after recovering consciousness from anesthetization. ① One hour after administration on the 6^th day, rats in each group were placed on a 100 cm fine straight iron wire paralleling to the ground and 20 cm above the operational table. The time of the rats keeping on the wire was counted and it indicated the nerve-muscle catching capability. The longer the remained time, the better the nerve-muscle catching capability.② Twenty-four hours after the administration on the 7^th day, the samples of the whole brain were carefully taken out and stained by toluidine blue for observing the morphology of cells in the injured brain tissue. ③ The nerve cells in 4 visual fields from 4 directions （upper, lower, left, right） of injured area of brain tissue were counted. The amount was the total number of the four visual fields. The nerve cells in the injured brain tissue were measured by the same way. ④ On the basis of nerve cell counting, the content of Nissl＇s body in the corresponding nerve cells was measured. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： ①Nerve-muscle catching capability. ②Histopathomorphological examination of the injured areas in brain. ③Measurement of nerve cells and macrophages in the injured areas of brain. ④Measurement of content of Nissl＇s body in the injured areas of brain. RESULTS： All the 50 rats were involved in the final analysis. ①The catching time of rats in the high- and middle-dose Huayu capsule groups as well as Xuefuzhuyu oral liquid group was extended to （ 23.6 ± 10.12 ）, （ 18.6 ± 8.17 ） and （22.6 ± 9.43） s, respectively, which was significantly higher than that in the model group [ （12.1 ± 4.15） s, P 〈 0.05 - 0.01 ]. ② The injured areas of brain tissue of rats in the Huayu capsule-treated groups and Xuefuzhuyu oral liquid group were decreased to different extents. The nerve cells adjacent to brain injured area were increased. ③ The number of macrophages around the brain injured area of rats in the high- and middle-dose Huayu capsule groups as well as Xuefuzhuyu oral liquid group was 63.9 ± 7.99, 59.7 ± 7.41 and 62.9 ± 7.37, respectively, which was significantly larger than that in the model group （49.2 ± 8.00, P 〈 0.01 ） . The number of nerve cells adjacent to brain injured area of rats in the high-, middle-, and low-dose Huayu capsule groups as well as Xuefuzhuyu oral liquid group was 86.2 ± 25.93, 93.5 ± 31.79, 92.1 ± 14.54 and 125.2 ±34.25, respectively, which was significantly larger than that in the model group （62.5 ± 16.98, P 〈 0.05 -0.01 ） .④ The total area, the total and integral absorbance, the average gray degree of Nissl＇s body in the cytoplasm of nerve cells of rats in the Huayu capsule-treated groups and Xuefuzhuyu oral liquid group were all significantly increased （P 〈 0.05 - 0.01）. CONCLUSION： Huayu capsule at different doses can promote the limb-catching capability of rat models of open TBI to different extent. This promoting effect may be related to increasing macrophages in the injured area, lessening the apoptosis of nerve cells and increasing the content of Nissl＇s body in the nerve cells.
