社区衰弱和肌少症老年人膳食营养干预的障碍和促进因素:质性 研究的meta整合

目的随着老龄化社会进程加速,老年人躯体衰弱和肌少症的患病率逐年上升,并带来诸多不良影响。膳食营养是防治躯体衰弱和肌少症的重要方式,但在社区环境中实施膳食营养干预受到诸多复杂因素影响。本综述旨在对相关研究中的促进和障碍因素进行系统综述,为制订相关健康管理方案提供参考。方法在Pub Med. .Web of Science 、Medline(Ovid). Embase(Ovid)和Cochrane Library 数据库进行检索,发表时间限定为建库至2023年1月。使用主题词和自由词组合完成检索。使用英国牛津大学循证医学中心质性研究质量评价工具(the Critical Appraisal Skills Program Qualiative Sudies Checklist)对 纳入研究进行质量评价。利用社会生态建模框架对提取的信息进行编码和分析。本综述方案已在PROSPERO注册(CRD42022381339)。结果共纳入10项研究。其中,4项研究仅进行营养相关干预,而膳食营养和运动干预相结合的有6项。根据社会生态模型,从个体特征、外部环境和干预措施3个层面对促进和障碍因素进行了总结,包含10个副主题。结论对社区中的躯体衰弱和肌少症老年人实施膳食营养干预措施时,应整合个人内部动机和外部支持,为参与者制订“量身定制”的干预方案,并最大程度地优化可利用的人力和物理资源。

Systematic analysis of DNA polymerases as therapeutic targets in pan-cancers

Introduction:DNA polymerases are crucial for maintaining genome stability and influencing tumorigenesis.However,the clinical implications of DNA polymerases in tumorigenesis and their potential as anti-cancer therapy targets are not well understood.Methods:We conducted a systematic analysis using TCGA Pan-Cancer Atlas data and Gene Set Cancer Analysis results to examine the expression profiles of 15 DNA polymerases(POLYs)and their clinical correlations.We also evaluated the prognostic value of POLYs by analyzing their expression levels in relation to overall survival time(OS)using Kaplan-Meier survival curves.Additionally,we investigated the correlations between POLY expression and immune cells,DNA damage repair(DDR)pathways,and ubiquitination.Drug sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the relationship between POLY expression and drug response.Results:Our analysis revealed that 14 out of 15 POLYs exhibited significantly distinct expression patterns between tumor and normal samples across most cancer types,except for DNA nucleotidylexotransferase(DNTT).Specifically,POLD1 and POLE showed elevated expression in almost all cancers,while POLQ exhibited high expression levels in all cancer types.Some POLYs showed heightened expression in specific cancer subtypes,while others exhibited low expression.Kaplan-Meier survival curves demonstrated significant prognostic value of POLYs in multiple cancers,including PAAD,KIRC,and ACC.Cox analysis further validated these findings.Alteration patterns of POLYs varied significantly among different cancer types and were associated with poorer survival outcomes.Significant correlations were observed between the expression of POLY members and immune cells,DDR pathways,and ubiquitination.Drug sensitivity analysis indicated an inverse relationship between POLY expression and drug response.Conclusion:Our comprehensive study highlights the significant role of POLYs in cancer development and identifies them as promising prognostic and immunological biomarkers for various cancer types.Additionally,targeting POLYs therapeutically holds promise for tumor immunotherapy.

Mn,P共掺杂MoS_(2)微米花的制备及其电解水析氢性能

提出一种阴、阳离子共掺杂策略,采用一步水热法成功制备Mn,P共掺杂的MoS_(2)微米花(Mn,P)-MoS_(2)析氢电催化剂。通过X射线衍射、拉曼光谱、扫描电子显微镜、X射线能谱和X射线光电子能谱等方法对(Mn,P)-MoS_(2)的结构、形貌、成分及化合价态进行表征,并使用电化学工作站对其电解水析氢性能进行测试。结果表明:Mn,P原子被成功掺入MoS_(2)晶格中;(Mn,P)-MoS_(2)在电流密度为10 mA·cm^(-2)时的析氢过电位为235 mV,塔菲尔斜率为61.2 mV·dec^(-1),远低于纯MoS_(2)及单一的Mn或P掺杂MoS_(2),具备良好的析氢稳定性。(Mn,P)-MoS_(2)具有优异的析氢性能可归因于:Mn,P的掺入激活MoS_(2)的惰性基面,优化MoS_(2)的电子结构,提升其电导率,且Mn,P的协同作用实现单一阴离子或阳离子掺杂的互补优势,增加面内析氢活性位点的数目,加快Volmer电化学吸附步骤的进行。

Seasonal Prediction Skill and Biases in GloSea5 Relating to the East Asia Winter Monsoon

The simulation and prediction of the climatology and interannual variability of the East Asia winter monsoon(EAWM),as well as the associated atmospheric circulation,was investigated using the hindcast data from Global Seasonal Forecast System version 5(GloSea5),with a focus on the evolution of model bias among different forecast lead times.While GloSea5 reproduces the climatological means of large-scale circulation systems related to the EAWM well,systematic biases exist,including a cold bias for most of China’s mainland,especially for North and Northeast China.GloSea5 shows robust skill in predicting the EAWM intensity index two months ahead,which can be attributed to the performance in representing the leading modes of surface air temperature and associated background circulation.GloSea5 realistically reproduces the synergistic effect of El Niño–Southern Oscillation(ENSO)and the Arctic Oscillation(AO)on the EAWM,especially for the western North Pacific anticyclone(WNPAC).Compared with the North Pacific and North America,the representation of circulation anomalies over Eurasia is poor,especially for sea level pressure(SLP),which limits the prediction skill for surface air temperature over East Asia.The representation of SLP anomalies might be associated with the model performance in simulating the interaction between atmospheric circulations and underlying surface conditions.

Apparent stress as an indicator of stress meta-instability:The 2021 M_(S)6.4 Yangbi earthquake in Yunnan,China

Investigating spatiotemporal changes in crustal stress associated with major earthquakes has implications for understanding seismogenic processes.However,in individual earthquake cases,the characteristics of the stress after it reaches its maximum value are rarely discussed.In this study,we use the 2021 M_S6.4 Yangbi earthquake in Yunnan,China and events of magnitudes M_L≥3.0 occurred in the surrounding area in the previous 11 years to investigate the spatiotemporal evolution of apparent stress.The results indicate that apparent stress began to increase in January 2015 and reached a maximum in January 2020.Apparent stress then remained at a high level until October 2020,after which it declined considerable.We suggest that the stress was in the accumulation stage from January 2015 to January 2020,and entered the meta-instability stage after October 2020.During the meta-instability stage,the zone of decreasing stress expanded continuously and the apparent stress increased around the Yangbi earthquake source region.These features are generally consistent with the results of laboratory rock stress experiments.We propose that apparent stress can be a good indicator for determining whether the stress at a specific location has entered the meta-instability stage and may become the epicenter of an impending strong earthquake.

A Preliminary Study of the Training of Drawing Skills for Civil Engineering Majors in Higher Vocational Colleges Under the “1+X” System

Architectural engineering drawing skills are one of the important standards of talent ability that construction enterprises pay attention to.Under the“1+X”system,as a pilot college of“1+X”in higher vocational education,and according to the standards of“Vocational Skill Level Certificate in Architectural Engineering Drawing,”a channel to improve students’core working skills is explored through the implementation of the teaching reform.

鉴定晚期肺腺癌EGFR-T790M耐药基因突变候选生物标志物

背景与目的奥希替尼(Osimertinib)是美国食品和药物管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)批准用于携带表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)-T790M突变的晚期非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)患者的药物,用药前需行EGFR-T790M检测。不少患者因进展病灶隐匿或体弱无法进行组织活检错过Osimertinib治疗,本研究希望能从血清中筛查出预测EGFR-T790M耐药突变相关蛋白,为临床用药提供帮助。本研究旨在探索EGFR-T790M耐药基因相关蛋白,为临床用药提供帮助。方法本研究纳入口服易瑞沙晚期肺腺癌患者36例,在疾病进展后行组织活检,使用ARMS方法检测出EGFR-T790M突变组患者18例,非EGFR-T790M突变组18例。收集耐药患者血清,采用同位素标记相对和绝对定量标记结合二维液相色谱串联质谱蛋白组学技术筛选与EGFR-T790M耐药相关蛋白。结果筛出17种差异性蛋白,与EGFR-T790M基因突变相关上调蛋白6种,下调蛋白11种,主要参与31种生物过程,7种细胞组分,26种分子功能;反应途径中共鉴定出12种富集途径,其中富集指数最高的是凝血级联途径。结论发现与EGFR-T790M耐药相关蛋白共17种,参与凝血级联途径蛋白有望成为预测EGFRT790M耐药突变相关的生物标志物。

MOF-Like 3D Graphene-Based Catalytic Membrane Fabricated by One-Step Laser Scribing for Robust Water Purification and Green Energy Production

Increasing both clean water and green energy demands for survival and development are the grand challenges of our age.Here,we successfully fabricate a novel multifunctional 3D graphene-based catalytic membrane(3D-GCM)with active metal nanoparticles(AMNs)loading for simultaneously obtaining the water purification and clean energy generation,via a“green”one-step laser scribing technology.The as-prepared 3D-GCM shows high porosity and uniform distribution with AMNs,which exhibits high permeated fluxes(over 100 L m^(−2) h^(−1))and versatile super-adsorption capacities for the removal of tricky organic pollutants from wastewater under ultra-low pressure-driving(0.1 bar).After adsorption saturating,the AMNs in 3D-GCM actuates the advanced oxidization process to self-clean the fouled membrane via the catalysis,and restores the adsorption capacity well for the next time membrane separation.Most importantly,the 3D-GCM with the welding of laser scribing overcomes the lateral shear force damaging during the long-term separation.Moreover,the 3D-GCM could emit plentiful of hot electrons from AMNs under light irradiation,realizing the membrane catalytic hydrolysis reactions for hydrogen energy generation.This“green”precision manufacturing with laser scribing technology provides a feasible technology to fabricate high-efficient and robust 3D-GCM microreactor in the tricky wastewater purification and sustainable clean energy production as well.

Evaluation of Soil Fertility Suitability of Yiliang Tobacco-growing Areas in Yunnan Province

[Objective]This study was conducted to evaluate the soil fertility in Yiliantobacco-growing areas of Hunan Province.[Method]The soil nutrient contents iseven tobacco-growing towns of Yiliang County,Yunnan Province were surveyefrom 2010 to 2013 and integrated soil fertility index（SFI value）was calculated tanalyze the soil fertility suitability in theses areas.[Result]The soil p H,contents oorganic matter,hydrolytic N,rapidly available K and available B were all at an appropriate level,while the contents of rapidly available P,available Mg,available Zand water-soluble Cl-were high.Among them,the contents of available P and water-soluble Cl-had great variation.Finally,the soil fertility suitability of Yiliang tobacco-growing areas was graded based on their SFI values.As a result,20%of thestobacco-growing areas were in Grade I,47.7%in Grade II,29.3%in Grade III1.5%in Grade IV and 1.5%in Grade V.The average SFI was 0.61.From 2010 t2013,the p H value and available Mg content reduced year by year,while the contents of organic matter,hydrolytic N,rapidly available P,rapidly available K,available Zn,available B and water-soluble Cl-were increased.

Polymorphism analysis of PARK2 gene mutations in Han Chinese patients with early-onset Parkinson's disease

The PARK2 gene is a common disease gene in Han Chinese patients with Parkinson＇s disease.The detection of mutations in the PARK2 gene remains low.To investigate the role PARK2 gene mutations play in the pathogenesis of Parkinson＇s disease,30 Han Chinese patients with early-onset Parkinson＇s disease and 38 normal controls were studied to determine the sequence changes of 1,4,6 and 7 exon sections.In the 30 patients with Parkinson＇s disease,a heterozygous intron mutation（nt 119,G→G/A）in exon 1 was detected in one case;a homozygous intron mutation（nt 526500,T→C）between intron 3 and exon 4 in fourteen cases was found;a heterozygous intron mutation（nt 526607,G→G/A）between intron 3 and exon 4 was observed in eight cases;an exon 6missense mutation（nt 754317,C→C/T;codon 193,CGG→CGG/TGG;aa 193,Arg→Arg/Trp）in three cases was seen;and an exon 7 missense mutation（nt 941943,C→A/C;codon 272,CTC→CTC/ATC;aa 272,Leu→Leu/lle）was found in one case.These changes were not found in the normal population.The results indicated that the PARK2 exons 6 and 7 mutations are possibly pathogenic mutations,along with the intron 3-exert 4 and exon 1 mutations.PARK2 gene mutations are possible factors leading to the onset of Parkinson＇s disease.

Investigation of Movement and Deposition Behaviors of Solid Particles in Hydraulic Water Reservoir via the CFD‑DEM Coupling Method

Solid contamination existing as solid particles in power fluid transmission systems may lead to transmission performance reduction,system failures,and component damage.The hydraulic reservoir will deposit the contamination and store hydraulic fluid.To investigate its purification ability for solid contamination,experiments and simulations for the motion and deposition status of the typical hydraulic system particles are carried out to reveal the interaction of particles and fluid in hydraulic water reservoirs.The results show that the CFD-DEM coupling method could predict the accurate deposition position of iron particles and sand particles when ignoring the small-scale turbulence effect in the flow field.Besides,the particle motion traces and deposition patterns in the reservoir illustrate that the flow development on the bottom surface results in the particles turning,and particles tend to settle in the low flow energy position.The motion of particles is also linked to particles Stokes number,and the same-size sand particles are easily driven by the fluid.The contribution of this paper could provide a guide for predicting the particle motion and deposition pattern in the hydraulic reservoir.

Investigation on variations of apparent stress in the region in and around the rupture volume preceding the occurrence of the 2021 Alaska MW8.2 earthquake

On July 29, 2021, a large earthquake of MW8.2 occurred south of the Alaska Peninsula. To investigate the spatial-temporal changes of crustal stress in the earthquake-stricken area before this event, we selected 159 earthquakes of 4.7 ≤ MW ≤ 6.9 that occurred in the epicentral region and its surroundings between January 1980 and June 2021 to study the temporal variation and spatial distribution of their apparent stress. In addition, we analyzed the correlation between seismic activities and Earth’s rotation and explored the seismogenic process of this earthquake. The crustal stress rose from January 2008 to December 2016. This period was followed by a sub-instability stage from January 2017 until the occurrence of the MW8.2 earthquake. The average rate of apparent stress change in the first five years of the stress increase period was roughly 2.3 times that in the last four years. The lateral distribution of the apparent stress shows that the areas with apparent stress greater than 1.0 MPa exhibited an expanding trend during the seismogenic process. The maximum apparent stress was located at the earthquake epicenter during the last four years. The distribution of the apparent stress in the E-W vertical cross section revealed that an apparent stress gap formed around the hypocenter during the first five years of the stress increase period, surrounded by areas of relatively high apparent stress. After the Alaska earthquake, most parts of this gap were filled in by aftershocks. The seismic activities during the sub-instability stage exhibited a significant correlation with Earth’s rotation.

Joint analysis of b-value and apparent stress before the 2011 M_(W)9.0 Tohoku-Oki, Japan earthquake

Detecting tempo-spatial changes of crust stress associated with major earthquakes has implications for understanding earthquake seismogenic processes.We conducted a joint analysis of b-value and apparent stress in the source region before the March 11,2011 MW9.0 TohokuOki,Japan earthquake.Earthquakes that occurred between January 1,2000 and March 8,2011 were used to estimate bvalues,while source parameters of events with magnitudes of Ms5.0–6.9 between January 1,1997 and March 8,2011 were used to calculate the apparent stresses.Our results show that the average b-value decreased steadily from 1.26 in 2003 to 0.99 before the Tohoku-Oki mainshock.This b-value decrease coincided with an increase in the apparent stress from 0.65 MPa to 1.64 MPa.Our results reveal a clear negative correlation between the decrease in b-value and increase in apparent stress,which lasted for approximately eight years prior to the 2011 mainshock.Additionally,spatial pattern results of the relative change in b-value show that the area associated with drastic b-value decreases(25%or greater)was concentrated near the 2011 mainshock epicenter.The joint analysis of b-value and apparent stress provides a promising method for detecting anomalies that could serve as potential indicators of large earthquakes.

High Efficiency of Propagation for Sagittaria sagittifolia Using a Temporary Immersion Bioreactor System

Although several studies have reported on the propagation of the Sagittaria sagittifolia to date, none of these methods have efficiently achieved the mass production of these plants. The present study aimed to investigate the propagation and growth of S. sagittifolia using a temporary immersion bioreactor system （TIBS） compared with conventional semi-solid and liquid culture. The effect of different immersion frequencies and immersion times together with supplementation of various plant growth regulators to the Murashige and Skoog （MS） medium was evaluated on shoot proliferation and plant growth. The results showed that the higher immersion frequency （every 6 h） and shorter immersion time （3 min and 10 rain） in medium containing 4 mg/L BA and 0.1 mg/L NAA produced the highest multiplication rate （23）, which are significantly higher than conventional semi-solid （3.6） and liquid （4.5） method, and the best plant growth parameter. While, the lower immersion frequency and longer immersion time （30 rain every 12 h and 60 min every 24 h） induced vitrification and pollution rate in shoot tips 16.6% and 19%, 42% and 37%, respectively. There is distinct decrease in pollution rate （8.3%） in TIBS （10 min every 6 h） compared with the conventional semi-solid and liquid cultures. Medium containing 4 mg/L BA and 0.5 mg/L NAA using 10 min immersion every 6 h showed satisfaction at the rooting stage, with high shoot proliferation rate （21.6）, 100% rooting and 94% plant survival. Therefore, applying TIBS in S. sagittifolia is an efficient method for scaling up the production of plantlets with high quality seedlings.

Novel ATP7B gene mutations in Chinese Han patients with hepatolenticular degeneration

BACKGROUND： ATP7B gene exon 8 Arg778Leu and exon 12 Arg952Lys are gene mutation hot spots in Chinese Han patients with hepatolenticular degeneration, or Wilson＇s disease （WD）. However, the gene fragments are too short for detection and the mutation detection rate remains low. OBJECTIVE： To analyze DNA sequences of ATP7B gene exon 8-exon 9 and exon 10-exon 12 sections. DESIGN, TIME AND SE＇I-rlNG： A concurrent, non-randomized, controlled, genetic polymorphism study was performed at the Anhui Medical Genetics Center, Anhui, China from March to July in 2009. PARTICIPANTS： Fifty patients, who were admitted to the Department of Neurology at the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Traditional Chinese Medical College between March and July in 2009, were diagnosed with WD. The WD group comprised 32 males and 18 females, with an average age of （18.8 ± 8.3） years. WD was confirmed by clinical observation, as well as physical, imaging, and biochemical examinations, including testing for serum copper, ceruloplasmin, and copper oxidase. The control group comprised 20 normal subjects, who underwent physical examination at the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Traditional Chinese Medical College, and included 13 males and 7 females, with an average age of （27.9 ± 2.4） years. All subjects were Chinese Han population. METHODS： Genomic DNA was extracted from 50 WD patients and 20 normal controls. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of ATP7B gene exon 8-exon 9 （about 1 100 bp） and exon 10-exon 12 （about 850 bp） segments was performed. DNA exon-intron amplification products from all subjects were processed through direct bidirectional sequencing, and sequencing results were analyzed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Sequence changes of ATPTB gene exon 8-exon 9 and exon 10-exon 12 segments. RESULTS： In the 50 included WD patients, ATP7B gene intron 8 nt53592A → G with nt53671G→ A homozygous mutation was detected between exon 8-exon 9 in seven cases; exon 8 Arg778Leu mutations with Leu770Leu synonymous mutation was detected in four cases; exert 11 Gly790Arg heterozygous missense mutation between exon 10-exon 12 was found in four cases; exon 12 Arg952Lys heterozygous missense mutation was seen in 11 cases; and two additional cases were associated with exon 1211e929Val polymorphism. CONCLUSION： ATP7B gene intron 8 mutation is a possible pathogenic mutation that is associated with WD pathogenesis. The exon 11 mutation rate accounts for 8% of all WD patients, and the very few previously reported cases deserve further study.

Recycling valuable cobalt from spent lithium ion batteries for controllably designing a novel sea-urchin-like cobalt nitride-graphene hybrid catalyst: Towards efficient overall water splitting

Along with the continuous consumption in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the price of cobalt is inevitably going up in recent years. Therefore, recycling valuable Co element from spent devices, and boosting its service efficiency are becoming two indispensable approaches to promote the utilization of Co in various energy conversion/storage devices. Herein, we realize the recovery of Co from spent LIBs and synthesize a three–dimensional (3D) sea-urchin-like cobalt nitride composite material (labeled as CoN-Gr-2), which is used as a bi-functional catalyst for water splitting. Benefiting from the intrinsic high conductivity, larger surface area and unique 3D sea–urchin–like architecture, CoN-Gr-2 shows an excellent electron transfer efficiency, highly exposed active sites as well as the superior mass transport capacity. The CoN-Gr-2 catalyst exhibits low overpotentials of 128.9 mV and 280 mV for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which are comparable to the commercial 20 wt% Pt/C and RuO_(2) catalysts. Moreover, when adopting CoN-Gr-2 as both anode and cathode materials for overall water splitting (in 1.0 M KOH electrolyte), the assembled cell achieves a current density of 10 mA cm^(−2) at 1.61 V, which almost close to that of Pt/C||RuO_(2) benchmark (1.60 V), demonstrating its superior water-splitting efficiency. Meanwhile, the CoN catalysts exhibit strong chemical interaction with the Gr support, suppressing the aggregation of CoN catalysts and maintains their high activity during HER and OER reactions. So, the cell exhibits a high current retention of 97.3% after 40 h. This work successfully develops an industrial chain from recycling Co wastes in spent energy devices to controllably designing 3D sea-urchin-like CoN-Gr with high water splitting efficiency. Therefore, it could further promote the efficient utilization of valuable Co element in various energy devices.

Clinical features of multiple myeloma patients with isolated extramedullary relapse

This study sought to analyze the clinical features and prognosis of multiple myeloma with isolated extramedullary relapse and with the absence of systemic progression.The clinical features and outcome were retrospectively analyzed in six multiple myeloma patients.These patients had secretory multiple myeloma at diagnosis.When relapsed,the dissociation between medullary and extramedullary response was detected.The serum or urine monoclonal component was extremely low or absent.The plasma cells in bone marrow were 〈5%.All patients received new targeted therapies（thalidomide or bortezomib） before extramedullary relapse.It is difficult to achieve second remission for them.Even in those showing response,the duration of response was extremely short.The median of overall survival from diagnosis and from extramedullary relapse was 19 months and 6 months,respectively.The overall survival was significantly shorter compared to the patients without extramedullary involvement（84 months,P= 0.001）.These patients exhibited a special and rare relapse pattern.Patients with this relapse pattern were resistant to current therapies,including novel targeted agents and associated with poor prognosis.

Definition and expression of non-symmetric physical properties in space for uniaxial crystals

The anisotropic physical property is the most noteworthy feature of crystals.In this paper,the subscript change method is used to analyze the sign changes of different tensors describing physical properties in uniaxial crystals.The distribution of some physical properties in special point groups exhibits non-symmetry in eight quadrants,which should attract the attention of crystal research.The difference between the crystallographic and physical coordinate systems and the lack of crystal symmetry operations are considered to be the origins of the non-symmetry.To avoid ambiguities and difficulties in characterizing and applying crystal physical properties,eight quadrants in space should be clarified.Hence,we proposed the use of piezoelectric properties to define the positive direction of the optical coordinate axis prior to the research and applications of optical properties.

Temperature and precipitation changes in Extensive Hexi Region, China, 1960–2011

Global climate change has been evident in many places worldwide. This study provxdes a better understanding of the variability and changes in frequency, intensity, and duration of temperature, precipitation, and climate extremes in the Extensive Hexi Region, based on meteorological data from 26 stations. The analysis of average, maximum, and minimum temperatures revealed that statistically significant warming occurred from 1960 to 2011. All temperature extremes dis- played trends consistent with warming, with the exception of coldest-night temperature （TNn） and coldest-day tempera- ture （TXn）, which were particularly evident in high-altitude areas and at night. Amount of precipitation and number of rainy days slowly increased with no significant regional trends, mainly occurring in the Qilian Mountains and Hexi Cor- ridor. The significance of changes in precipitation extremes during 1960-2011 was high, hut the regional trends of max- imum 5-day precipitation （RX5day）, the average precipitation on wet days （SDII）, and consecutive wet days （CWD） were not significant. The variations in the studied parameters indicate an increase in both the extremity and strength of precip- itation events, particularly in higher-altitude regions. Furthermore, the contribution from very wet precipitation （R95） and extremely wet precipitation （R99） to total precipitation also increased between 1960 and 2011. The assessment of these changes in temperature and precipitation may help in developing better management practices for water resources. Future studies in the region should focus on the impact of these changes on runoffs and glaciers.

Morphogenesis of Chinese Water Chestnut Pistil and Pollen Tube during Germination

With the forms of pistil stigma of " Guiti 2" Chinese water chestnut cultivar during the pollination as the object of observation,we reveal the pollination process of Chinese water chestnut from the microscopic point of view,to provide reference for Chinese water chestnut crossbreeding. The results show that the Chinese water chestnut pistil has 2- 4 stigmas which present white filament and vascular bundle forms,and the vessels on epidermis are thick with long translucent branched hairs; after pollination,pollen grains are tightly bound on branched hairs,and after identification,the pollen tube can penetrate branched hairs,continue to grow,and transfer the genetic material in pollen to vascular bundle.