Interplay between microglia and environmental risk factors in Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer s disease,among the most common neurodegenerative disorders,is chara cterized by progressive cognitive impairment.At present,the Alzheimer’s disease main risk remains genetic ris ks,but major environmental fa ctors are increasingly shown to impact Alzheimer’s disease development and progression.Microglia,the most important brain immune cells,play a central role in Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis and are considered environmental and lifestyle"sensors."Factors like environmental pollution and modern lifestyles(e.g.,chronic stress,poor dietary habits,sleep,and circadian rhythm disorde rs)can cause neuroinflammato ry responses that lead to cognitive impairment via microglial functioning and phenotypic regulation.However,the specific mechanisms underlying interactions among these facto rs and microglia in Alzheimer’s disease are unclear.Herein,we:discuss the biological effects of air pollution,chronic stress,gut micro biota,sleep patterns,physical exercise,cigarette smoking,and caffeine consumption on microglia;consider how unhealthy lifestyle factors influence individual susceptibility to Alzheimer’s disease;and present the neuroprotective effects of a healthy lifestyle.Toward intervening and controlling these environmental risk fa ctors at an early Alzheimer’s disease stage,understanding the role of microglia in Alzheimer’s disease development,and to rgeting strategies to to rget microglia,co uld be essential to future Alzheimer’s disease treatments.

Flowers: precious food and medicine resources

Flower plants are popular all over the world and important sources of ornamental plants,bioactive molecules and nutrients.Flowers have a wide range of biological activities and beneficial pharmacological effects.Flowers and their active ingredients are becoming more and more popular in the preparation of food,drugs and industrial products.This paper summarizes the active ingredients,pharmacological activities and applications in the pharmaceutical and food industries of flower plants in recent years.In addition,the possible molecular mechanism of pharmacological effects of flower plants were also discussed.302 active constituents from 55 species of flower plants were summarized,including flavonoids(115),terpenoids(90),phenylpropanoids(20),alkaloids(13),organic acids(27)and others(37).The pharmacological effects of flower plants are very extensive,mainly including antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,anti-tumor,anti-virus,and hypoglycemic.The mechanisms of anti-inflammatory,anti-tumor and hypoglycemic activities present the characteristics of multi-way and multi-target.Because of its rich nutrients,bioactive ingredients and plant essential oils,and its wide sources,flower plants are widely used in food,beverage,cosmetics and drug research.Flower plants also play an important role in pharmaceutical industry,food industry and other fields.

Antioxidant andα-glucosidase inhibitiory activity of Cercis chinensis flowers

Antioxidant andα-glucosidase inhibitiory active compounds of Cercis chinensis flowers were investigated with bio-assay guiding method.Ethyl acetate fraction(CLEa)and n-butanol fraction(CLBu)exhibited antioxidant andα-glucosidase inhibitiory activity in vitro,and the corresponding active fractions,EaFr.3,EaFr.5 and BuFr.1,exhibited higher antioxidant andα-glucosidase inhibitiory activity than those of other fractions.Eight compounds,ethyl gallate(1),stearic acid(2),docosanoic acid(3),5α-stigmast-9(11)-en-3β-ol(4),kaempferol-3-O-α-rhamnopyranoside(5),vanillic acid(6),fisetin(7),andβ-sitosterol(8),were isolated and identified from CLEa and CLBu.Ethyl gallate shown the highest antioxidant activity by scavenging DPPH radical and reducing ferric compared.Docosanoic acid and vanillic acid shown strongerα-glucosidase inhibitory activity than that of acarbose.

Chemical composition and glucose uptake effect on 3T3-L1 adipocytes of Ligustrum lucidum Ait. flowers

Ligustri lucidi Fructus is a traditional Chinese medicine and possesses various bioactivities,including hypoglycemic effect.Ligustrum lucidum Ait flowers are poorly investigated.Thus,we hypothesized that L.lucidum flowers also could have hypoglycemic effect.Chemical composition and glucose uptake effect of L.lucidum flowers on 3T3-L1 adipocytes were investigated.In this study,the components of L.lucidum flowers were investigated by various chromatographic and spectroscopic methods and the effects of L.lucidum flowers on the induction of glucose uptake were investigated by 3T3-L1 adipocytes.Seven compounds were isolated and identified from L.lucidum flowers,including ursolic acid(1),kaempferol-7-O-α-Lrhamnoside(2,KR),β-sitosterol(3),β-daucosterol(4),kaempferitrin(5,KF),10-hydroxy oleuropein(6,HO),and kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside-7-α-L-rhamnopyranoside(7,KGR).The results of glucose uptake showed that total extract(TE),KR,KF and HO from L.lucidum flowers significantly enhanced glucose uptake.This study demonstrated that compounds 2,5-7 were isolated for the first time from this plant and compounds 2 and 7 were isolated for the first time in genus Ligustrum,L.lucidum flowers,KR,KF and HO may possess potential hypoglycemic effect.

Surface modification of up-conversion luminescence material Na[Y_(0.57)Yb_(0.39)Er_(0.04)]F_4 with hydrosulfide group

A new method was reported for surface modification of an up-conversion luminescence material with hydrosulfide group. The factors that may influence the surface modification,such as reaction time,amount of catalyzer and modifier,and reaction solvent,were investigated. The optimal conditions were that the reaction time,the quantity of the basic catalyzer,the quantity of modifier and the volume of reaction solvent were 40 min,1.0,1.0,and 40 mL,respectively. The results indicated that hydrosulfide group content modified on the surface of up-conversion luminescence material reached to 0.1430 mmol/g,and this modified up-conversion luminescence material could be widely used in the study of structure of protein and the property of microenvironment.

Inhibition effects of a negative electret 5-FU patch on the growth of a hypertrophic scar

In this study,the hypertrophic scar（HS） model in rats was established.5-fluorouracil（5-FU）patch,-1000 V and-2000 V polypropylene（PP） electret 5-FU patches were prepared and applied onto the wound.The in vitro permeation experiment was performed using the Franz diffusion cell system to determine the permeation cumulative amount and retention amount of5-FU through/in scar skin.The inhibition effect of negative electret on growth of HS was studied by hematoxylin-eosin（HE） staining,Masson staining and the immunohistologicall methods.The permeation study indicated that a negative electret could enhance the permeation and retention of 5-FU through and in scar skin respectively.HE staining and Masson staining indicated a better effect for-1000 V and-2000 V electret 5-FU patches on HS inhibition after28 d post-wounding compared with 5-FU patch.The immunohistological study showed much more reduced expressions of collegan type I,collegan type III,TGF-β1 and HSP47 in scar tissue after application of negative electret 5-FU patches than those of 5-FU patch.A negative electret5-FU patch may be advantageous for HS treatment.

南朗河鱼类资源现状调查

2011年12月上旬,对南朗河澜沧县河段进行鱼类资源调查。调查范围北起澜沧县勐朗镇勐滨村,南至惠民乡芒景村,实际调查河段流程约65千米。综合调查实际采集标本鉴定结果和走访当地从业人员,确定澜沧县南朗河调查鱼类24种、虾类1种。南朗河中下游鱼类资源明显比中上游丰富,不仅体现在采捕到鱼的数量和体重方面,鱼的种类也随河流向下游延伸而呈现增多的趋势。鱼类资源现状主要表现为:鱼类资源仍然较丰富,但小型化、低龄化趋势明显,品种结构趋于单一,传统名优鱼类资源量下降显著;资源变动主要原因水域环境污染、过度捕捞。

Extraction and bioactivities of the chemical composition from Pleurotus ostreatus:a review

Pleurotus ostreatus as an edible mushroom with pharmacological potential,belonging to class basidiomycetes of kingdom Mycota is known to have immense therapeutic properties.P.ostreatus contains polysaccharides,proteins,sterols,volatile oils and polyphenols.P.ostreatus has a variety of biological activities,including anti-oxidant,anti-hyperlipidemic,anti-tumor,immunoregulatory and bacteriostatic.This paper summarizes the extraction methods,chemical components and biological activities of P.ostreatus,and find it is good resources to develop medicine and health food.

籼稻福香占耐储藏性的蛋白质组学分析

稻谷耐储藏性对于国家粮食安全、种质资源保存及种业安全具有非常重要的意义.本研究通过人工老化处理分析福香占和航2号种子活力的变化趋势,扫描电子显微镜观察老化21 d后糙米淀粉粒结构,并对关键时间点的种胚蛋白质组进行定量分析.结果表明,人工老化后14~21 d,航2号种子活力快速下降,淀粉粒结构受到严重破坏,种子耐储藏性较差.而福香占在人工老化21 d后仍具有较强种子活力,淀粉粒结构保持良好,耐储藏性优;蛋白质组分析表明,福香占和航2号在人工老化的不同阶段,脂类、蛋白质、碳水化合物等生物合成及代谢、遗传信息加工、转录调控、营养保持、信息传递、氧化还原调节等方面均表现出差异;差异蛋白质显著富集到4个代谢通路,即亚油酸代谢,角质、木栓和蜡质的生物合成,谷胱甘肽代谢和甘油磷脂代谢.老化21 d与处理前相比较,福香占真核生物核糖体生物发生、萜类骨架生物合成、叶酸生物合成等代谢通路发生差异表达,而航2号主要为氮代谢、淀粉和蔗糖代谢及mRNA监测等途径.本研究为稻谷耐储藏性遗传机理的深入解析及培育耐储藏水稻新品种奠定了基础.

Boron:A key functional component for designing high-performance heterogeneous catalysts

Heterogeneous catalysis is a vivid branch of traditional catalysis field,with the advantage of high efficiency and being easily separated from reactants and products after reaction,and have received widespread attentions in large-scale industrial production,especially in the field of energy utilization.Boron has been found to be a key functional component for designing high-performance heterogeneous catalysts.In this review,we cover and categorize the past and recent progress in boron-containing materials and their applications in heterogeneous catalysis particularly in energy-related fields.The fundamental roles of boron components in the emerging heterogeneous catalysis of construction,regulation and stabilization of active phases/sites are highlighted,with the emphasis on how they regulating structural and electronic properties of host materials.We then categorize boron-containing catalysts into six kinds mainly including intermetallic boride catalysts,metal boride-derived catalysts,boron-doped catalysts,metal boride-decorated catalysts,boron-containing compounds as catalyst supports,and singleboron-site catalysts,as well as try to establish structure-catalytic activity relationship.The catalytic applications of these six boron-containing catalysts are discussed separately,focusing on the energy-related reactions such as hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),oxygen evolution reaction(OER),oxygen reduction reaction(ORR),carbon dioxide reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)and nitrogen reduction reaction(NRR).Finally,the opportunities and challenges related to boron-containing compounds in the field of catalysis are prospected.

Rosa chinensis as edible flowers:phytochemicals and biological effects

Rosa chinensis as edible flowers,is a kind of traditional Chinese medicine,which is rich in resources and is cultivated in most parts of China.Its phytochemicals mainly include flavonoids and their glycosides,phenolic acids,pentacyclic triterpenes and steroids.R.chinensis has many biological activities,including antioxidation,antibiosis,protection of pancreatic islet cells.The phytochemicals and biological activities of R.chinensis were summarized by databases such as Web of Science,SciFinder,Baidu Scholar,PubMed,ScienceDirect and SpringerLink.

The hypoglycemic effect of Lagerstroemia indica L.and Lagerstroemia indica L.f.alba(Nichols.)Rehd.in vitro and in vivo

Lagerstroemia indica L.has a high medicinal value,its bark,leaves and flowers can be used as medicine.Its flowers are reddish,purple,or white,thereinto,the white one is called L.indica Linn.f.alba(Nichols.)Rehd.,which is a forma of L.indica.In this paper,the hypoglycemic effects of different extracts from flowers of L.indica(LIF)and L.indica L.f.alba(Nichols.)Rehd.(LIAF)were investigated byα-glucosidase inhibitory method in vitro and alloxan-induced diabetic mice model in vivo,respectively.The results in vitro showed that ethyl acetate extracts(EA)of LIF and LIAF(IC_(50)=4.45 and 4.09µg/mL,resepectively)had the highest inhibitory activity ofα-glucosidase,and followed by n-butyl alcohol extracts(BU)(IC_(50)=17.01 and 14.58µg/mL,respectively),and the last was petroleum ether extracts(PE)(IC_(50)=103.29 and 112.47µg/mL,respectively),the activities of all extracts were higher than that of the positive control(acarbose,IC_(50)=1278.83µg/mL).The results in vivo showed that compared with the model control group,each dose group of LIF could significantly(P<0.05,P<0.01 or P<0.001)decrease fasting blood glucose,total cholesterol(TC)level and malondialdehyde(MDA)content in diabetic mice and increase superoxide dismutase(SOD)level(P<0.05)in serum.Partial dose groups of LIF could significantly(P<0.05)decrease postprandial blood glucose,triglyceride(TG)and increase liver glycogen content.Each dose group of LIAF could significantly(P<0.05,P<0.01 or P<0.001)decrease fasting blood glucose,TC level and increase SOD level in serum.Partial dose groups of LIAF could significantly(P<0.05)decrease TG,MDA level and increase liver glycogen content.These results indicate that LIF and LIAF had effective prevention and treatment effects on the development for diabetes.

水稻黄绿叶突变体w08(YGL)基因精细定位与功能分析

水稻黄绿叶突变会显著影响水稻产量和稻米品质.研究黄绿叶突变体叶绿素变化机理对选育高光效品种,促进水稻增产具有重要意义.本研究以甲基磺酸乙酯(ethylmethylsulfone,EMS)诱变处理粳稻云引(YY)后发现的一个黄绿叶突变体w08(YGL)为材料,研究叶色突变对主要农艺性状、叶绿素含量、光合参数变化、水稻生理及亚显微结构的影响,并对该突变性状进行遗传分析、基因定位和功能验证.研究表明,突变体全生育期均表现为黄绿色.与野生型云引(YY)相比,突变体w08单株有效穗、结实率、千粒重分别降低46.7%、50.1%和18.3%,叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量分别下降41.2%、98.7%、17.5%.光合速率检测结果表明,突变体净光合速率(Pn)显著降低,而细胞间CO_(2)(Ci)显著增加.对叶片叶绿体进行超微结构电子显微镜观察,结果发现,叶绿体内的类囊体基粒片层数目在突变体中明显减少.遗传分析结果表明,突变体黄绿叶性状为单基因遗传,受一对隐性核基因控制.利用突变体与雷蒙特(Lemont)杂交构建F2遗传群体,将该基因定位在10号染色体长臂GL8和T258两个标记之间,物理距离为60.2 kb,该区间包含14个候选基因.基因测序发现,该区间内的编码叶绿素酸酯氧化酶1(chlorophyllide a oxygenase1)蛋白的候选基因OsCAO1编码区CDS序列第957位碱基发生突变,形成一个终止密码子,使蛋白翻译提前终止.通过构建过表达和敲除载体进行转基因功能验证,进一步证实了OsCAO1基因功能.分析突变体中的激素含量和分蘖调控相关基因的表达,结果表明,突变体中水稻分蘖相关基因表达水平明显下降,生长素合成基因表达水平显著提高,水稻分蘖芽的生长素含量显著提高,从而证实OsCAO1基因突变抑制了水稻分蘖生长,使单株有效穗显著减少.

The COVID-19 pandemic and Alzheimer’s disease: mutual risks and mechanisms

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS- CoV-2), is a life-threatening disease, especially in elderly individuals and those with comorbidities. The predominant clinical manifestation of COVID-19 is respiratory dysfunction, while neurological presentations are increasingly being recognized. SARS-CoV-2 invades host cells primarily via attachment of the spike protein to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on cell membranes. Patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection and prone to severe clinical outcomes. Recent studies have revealed some common risk fac-tors for AD and COVID-19. An understanding of the association between COVID-19 and AD and the potential related mechanisms may lead to the development of novel approaches to treating both diseases. In the present review, we first summarize the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 invades the central nervous system (CNS) and then discuss the associations and potential shared key factors between COVID-19 and AD, with a focus on the ACE2 receptor, apolipo-protein E (APOE) genotype, age, and neuroinflammation.

Exposure to Chlorinated Paraffins in the Sixth Total Diet Study-China,2016‒2019

Summary What is already known about this topic?Short-chain chlorinated paraffins(SCCPs)are persistent organic pollutants that are toxic to organisms.Medium-chain chlorinated paraffins(MCCPs)have similar properties.Chlorinated paraffins(CPs)may be biomagnified through the food chain,thereby threatening human health.What is added by this report?The concentrations of SCCP and MCCP in each food sample were 5-265 and 4-306 ng/g,respectively.The estimated dietary exposure to CPs was relatively lower than the threshold set in the current guidelines.What are the implications for public health practice?The production and use of SCCP and MCCP have not been prohibited in China yet.Further studies are needed to assess the health risks through dietary exposure to CPs.

Identification of phytochemicals from Lentinus edodes and Auricularia auricula with UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS

Lentinus edodes and Auricularia auricula are the first and second largest edible fungi in China with high nutritional and medicinal values.Research about phytochemicals of L.edodes and A.auricula mainly focuses on polysaccharides,other phytochemicals are not fully studied.Phytochemicals of L.edodes and A.auricula were investigated by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap MS).Twenty-three compounds were identified in L.edodes,mainly including amino acids and analogs,flavonoids,nucleosides and analogs,phenols and steroids.Twenty-nine compounds were identified in A.auricula,mainly including amino acids and analogs,nucleosides and analogs,flavonoids and phenols.There are 9 common ingredients of L.edodes and A.auricula,including 4 amino acids and analogs,2 flavonoids,2 nucleosides and analogs and 1 phenol.