Insights into the dwarfing mechanism of pear(Pyrus betulaefolia) based on anatomical and structural analysis using X-ray scanning

The lack of a suitable rootstock to control scion growth has limited the development of high-density plantations in pear production, which is partly attributed to poor understanding of the dwarfing mechanism. In the present study, the rootstock of the dwarf-type pear (Pyrus betulaefolia)PY-9’ was identified and used as the material for anatomical analysis.PY-9’ grew to half the tree height of the normal cultivar Zhengdu’, along with fewer internodes and shorter length. Significant differences in growth rate betweenPY-9’ andZhengdu’ were detected at approximately 30 days after full bloom, which corresponded with the time of the greatest difference in water potential between the dwarf and normal cultivar.PY-9’ showed a higher photosynthetic rate thanZhengdu’. Anatomical analysis showed thatPY-9’ had higher area ratios of both phloem and xylem and more developed vascular tissues thanZhengdu’. The three-dimensional reconstructed skeleton of the xylem from X-ray computed tomography scanning revealed greater intervessel connectivity inZhengdu’ than inPY-9’, which could contribute to the more vigorous growth ofZhengdu’. This study thus provides the first comparison of the microstructural properties of xylem elements between a dwarfing-type and vigorous-type pear rootstock, providing new insights into the dwarfing mechanism in pear and facilitating breeding of dwarf pear rootstocks to increase crop productivity.

Experimental confirmation of the linear relation between plasma current and external vertical magnetic field in EXL-50 spherical torus energetic electron plasmas

A three-fluid equilibrium plasma with bulk plasma and energetic electrons has been observed on the Xuanlong-50(EXL-50) spherical torus, where the energetic electrons play a crucial role in sustaining the plasma current and pressure. In this study, the equilibrium of a multi-fluid plasma was investigated by analyzing the relationship between the external vertical magnetic field(B_(V)),plasma current(I_(p)), the poloidal ratio(β_(p)) and the Shafranov formula. Remarkably, our research demonstrates some validity of the Shafranov formula in the presence of multi-fluid plasma in EXL-50 spherical torus. This finding holds significant importance for future reactors as it allows for differentiation between alpha particles and background plasma. The study of multi-fluid plasma provides a significant reference value for the equilibrium reconstruction of burning plasma involving alpha particles.

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the GSK3 Gene Family in Sunflower under Various Abiotic Stresses

Genes in the glycogen synthase kinase 3(GSK3)family are essential in regulating plant response to stressful conditions.This study employed bioinformatics to uncover the GSK3 gene family from the sunflower genome database.The expressions of GSK3 genes in different tissues and stress treatments,such as salt,drought,and cold,were assessed using transcriptome sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR).The study results revealed that the 12 GSK3 genes of sunflower,belonging to four classes(Classes I–IV),contained the GSK3 kinase domain and 11–13 exons.The majority of GSK3 genes were highly expressed in the leaf axil and flower,while their expression levels were relatively lower in the leaf.As a result of salt stress,six of the GSK3 genes(HaSK11,HaSK22,HaSK23,HaSK32,HaSK33,and HaSK41)displayed a notable increase in expression,while HaSK14 and HaSK21 experienced a significant decrease.With regard to drought stress,five of the GSK3 genes(HaSK11,HaSK13,HaSK21,HaSK22,and HaSK33)experienced a remarkable rise in expression.When exposed to cold stress,seven of the GSK3 genes(HaSK11,HaSK12,HaSK13,HaSK32,HaSK33,HaSK41,and HaSK42)showed a substantial increase,whereas HaSK21 and HaSK23 had a sharp decline.This research is of great importance in understanding the abiotic resistance mechanism of sunflowers and developing new varieties with improved stress resistance.

GSA-Human:人类遗传资源数据管理的公共系统

GSA-Human是人类遗传资源数据汇交、存储、管理与共享的数据库系统,可提供人类遗传资源数据的上传、下载、浏览、检索等公共服务,并有效支撑了国家重点研发计划科技项目数据的汇交与管理工作。系统具有符合《中华人民共和国人类遗传资源管理条例》数据安全管理策略,提供公开访问和受控访问相结合的数据使用模式。公开访问数据允许用户自由下载与获取;受控访问数据采用申请-审核的模式,即需要通过数据管理委员会(Data Access Committee,DAC)的授权方可获得下载和使用权限。系统自上线以来,截至2021年7月,汇集数据总量已超5.27 PB。

Isolation and Functional Analysis of the Regulation of Branching by Isopentenyl Transferase Gene CmIPT1 in <i>Chrysanthemum morifolium </i>cv. ‘Jinba’

Today’s chrysanthemums are highly evolved flowering plants and they are considered as one of the most important ornamental cut flowers. In this research an isopentenyl transferase gene named CmIPT1 was isolated from Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. ‘Jinba’ using RACE and RT-PCR methods. The full cDNA sequence of CmIPT1 was 873 bp which encoded a deduced protein of 290 amino acids. It contained GxxGxGKS which is a conserved sequence of the typical domain of IPT family. The phylogenetic tree analysis of CmIPT1 in Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. ‘Jinba’ shows that it has the closest relationship with CcIPT1 in Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus. Expression of CmIPT1 was higher in stems and apex, whereas it was lower in leaves and roots. And the overexpression of CmIPT1 obviously increased the number of rosette branches in Arabidopsis. Here, in our study, we showed that CmIPT1 is a positive regulator of branch development in Chrysanthemum and may play a key role in regulating lateral branch formation of Chrysanthemum plants.

Molecular Cloning and Expression Analysis of <i>PgLAC</i>in Pomegranate

Decreasing the hardness of pomegranate seeds by reducing the content of lignin is an effective way to develop soft-seeded pomegranate. Laccases (LAC) is a key regulatory factor in lignin synthesis. The full-length sequence of PgLAC was obtained from “Punica granatum cv. Hongyushizi”, by using RACE and RT-PCR methods. PgLAC had an open reading frame of 1716 bp and encoded a protein of 571 amino acids. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that PgLAC was most closely related to the LAC5 ortholog identified in Eucalyptus grandis (EgLAC5). Expression analysis showed that expression of PgLAC was higher in “Hongyushizi”, while lower in “Huiliruanzi” and “Tunisiruanzi”;PgLAC was predominantly expressed in stems;From 20 to 80 days after full bloom, the expression of PgLAC increased and reached a maximum at 80 d, then gradually decreased. These results suggested that PgLAC may be a candidate gene for reducing the hardness of pomegranate seeds.

新型环保材料在园林设计中的应用

随着人们生活水平的提高,现代园林设计也发生了改变,从设计方式到设计材料,都有了巨大的变化。其中,园林设计选择的材料类型也变得更加丰富。目前,随着大家环保意识的增强,新型环保材料的使用也逐渐应用到了园林设计中,使得设计师们在设计园林时有了更多优质的选择。本文重点分析了几种新型环保材料在园林设计中的应用,以期为园林设计的发展提供可借鉴的参考。

Mechanogrowth Factor Promotes Mechanical Response in Ligament Fibroblasts of Knee Osteoarthritis via Activating ATF-2

Background&Objective Knee osteoarthritis(OA)is a degenerative disease,which not only induces superficial cartilage defects and full-thickness cartilage defects,but also exacerbates the microenvironment of the knee joint and affects the mechano-chemical responses of the organ.As a growth/repair factor,mechanical growth factor(MGF)has the function of preventing OA,promoting cartilage regeneration and repairing damaged ligaments.activating transcription factor 2(ATF-2),a transcription factor,has the property of binding to cytokines,which makes it involved in the transcriptional regulation of various pathways in response to cellular stress,inflammatory cytokine and growth factors.At present,little is known about the effect of MGF on human osteoarthritis ligament fibroblasts(OA-LFs),and whether the approach can promote OA-LFs timely response to the mechanical injury and initiate signaling pathway for cell survival.Therefore,the purpose of this study is to investigate whether MGF promotes mechanical response to ligament fibroblasts in osteoarthritis knee cavity via ATF-2.Methods OA-LFs were seeded onto six-cell BioFlex plates and suffered from 12%static mechanical stretch[60 cycles/minute(1 Hz)]for 12 hours to mimic mechanical force mediated ligament injury.Meanwhile,OA-LFs were treated with MGF before and during mechanical stretch.Intracellular reactive oxygen species(ROS)and GRP78 mRNA expression were investigated to detect the cellular stress response of OA-LFs.The scratch test was performed to detect the migration ability of cells,gelatin zymography was used to examine the effect of MGF on the activity of matrix metalloproteinase 2(MMP-2)in OA-LFs,and cell deformation was detected by phalloidin-FITC staining after stretching.Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)was used to screen the messenger RNA(mRNA)expression of ATF family members after OALFs treatment with MGF.Western blotting further proved that MGF is capable to activate the p-ATF-2.Results OA delays LFs response to mechanical injury,while MGF pretreatment can promote cells timely feedback the mechanically stimuli by inducing cellular stress.MGF treatment can alleviate the decline in cell migration ability caused by mechanical injury and further promote cell migration.In addition,MGF can reduce the activity of MM P-5 and alleviate the stretch-induced deformation of OA-LFs.Furthermore,the mRNA expression of ATF-2 up-regulated in a dose-dependent manner upon MGF treatment compared with control,while the expression of ATF-5 gene was down-regulated in a dose-dependent.Protein levels showed that the expression of p-ATF-2 increased with increasing MGF concentration.Conclusions Our study shows that MGF pretreatment of OA-LFs can respond quickly to mechanical damage and accelerate the ligament injury repair by promoting cell migration,decreasing the MMP-2 activity,and remitting the cell deformation.Therefore,MGF has potential as a therapeutic for OA patients.

Shade responses of prostrate and upright turf-type bermudagrasses

Bermudagrass(Cynodon dactylon)shade tolerance is a trait of immense importance to the turfgrass industry.However,little is known about shade tolerance of turf-type bermudagrass native to China.Additional knowledge of the mechanism of shade tolerance in bermudagrass is required to identify specific plant features that promote shade tolerance and assist breeding efforts worldwide.This study examines shade tolerance of two different bermudagrass cultivars,Yangjiang(prostrate form)and Guanzhong(upright form),which were developed in China.Each cultivar was subjected to 0,30.4,61.2,and 90.6%shade levels during growth and assessed for turf quality,turfgrass color intensity,biomass allocation,growth rate,antioxidant enzyme activity,leaf anatomy,and photochemical properties.Results generally demonstrated that turf quality and turf color intensity were lower in Guanzhong compared with Yangjiang on the 90.6%shade testing days.Yangjiang exhibited a less severe reduction of growth rate,leaf thickness,root to shoot ratio,and chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b ratio(Chla/b)under 90.6%shade compared with Guanzhong.Both cultivars exhibited a decrease in photochemical efficiency as determined by reduced qP,ETR,and Fv/Fm values.Photochemical efficiency was impacted less in Yangjian,and superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD),and catalase(CAT)enzymes activities were greater than in Guanzhong when exposed to severe shade.When exposed to 90.6%shade level,Yangjiang had better turf quality than Guanzhong as determined by morphological,anatomical,and physiological features.Breeding efforts focused on these shade tolerance features will lead to improved bermudagrass germplasm and aid turf management in shade environments.

Circulation patterns and molecular characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus among hospitalized children in Tianjin,China,before and during the COVID-19 pandemic(2017–2022)

Respiratory syncytial virus(RSV)is the main pathogen that causes hospitalization for acute lower respiratory tract infections(ALRIs)in children.With the reopening of communities and schools,the resurgence of RSV in the COVID-19 post-pandemic era has become a major concern.To understand the circulation patterns and genotype variability of RSV in Tianjin before and during the COVID-19 pandemic,a total of 19,531 nasopharyngeal aspirate samples from hospitalized children in Tianjin from July 2017 to June 2022 were evaluated.Direct immunofluorescence and polymerase chain reaction(PCR)were used for screening RSV-positive samples and subtyping,respectively.Further analysis of mutations in the second hypervariable region(HVR2)of the G gene was performed through Sanger sequencing.Our results showed that 16.46%(3215/19,531)samples were RSV positive and a delayed increase in the RSV infection rates occurred in the winter season from December 2020 to February 2021,with the average RSV-positive rate of 35.77%(519/1451).The ON1,with H258Q and H266L substitutions,and the BA9,with T290I and T312I substitutions,are dominant strains that alternately circulate every 1–2 years in Tianjin,China,from July 2017 to June 2022.In addition,novel substitutions,such as N296Y,K221T,N230K,V251A in the BA9 genotype,and L226I in the ON1 genotype,emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic.Analysis of clinical characteristics indicated no significant differences between RSV-A and RSV-B groups.This study provides a theoretical basis for clinical prevention and treatment.However,further studies are needed to explore the regulatory mechanism of host immune responses to different lineages of ON1 and BA9 in the future.

Clinical features and prognostic analysis of the blastoid variant of mantle cell lymphoma: An analysis of 20 patients from two centers

Managing Editor:Peng Lyu Mantle cell lymphoma(MCL),a relatively uncommon subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma(NHL),constitutes approximately 2%-10%of NHL cases.Characterized by its inertness,aggressiveness,and incurability,MCL has a median overall survival(OS)of approximately 3-5 years.

The miR-21-5p enriched in the apoptotic bodies of M2 macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles alleviates osteoarthritis by changing macrophage phenotype

Macrophages (Mφs) play a crucial role in the pathological progression of osteoarthritis (OA) by regulating inflammation and tissue repair. Decreasing pro-inflammatory M1-Mφs and increasing anti-inflammatory M2-Mφs can alleviate OA-related inflammation and promote cartilage repair. Apoptosis is a natural process associated with tissue repair. A large number of apoptotic bodies (ABs), a type of extracellular vesicle, are produced during apoptosis, and this is associated with a reduction in inflammation. However, the functions of apoptotic bodies remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of M2-Mφs-derived apoptotic bodies (M2-ABs) in regulating the M1/M2 balance of macrophages in a mouse model of OA. Our data show that M2-ABs can be targeted for uptake by M1-Mφs, and this reprograms M1-to-M2 phenotypes within 24 h. The M2-ABs significantly ameliorated the severity of OA, alleviated the M1-mediated pro-inflammatory environment, and inhibited chondrocyte apoptosis in mice. RNA-seq revealed that M2-ABs were enriched with miR-21–5p, a microRNA that is negatively correlated with articular cartilage degeneration. Inhibiting the function of miR-21–5p in M1-Mφs significantly reduced M2-ABs-guided M1-to-M2 reprogramming following in vitro cell transfection. Together, these results suggest that M2-derived apoptotic bodies can prevent articular cartilage damage and improve gait abnormalities in OA mice by reversing the inflammatory response caused by M1 macrophages. The mechanism underlying these findings may be related to miR-21-5p-regulated inhibition of inflammatory factors. The application of M2-ABs may represent a novel cell therapy, and could provide a valuable strategy for the treatment of OA and/or chronic inflammation.

Cartilage-targeting and inflammatory-responsive nanocarriers for effective osteoarthritis treatment via reactive oxygen species scavenging and anti-angiogenesis

Osteoarthritis(OA),a common disabling joint disease,is highly associated with microenvironmental changes in the cartilage and subchondral bone.Elevated reactive oxygen species(ROS)in the cartilage and subchondral bone angiogenesis accelerate articular cartilage erosion.New cartilage-targeting drug deliv-ery systems that are aimed at preventing ROS production and angiogenesis may be of clinical significance for OA treatment.Herein,an ROS scavenger and an inflammatory-responsive nanocarrier are designed by immobilizing the natural polyphenol(curcumin)in chitosan-catechol nanoformulations(Cur-CS-C NPs)via boronate ester.The robust cartilage-targeting effects and ROS scavenging capacities of Cur-CS-C NPs were respectively determined in cartilage explants and chondrocytes.Intra-articular injection of Cur-CS-C NPs in OA rat models efficiently suppressed angiogenesis and cartilage degradation partially via the ROS-mediated NF-κB/PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.The developed curcumin-functionalized nanocarriers can significantly delay OA progression and provide a promising therapeutic strategy for other inflamma-tory diseases that are characterized by oxidative stress and angiogenesis.

青藏高原“亚洲水塔”效应和大气水分循环特征

青藏高原是东亚海陆气相互作用最敏感的地区之一.青藏高原大气水分循环结构特征不仅反映了西风气流与'大三角扇形'影响域季风水汽流的相互作用特征,而且凸现出该区域为全球能量、水汽的交换关键区,构成'亚洲水塔'形成的重要背景;隆升的高原地形和强大的表面辐射加热形成了局地上升对流和高耸入对流层中部中空'热源柱'.研究揭示出此'热力驱动'下青藏高原高、低层互为反环流类似台风的自激反馈机制,其提供了'亚洲水塔'水汽'汇流'与抽吸动力效应.'亚洲水塔'热源驱动机制有助于'世界屋脊'大气'热岛'、'湿岛'的形成和维持,使暖湿气流从低纬海洋向高原输送、汇聚.针对'世界屋脊'高原对流频繁、云降水异常特征,揭示出'世界屋脊'空气低密度条件对高原对流云的触发效应.分析表明,低纬热带海洋成为'亚洲水塔'大气水分循环的重要水汽源区,水汽源区可跨越赤道追踪到南半球.提出了青藏高原'热力驱动'下大气水分循环结构类似全球性大气'水塔'的观点,青藏高原特殊的跨半球大气水分循环构建出'亚洲水塔'和其周边地区独特的大气-水文功能体系.给出了西风与季风协同作用背景下青藏高原为核心区的陆地-海洋-大气相互作用的'亚洲水塔'大气水分循环物理图像.

The Genome Sequence Archive Family: Toward Explosive Data Growth and Diverse Data Types

The Genome Sequence Archive(GSA)is a data repository for archiving raw sequence data,which provides data storage and sharing services for worldwide scientific communities.Considering explosive data growth with diverse data types,here we present the GSA family by expanding into a set of resources for raw data archive with different purposes,namely,GSA(https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/gsa/),GSA for Human(GSA-Human,https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/gsa-human/),and Open Archive for Miscellaneous Data(OMIX,https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/omix/).Compared with the 2017 version,GSA has been significantly updated in data model,online functionalities,and web interfaces.GSA-Human,as a new partner of GSA,is a data repository specialized in human genetics-related data with controlled access and security.OMIX,as a critical complement to the two resources mentioned above,is an open archive for miscellaneous data.Together,all these resources form a family of resources dedicated to archiving explosive data with diverse types,accepting data submissions from all over the world,and providing free open access to all publicly available data in support of worldwide research activities.

GSA:Genome Sequence Archive

With the rapid development of sequencing technologies towards higher throughput and lower cost, sequence data are generated at an unprecedentedly explosive rate. To provide an efficient and easy-to-use platform for managing huge sequence data, here we present Genome Sequence Archive （GSA; http：//bigd.big.ac.cn/gsa or http：//gsa.big.ac.cn）, a data repository for archiving raw sequence data. In compliance with data standards and structures of the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration （INSDC）, GSA adopts four data objects （BioProject, BioSample, Experiment, and Run） for data organization, accepts raw sequence reads produced by a variety of sequencing platforms, stores both sequence reads and metadata submitted from all over the world, and makes all these data publicly available to worldwide scientific communities. In the era of big data, GSA is not only an important complement to existing INSDC members by alleviating the increasing burdens of handling sequence data deluge, but also takes the significant responsibility for global big data archive and provides free unrestricted access to all publicly available data in support of research activities throughout the world.

Whole Genome Analyses of Chinese Population and De Novo Assembly of A Northern Han Genome

To unravel the genetic mechanisms of disease and physiological traits,it requires comprehensive sequencing analysis of large sample size in Chinese populations.Here,we report the primary results of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Precision Medicine Initiative(CASPMI)project launched by the Chinese Academy of Sciences,including the de novo assembly of a northern Han reference genome(NH1.0)and whole genome analyses of 597 healthy people coming from most areas in China.Given the two existing reference genomes for Han Chinese(YH and HX1)were both from the south,we constructed NH1.0,a new reference genome from a northern individual,by combining the sequencing strategies of PacBio,10×Genomics,and Bionano mapping.Using this integrated approach,we obtained an N50 scaffold size of 46.63 Mb for the NH1.0 genome and performed a comparative genome analysis of NH1.0 with YH and HX1.In order to generate a genomic variation map of Chinese populations,we performed the whole-genome sequencing of 597 participants and identified 24.85 million(M)single nucleotide variants(SNVs),3.85 M small indels,and 106,382 structural variations.In the association analysis with collected phenotypes,we found that the T allele of rs1549293 in KAT8 significantly correlated with the waist circumference in northern Han males.Moreover,significant genetic diversity in MTHFR,TCN2,FADS1,and FADS2,which associate with circulating folate,vitamin B12,or lipid metabolism,was observed between northerners and southerners.Especially,for the homocysteine-increasing allele of rs1801133(MTHFR 677T),we hypothesize that there exists a “comfort”zone for a high frequency of 677T between latitudes of 35–45 degree North.Taken together,our results provide a high-quality northern Han reference genome and novel population-specific data sets of genetic variants for use in the personalized and precision medicine.

Identification and Functional Analysis of Three MAX2 Orthologs in Chrysanthemum

MORE AXILLARY BRANCHING 2 （MAX2）, initially identified in Arabidopsis thaliana, is a key regulatory gene in strigolactone signal transduction. Three orthologs of MAX2 were cloned from Dendranthema grandiflorum （DgMAX2a, b, and c）. Each of the genes has an open reading frame of 2,049 bp and encodes 682 amino acid proteins. The predicted amino acid sequences of the three DgMAX2s are most closely related to the MAX2 orthologs identified in petunia （PhMAX2A and PhMAX2B）, and display the highest amino acid sequence similarity with PhMAX2A compared to other MAX2s. Expression analysis revealed that DgMAX2s are predominantly expressed in the stem and axillary buds. On a cellular level, we localized the DgMAX2a：：GFP fusion protein to the nucleus in onion epidermal cells, which is consistent with the nuclear localization of MAX2 in Arabidopsis. The chrysanthemum DgMAX2a is able to restore the max2–1 mutant branching to wild-type （WT） Arabidopsis, suggesting that it is a functional MAX2 ortholog. These results suggest that DgMAX2s may be candidate genes for reducing the shoot branching of chrysanthemum.

Robust current and speed control of a permanent magnet synchronous motor using SMC and ADRC

A second-order ordinary differential equation model is originally constructed for the phase q current system of a permanent magnet synchronous motor(PMSM).The phase q current model contains the effect of a counter electromotive force(CEMF),which introduces nonlinearity to the system.In order to compensate the nonlinearity and system uncertainties,a traditional sliding mode controller(SMC)combined with a low-pass filter(also known as a modified SMC)is designed on the phase q current model.The low-pass filter overcomes chattering effects in control efforts,and hence improves the performance of the controller.The phase q current control system is proved to be stable using Lyapunov approach.In addition,an alternative activedisturbance rejection controller(ADRC)with a reduced-order extended state observer(ESO)is applied to control the speed output of PMSM.Both SMC and ADRC are simulated on the PMSM system.The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of these two controllers in successfully driving the current and speed outputs to desired values despite load disturbances and system uncertainties.

Surface modification of electrospun fibers with mechano-growth factor for mitigating the foreign-body reaction

The implantation of synthetic polymeric scaffolds induced foreign-body reaction(FBR)seriously influence the wound healing and impair functionality recovery.A novel short peptide,mechano-growth factor(MGF),was introduced in this study to modify an electrospun polycaprolactone(PCL)fibrous scaffold to direct the macrophage phenotype transition and mitigate the FBR.In vitro studies discovered the cell signal transduction mechanism of MGF regulates the macrophage polarization via the expression of related genes and proteins.We found that macrophages response the MGF stimuli via endocytosis,then MGF promotes the histone acetylation and upregulates the STAT6 expression to direct an anti-inflammatory phenotype transition.Subsequently,an immunoregulatory electrospun PCL fibrous scaffold was modified by silk fibroin(SF)single-component layer-by-layer assembly,and the SF was decorated with MGF via click chemistry.Macrophages seeded on scaffold to identify the function of MGF modified scaffold in directing macrophage polarization in vitro.Parallelly,rat subcutaneous implantation model and rat tendon adhesion model were performed to detect the immunomodulatory ability of the MGF-modified scaffold in vivo.The results demonstrate that MGF-modified scaffold is beneficial to the transformation of macrophages to M2 phenotype in vitro.More importantly,MGF-functionalized scaffold can inhibit the FBR at the subcutaneous tissue and prevent tissue adhesion.