科产教融合下“现代分析技术”课程改革与实践

本文在科产教融合理念下,对“现代分析技术”进行了课程改革。主要基于校内/际/企合作实现优质师资共享,通过融入科学前沿和生产实际丰富教学内容,在授课中采用教师主导、学生自主探究、“理虚实”结合、线上线下协同、公众号辅助等多维教学模式,同时配备多元化考核评价体系促学促教。实践结果表明,教学质量得到了明显提升,极大地助力于理论知识、科学研究、生产实践兼顾兼优的复合型人才的培养。

创建“仪器示教中心”,发挥其专业和思政育人功能

厦大化院自主研发仪器的历史悠久,在国内高校久负盛名,这也是厦大化院始终恪守“自强不息、止于至善”的校训,形成的“敢为先、重细节、合为贵”的学科文化的体现。本文以“仪器示教中心”所展示的一些仪器实物或照片为载体,介绍厦大化院自主研发仪器的渊源和历史,以及这些仪器所凝聚的老一辈科学家白手起家、艰苦奋斗的优良传统以及爱国、爱专业的家国情怀及大力协同、勇于登攀科学高峰的精神。对激发和启迪年轻一代科学原创的好奇心,引导和启发学生自主创新、创业和培养新时代高素质高水平专业人才所具有的重要意义。

Effects of Plant Spacing,Row Spacing and Seedling Number Allocation on the Growth Dynamics of Different Populations of Two Types of Rice Varieties

[Objectives]This study was conducted to construct high-yielding,high-quality,and high-light-efficiency population structures of different types of rice varieties.[Methods]The effects of plant spacing,row spacing and seedling number allocation on stems and tillers,leaf area and dynamic traits of high-yielding rice populations(more than 9750 kg/hm^(2))and low-yielding populations(less than 9750 kg/hm^(2))were studied by two kinds of representative rice varieties with different tiller ability and panicle sizes in cold regions.[Results]Decreasing the plant and row spacing and increasing the number of planted seedlings per hole advanced the heading date and made the number of stems and tillers in the population increase.The impact on the super rice variety with fewer tillers and heavier panicles was greater than that of conventional variety with more tillers and lighter panicles.The stems and tillers of the high-yielding high-quality populations grew steadily in the early stage of development,until an appropriate number of panicles was reached at the critical leaf age for productive tillers(June 25),and the peak seedlings should appear in the jointing stage(July 9)with a small number(that value of Longjing 21,the super rice variety with fewer tillers and heavier panicles,was about 1.2 times the expected panicle number,and that of the conventional variety with more tillers and lighter panicles,Kongyu 131,was about 1.1 times the expected panicle number).The populations gradually declined since then,until reaching an appropriate number of panicles at the heading stage.The high-yielding high-quality populations had a higher leaf area index at the heading stage.The value of Longjing 21,the super rice variety with fewer tiller and heavier panicles,reached about 6.0,and that of Kongyu 131,the conventional variety with more tillers and lighter panicles,reached about 4.5.The values decreased thereafter.At the maturation stage,the leaf area index of Longjing 21 remained above 2.5,and that of Kongyu 131 remained above 2.0.[Conclusions]This study has an important guiding role and significance for their high-yielding and high-quality supporting cultivation in cold regions.

Selection and Verification of Reference Genes for qRT-PCR Analysis in Iris domestica under Drought

Iris domestica is a plant of the Iridaceae family and is drought-tolerant,but its drought-resistance mechanism is not yet clear.Analysing the gene expression changes of I.domestica by qRT-PCR is an important mean to understand its drought resistance characteristics.Nevertheless,a lack of reference genes greatly hinders investigation and research on the adaptation of I.domestica to drought at the molecular and genetic levels.In this study,we assessed the expression stability of 11 candidate gene in I.domestica under drought stress conditions and different tissues using geNorm,NormFinder,BestKeeper and RefFinder tools.The results showed that EF1βwas the most stable reference genes under drought stress and in different tissues.To validate further the stability of the identified reference genes,the expression patterns of VP gene in I.domestica was analysed.These results will be conducive to more accurate quantification of gene expression levels in I.domestica.

Experimental Study on Water Saving of Large-scale Mechanized Paddy Field Production Process in Heilongjiang Province

In order to clarify the water-saving technologies and standards in large-scale mechanized production of paddy fields, the water-saving effects and cost-benefit situations of paddy field steeping, seedling transplanting and different land preparation methods were studied. The results showed that the suitable water layer height for the closing period of mechanized operation was 10 cm, which could save water, facilitate weed control, and lead to better effect and the highest yield. The treatment with a water layer height of 1 cm(Huadashui) for the seedling planting operation achieved better quality of seedling transplanting, lower vacancy rate and higher yield and was water-saving. From the perspective of saving water and taking into account the cost of land preparation, the method of steeping and beating the field was better than the method of plowing in autumn and rotary tillage and harrowing in spring, but it was very prone to lodging. From the perspective of high yield creation, the method of plowing in autumn and rotary tillage and harrowing in spring was significantly better than the method of steeping and beating the field. In order to reduce the cost of land preparation, it is recommended to change the way of plowing in autumn and rotary tillage and hallowing in spring to plowing in autumn and rotary tillage in spring or plowing and hallowing in spring to reduce the cost of one time of rotary tillage, and to simultaneously realize deeper plough layer, which is conducive to preventing lodging and obtaining high yield.

Comparisons of Protein Composition of Grains at Different Positions in Panicles between Erect and Curved Panicle Type Japonica Rice

Under field conditions, three erect panicle type japonica dee cultivars and three curved panicle type japonica rice cultivars were applied as experimental materials to investigate the differences of protein composition of grains at different positions in panicles between two different panicle types of japonica rice. Accord- ing to the results, the panicle type of japonica rice had no direct correlation with albumin content, globulin content, prolamin content and glutelin content in rice, variations of protein composition of grains at different positions in panicles. There were certain correlations between soluble protein contents at different grain posi- tions in the same panicle and the flowering order of glumous flowers in the panicle. Albumin content, prolamin content and glutelin content in grains on secondary rachis branches of two panicle types （erect and curved） of japonica rice cuhivars were higher than that on primary rachis branches, while globulin content exhibited an opposite trend. Globulin content, prolamin content and glutelin content in grains at different positions demonstrated a descending order of bottom 〉 middle 〉 top, while albumin content exhibited an opposite trend. The interactions between primary and secondary rachis branches and among top, middle and bottom rachis branches significantly affected soluble protein contents.

Portable multi-amplified temperature sensing for tumor exosomes based on MnO_(2)/IR780 nanozyme with high photothermal effect and oxidase-like activity

Efficient determination of tumor exosomes using portable devices is crucial for the establishment of facile and convenient early cancer diagnostic methods. However, it is still challenging to effectively amplify the detection signal to achieve tumor exosomes detection with high sensitivity by portable devices. To address this issue, we developed a portable multi-amplified temperature sensing strategy for highly sensitive detecting tumor exosomes based on multifunctional manganese dioxide/IR780 nanosheets(MnO_(2)/IR780 NSs) nanozyme with high oxidase-like activity and enhanced photothermal performance.Inspiringly, MnO_(2)/IR780 NSs were synthesized via a facile one-step method with mild experimental conditions, which not only exhibited a stronger photothermal effect than that of MnO_(2) but also showed excellent oxidase-like activity that can catalyze the oxidation of 3',3',5',5'-tetramethylbenzidine(TMB) to generate TMB oxide(oxTMB) with a robust photothermal property, thus conjoining with MnO_(2)/IR780 NSs to further enhance the temperature signal. The present assay enables highly sensitive determination of tumor exosomes with the detection limit down to 5.1×10~3 particles/mL, which was comparable or superior to those of the most previously reported sensors. Furthermore, detection of tumor exosomes spiked in biological samples was successfully realized. More importantly, our method showed the recommendable portability, robust applicability, and easy manipulation. By taking advantages of these features,this high-performance photothermal sensor offered a promising alternative means for nondestructive early cancer diagnosis and treatment efficacy evaluation.

Label-free homogeneous photoelectrochemical aptasensing of VEGF_(165)based on DNA-regulated peroxidase-mimetic activity of metal-organic-frameworks

The application of metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)nanozymes in biosensing has been extensively investigated,however,till now there is still no report on photoelectrochemical(PEC)sensing based on enzyme memetic properties of MOFs.To further expand the utilization of MOFs nanozymes in biosensing,we developed a label-free homogenous PEC aptasensor for the detection of VEGF_(165),an important cancer biomarker,based on the DNA-regulated peroxidase-mimetic activity of Fe-MIL-88,a type of MOFs.In this strategy,the peroxidase-mimetic property of MOFs is integrated with the label-free homogeneous PEC sensing approach,and highly sensitive detection of VEGF_(165)is obtained with a detection limit down to 33 fg/m L,superior or comparable to the previously reported values.Moreover,this approach displays outstanding specificity,and has been successfully used to detect VEGF_(165)added in diluted serum samples.As far as we know,it is the first example to employ the peroxidase-like activity of MOFs in PEC biosensing,which may find potential application in bioanalysis and early disease diagnosis.

Aptamer-induced in-situ growth of acetylcholinesterase-Cu_(3)(PO_(4))_(2)hybrid nanoflowers for electrochemical detection of organophosphorus inhibitors

Enzyme-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers(HNFs)have shown excellent sensing capabilities due to their large specific surface area as well as the simplicity and mildness of the preparation process.However,coupling HNFs to electrodes to fabricate a uniform and controllable enzymatic electrochemical sensing interface remains a challenge.Here,we proposed an aptamer-induced insitu fabrication strategy for preparing an HNF-based electrochemical sensor with ideal performance.Central to this strategy is the introduction of acetylcholinesterase(AChE)-specific binding aptamer(Apt),which induces the in-situ growth of AChE-copper phosphate(Cu_(3)(PO_(4))_(2))HNFs on the surface of carbon paper(CP).In addition,a dense gold nanoparticle(AuNP)layer was electrodeposited on the CP for anchoring Apt and further extending the electroactive surface area.The prepared AChECu_(3)(PO_(4))_(2)HNF/Apt/AuNP/CP biosensor exhibited a wide detection range from 1 to 107 pM for the four organophosphorus inhibitors,including isocarbophos,dichlorvos,methamidophos,and parathion,with detection limits down to 0.016,0.028,0.071,and 0.113 pM,respectively.With the reactivation of pralidoxime chloride,the electrode can still recover 98.1%of the response after five times of repeated use.In real sample detection,the biosensor achieved high recoveries from 96.45%to 100.13%.The detection target may be extendable to other AChE inhibitors(e.g.,drugs for Alzheimer’s disease).This study demonstrates for the first time the feasibility of using aptamers as an inducer to fabricate an electrochemical enzyme sensing interface in-situ.This strategy can be used to fabricate other enzyme-based biosensors and therefore has broader applications.

新型冠状病毒疫苗研究策略分析

新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)是一种可引起人新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)的新发呼吸道病原体,与重症急性呼吸道综合症冠状病毒(SARS-CoV)和中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒(MERS-CoV)同属于β-冠状病毒,具有较高的传染性和一定的致死率。2019年12月在我国武汉被发现,随后蔓延到我国大部分省份,给我国人民健康和经济发展造成巨大损失。疫苗接种是预防和控制传染病的常规和有效手段,国内外多个机构已启动COVID-19疫苗研究工作。文中基于SARS和MERS疫苗研究的经验和教训,对COVID-19疫苗的研究策略和需要注意的关键问题进行了阐述,为相关研究人员提供参考。

CypA Regulates AIP4-Mediated M1 Ubiquitination of Influenza A Virus

Cyclophilin A (CypA) is a peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase that interacts with the matrix protein (M1) of influenza A virus (IAV) and restricts virus replication by regulating the ubiquitin–proteasome-mediated degradation of M1. However,the mechanism by which CypA regulates M1 ubiquitination remains unknown. In this study, we reported that E3 ubiquitin ligase AIP4 promoted K48-linked ubiquitination of M1 at K102 and K104, and accelerated ubiquitin–proteasome-mediated degradation of M1. The recombinant IAV with mutant M1 (K102 R/K104 R) could not be rescued, suggesting that the ubiquitination of M1 at K102/K104 was essential for IAV replication. Furthermore, CypA inhibited AIP4-mediated M1 ubiquitination by impairing the interaction between AIP4 and M1. More importantly, both the mutations of M1 (K102 R/K104 R) and CypA inhibited the nuclear export of M1, indicating that CypA regulates the cellular localization of M1 via inhibition of AIP4-mediated M1 ubiquitination at K102 and K104, which results in the reduced replication of IAV.Collectively, our findings reveal a novel ubiquitination-based mechanism by which CypA regulates the replication of IAV.

Boosting the photodynamic therapy efficiency with a mitochondria-targeted nanophotosensitizer

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an attractive clinical technique for cancer treatment. However, the poor solubility and weak cellular internalization of the molecule-photosensitizers, as well as the exceedingly short lifetime and limited diffusion distance of the generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cytoplasm directly restricted the therapeutic efficiency of conventional PDT. In this study, we proposed a facile strategy for improving PDT of cancer based on a mitochondria-targeted nanophotosensitizer. The molecule-photosensitizer chlorin e6 was covalently attached on the internal and external surfaces of the mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Then, the triphenylphosphonium was anchored on the nanoparticles for selectively targeting mitochondria. When irradiated with laser, the nanophotosensitizer can generate a large amount of ROS in mitochondria, thus causing the mitochondrial dysfunction and irreversible cell apoptosis. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that the nanophotosensitizer could boost the treatment efficiency against cancer cells and xenograft tumor models.

The self-assembled nanoparticle-based trimeric RBD mRNA vaccine elicits robust and durable protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in mice

As COVID-19 continues to spread rapidly worldwide and variants continue to emerge,the development and deployment of safe and effective vaccines are urgently needed.Here,we developed an mRNA vaccine based on the trimeric receptor-binding domain(RBD)of the SARS-CoV-2 spike(S)protein fused to ferritin-formed nanoparticles(TF-RBD).Compared to the trimeric form of the RBD mRNA vaccine(T-RBD),TF-RBD delivered intramuscularly elicited robust and durable humoral immunity as well as a Th 1-biased cellular response.After further challenge with live SARS-CoV-2,immunization with a two-shot low-dose regimen of TF-RBD provided adequate protection in hACE2-transduced mice.In addition,the mRNA template of TF-RBD was easily and quickly engineered into a variant vaccine to address SARS-CoV-2 mutations.The TF-RBD multivalent vaccine produced broad-spectrum neutralizing antibodies against Alpha(B.1.1.7)and Beta(B.1.351)variants.This mRNA vaccine based on the encoded self-assembled nanoparticle-based trimer RBD provides a referenee for the design of mRNA vaccines targeting SARS-CoV-2.

Interferon as a Mucosal Adjuvant for an Influenza Vaccine in Pigs

Interferon, a natural protein that is produced by a variety of cells during viral infection, activates the transcription of multiple functional genes in cells, regulates synergy among various signaling pathways, and mediates many biological functions such as antiviral activity, immune regulation, and cell growth. However, clinical research on interferon in livestock is lacking. In this study, recombinant porcine interferon(PoIFNa) was used as an adjuvant, in combination with inactivated influenza virus, to vaccinate 6-week-old pigs via nasal infusion. The transcription of target genes was then monitored and the functions of PoIFNa were determined with respect to the activation of mucosal immunity. We found that a combination of low-dose PoIFNa and inactivated influenza virus could significantly up-regulate the expression of immunoregulatory cytokines such as IL-2, IL-18, IFN-c, IL-6, and IL-10 by real-time PCR, suggesting the induction of a strong mucosal innate immune response after administration. In addition, low-dose PoIFNa can significant enhancing the transcription of genes encoding homing factors including CCR9 and CCR10(P \ 0.001), thereby resulting in the induction of higher levels of HA-specific antibodies(P \ 0.05), which can be determined by ELISA and IFA. Post-immunization challenges with H1 N1 virus demonstrated that PoIFNa, combined with inactivated influenza virus, could alleviate clinical signs in pigs during the early stages of viral infection. These studies reveal low-dose PoIFNa as a potential mucosal adjuvant for influenza virus in pigs.

Nucleoprotein phosphorylation site(Y385)mutation confers temperature sensitivity to influenza A virus due to impaired nucleoprotein oligomerization at a lower temperature

Mutations in viral proteins can lead to the cold adaption of influenza A virus and the cold-adapted virus is an important vaccination instrument.Here,we identify a novel strain of influenza A virus with cold sensitivity conferred by a mutation at a phosphorylation site within the nucleoprotein(NP).The highly conserved tyrosine 385 residue(Y385)of NP was identified as a phosphorylation site by mass spectrometry.The constructive NP phosphorylation mimicked by Y385 E mutation was fatal for virus replication,while the continuous Y385 dephosphorylation mimicked by Y385 F mutation had little impact on virus replication in vitro.Notably,the Y385 F virus showed much lower replicative capacity in turbinates of mice compared with the wild type virus.Moreover,the replication of Y385 F virus was significantly reduced in both A549 and MDCK cells grown at 33℃,when compared to that at 37℃.These results indicated that the Y385 F mutation led to cold sensitivity of virus.We further found that the cold sensitivity of Y385 F virus could be attributed to diminished NP oligomerization rather than any changes in intracellular localization.Taken together,these findings suggest that the phosphorylation of NP may be a critical factor that regulates the temperature sensitivity of influenza A virus.

Distinct evolution process among type I interferon in mammals

Interferon (IFN) is thought to play an important role in the vertebrate immune system, but systemic knowledge of IFN evolution has yet to be elucidated. To evaluate the phylogenic distribution and evolutionary history of type I IFNs, 13genomes were searched using BLASTn program, and a phylogenetic tree of vertebrate type I IFNs was constructed. In the present study, an IFNδ-like gene in the human genome was identified, refuting the concept that humans have no IFNδ genes, and other mammalian IFN genes were also identified. In the phylogenetic tree, the mammalian IFNβ, IFNɛ, and IFNκ formed a clade separate from the other mammalian type I IFNs, while piscine and avian IFNs formed distinct clades. Based on this phylogenetic analysis and the various characteristics of type I IFNs, the evolutionary history of type I IFNs was further evaluated. Our data indicate that an ancestral IFNα-like gene forms a core from which new IFNs divided during vertebrate evolution. In addition, the data suggest how the other type I IFNs evolved from IFNα and shaped the complex type I IFN system. The promoters of type I IFNs were conserved among different mammals, as well as their genic regions. However, the intergenic regions of type I IFN clusters were not conserved among different mammals, demonstrating a high selection pressure upon type I IFNs during their evolution.

Nasal delivery of thermostable and broadly neutralizing antibodies protects mice against SARS-CoV-2 infection

Dear Editor,The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has lasted for 2 years,causing a severe global impact on social development.With widespread vaccinations,the number of new infections has dropped significantly,but with the emergence of diverse novel variants of concern(VOCs)and variants of interest(VOIs),there has been a second or third epidemic wave in many countries.

Rapid and accurate identification of SARS-CoV-2 variants containing E484 mutation

The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)infection has led to over 240 million confirmed infections and severe economic burdens worldwide.Multiple emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern(VOCs)and variants of interest(VOIs)have recently beenidentifiedand are nowspreading internationally,including B.1.1.7(Alpha),B.1.351(Beta),P.1(Gamma),B.1.617(Delta and Kappa),C.37(Lambda),and B.1.621(Mu),all of which appear to bemore easily transmitted(WHO,COVID-19Weekly EpidemiologicalUpdate).Beta andGamma VOCs can seriously impair the protective efficacy of existing vaccines,potentially precluding the possibility of attaining"herd immunity."

Immunogenicity of multi-epitope-based vaccine candidates administered with the adjuvant Gp96 against rabies

Rabies, a zoonotic disease, causes > 55,000 human deaths globally and results in at least 500 million dollars in losses every year. The currently available rabies vaccines are mainly inactivated and attenuated vaccines, which have been linked with clinical diseases in animals. Thus, a rabies vaccine with high safety and efficacy is urgently needed. Peptide vaccines are known for their low cost, simple production procedures and high safety. Therefore, in this study, we examined the efficacy of multi-epitope-based vaccine candidates against rabies virus. The ability of various peptides to induce epitope-specific responses was examined, and the two peptides that possessed the highest antigenicity and conservation, i.e., AR16 and h PAB, were coated with adjuvant canineGp96 and used to prepare vaccines. The peptides were prepared as an emulsion of oil in water(O/W) to create three batches of bivalent vaccine products. The vaccine candidates possessed high safety. Virus neutralizing antibodies were detected on the day 14 after the first immunization in mice and beagles, reaching 5–6 IU/m L in mice and 7–9 IU/m L in beagles by day 28. The protective efficacy of the vaccine candidates was about 70%–80% in mice challenged by a virulent strain of rabies virus. Thus, a novel multi-epitope-based rabies vaccine with Gp96 as an adjuvant was developed and validated in mice and dogs. Our results suggest that synthetic peptides hold promise for the development of novel vaccines against rabies.

Surveillance of Malaria Vectors—18 Sites,12 PLADs,China,2018–2020

Summary What is already known on this topic?Malaria is an infectious parasitic disease transmitted by the bite of Anopheles mosquitoes and is a serious threat to human health.Surveillance of malaria vectors is part of the integrated strategy for malaria elimination in China.What is added by this report?This research supplements the population distribution,density,and seasonal fluctuation of malaria vectors in the Anopheles surveillance sites from 2018 to 2020 in China.