A Survey of Knowledge Graph Construction Using Machine Learning

Knowledge graph(KG)serves as a specialized semantic network that encapsulates intricate relationships among real-world entities within a structured framework.This framework facilitates a transformation in information retrieval,transitioning it from mere string matching to far more sophisticated entity matching.In this transformative process,the advancement of artificial intelligence and intelligent information services is invigorated.Meanwhile,the role ofmachine learningmethod in the construction of KG is important,and these techniques have already achieved initial success.This article embarks on a comprehensive journey through the last strides in the field of KG via machine learning.With a profound amalgamation of cutting-edge research in machine learning,this article undertakes a systematical exploration of KG construction methods in three distinct phases:entity learning,ontology learning,and knowledge reasoning.Especially,a meticulous dissection of machine learningdriven algorithms is conducted,spotlighting their contributions to critical facets such as entity extraction,relation extraction,entity linking,and link prediction.Moreover,this article also provides an analysis of the unresolved challenges and emerging trajectories that beckon within the expansive application of machine learning-fueled,large-scale KG construction.

LA-D-B1,a novel Abemaciclib derivative,exerts anti-breast cancer effects through CDK4/6

Background:Regulatory proteins involved in human cellular division and proliferation,cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6(CDK4/6)are overexpressed in numerous cancers,including triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC).TNBC is a common pathological subtype of breast cancer that is prone to recurrence and metastasis,and has a single treatment method.As one of the CDK4/6 inhibitors,abemaciclib can effectively inhibit the growth of breast tumors.In this study,we synthesized LA-D-B1,a derivative of Abemaciclib,and investigated its anti-tumor effects in breast cancer.Methods:Cellular viability was assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT)assay.Cell cloning and migration abilities were determined by colony formation assay and wound healing assay.Cell invasion abilities and adhesion were determined by cell invasion assay and cell adhesion assay.The impact of compound LA-D-B1 on cell proliferation and the cell cycle was analyzed through Western blotting,which quantified the levels of proteins associated with the cyclin-dependent kinase(CDK)4/6-cyclin D-Rb-E2F pathway.The in vivo anti-tumor activity of compound LA-D-B1 was investigated using a chick chorioallantoic membrane(CAM)model.Results:The study demonstrated that LA-D-B1 effectively suppressed breast cancer cell proliferation,induced apoptosis,and caused cell cycle arrest.Furthermore,LA-D-B1 reduced the expression of key proteins in the CDK4/6-cyclin D-Rb-E2F pathway,including CDK4,CDK6 and E2F1.The results also indicated significant antitumor activity of LA-D-B1 in a transplanted tumor model.Conclusion:In this study,LA-D-B1 demonstrated a potent anti-tumor effect by effectively suppressing cell proliferation and inhibiting cell cycle progression in breast cancer.These findings highlight the potential of LA-D-B1 as a valuable compound for enhancing therapeutic outcomes and controlling the progression of breast cancer.

Matrine inhibits mycelia growth of Botryosphaeria dothidea by affecting membrane permeability

Matrine is a promising botanical antifungal;however, the mechanism underlying the antifungal activity is yet limited. We studied the antifungal activity of matrine and the underlying mechanism in Botryosphaeria dothidea as a model strain. Matrine strongly inhibited mycelial growth of B. dothidea in a dose-dependent manner. Matrine-treated B. dothidea showed morphological and ultrastructural alterations, including shriveled hyphae, plasmolysis, and leakage of cytoplasm related to cell membrane deterioration. In addition, matrine caused significantly high conductivity and absorbance (260 nm) in extracellular matrices and low lipid contents in B. dothidea, indicating increased membrane permeability. Lipid peroxidation showed that matrine resulted in increased malondialdehyde content while enhancing the generation of reactive oxygen species and the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase. These results showed that matrine inhibited the mycelial growth of B. dothidea by enhancing cell membrane permeability via membrane lipid peroxidation.

Bioinformatics analysis of structure and function in the MRP gene family and its expression in response to various drugs in Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Genes homologous to members of the MRP gene family in Caenorhabditis elegans are important in drug resistance.To further explore the molecular mechanism of drug resistance in pine wood nematode(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus),we used bioinformatics approaches to analyze genomic data for B.xylophilus and identified Bx-MRP genes.We predicted the structure and function of the genes and encoded proteins.Using bioinformatics programs to predict and analyze various properties of the predicted proteins,including hydrophobicity,transmembrane regions,phosphorylation sites,and topologically isomeric structures,of these Bx-MRP genes,we determined that they function in transmembrane transport.From the results of RT-qPCR,the Bx-MRP family members confer significant differential resistance to different drug treatments.After treatment with different concentrations of emamectin benzoate,avermectin and matrine,the expression of each gene increased with increasing drug concentrations,indicating that the family members play a positive role in the regulation of multidrug resistance.

Armarium facilitating angina management post myocardial infarction concomitant with coronavirus disease 2019

The outbreak and spread of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)are not only a disaster of people’s life and health over the world,[1–3]but also the challenge for medical practitioner in clinical management.Owing to many diagnostic instruments are not suitable or convenient to use any more in contagious ward considering the risk of cross infections,such as traditional stethoscope or electrocardiogram(ECG).In this scenarios,wireless and digital equipment are optimal choices for epidemic management in order to exert rapid diagnosis and disease evaluation.Herein,we reported a case of the patient suffering both COVID-19 and myocardial infarction,for which the tele-ECG and wireless stethoscope facilitated the accurate diagnosis and instant management.

Pathogenicity of Serratia marcescens to hazelnut weevil(Curculio dieckmanni)

The hazelnut weevil(Curculio dieckmanni Faust.)is a major pest of Asian hazel(Corylus heterophylla Fisch.)in China.Dead hazelnut weevil larvae were examined and the associated pathogenic bacterium was identifi ed as Serratia marcescens Bizio.This signifi cantly shortened the lifespan of hazelnut weevil.Larval weight was reduced as a function of S.marcescens concentration and exposure time.The structure of infected midgut cells was altered,with necrosis of the wall tissues and many cells becoming dislodged,creating cavities.The S.marcencens strain inhibited digestive enzyme activity and protective enzymes in the midgut of adult hazelnut weevil.Inhibition on S.marcencens strain increased with treatment time.S.marcescens directly destroyed the midgut cells and interfered with digestive and protective enzymes.This decreased the food intake and increased mortality of hazelnut weevil.S.marcescens appears to be an eff ective bacterium for the control of hazelnut weevil but requires further study,including biological formulation development and fi eld application.

Molecular characterization and functional analysis of USP-1 by RNA interference in the Asian gypsy moth Lymantria dispar

Ecdysteroids play an important role in regulating diverse physiological processes in arthropods,such as molting,metamorphosis,reproduction and diapause.Ecdysteroids mediate the response by binding to a heterodimeric complex of two nuclear receptors:the ecdysone receptor and the ultraspiracle(USP).To investigate the role of USP in development of the Asian gypsy moth(Lymantria dispar),a USP cDNA was obtained from the transcriptome of L.dispar and verified by PCR.In-depth profiling of transcript levels of L.dispar USP-1(LdUSP-1)at different developmental stages and over time in thirdinstar larvae and different tissues isolated during the thirdinstar stage of L.dispar was then carried out.Transcript levels of LdUSP-1 were relatively high before 72 h in the third-instar larvae after ecdysis and in the adult male.The function of LdUSP-1 in molting was analyzed by knockdown of LdUSP-1 in third instar larvae using RNA interference.Silencing of LdUSP-1 significantly downregulated the transcript level of E75,an ecdysone-inducible gene,and of Sad,a Halloween gene.In addition,the duration of the third-instar stage was slightly shortened and larval mortality increased after the LdUSP-1 knockdown.

Combination therapy of scalp electro-acupuncture and medication for the treatment of Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective:To summarize the current clinical evidence related to the therapeutic effects and safety of adjuvant scalp electro-acupuncture (SEA) treatment for Parkinson's disease in China.Methods:Following the PRISMA statement,seven electronic databases were searched to retrieve randomized controlled clinical trials that used SEA combined with medication as the treatment intervention,and medication as the control.RevMan 5.3 was used to analyze outcomes,including the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS),Webster scale,effectiveness rate,and UPDRS III.Results:Nine randomized controlled trials,with certain methodological flaws and risks of bias,were included that involved 474 participants.SEA combined with medication was more effective than medication alone in overall therapeutic effects,as evidenced by total UPDRS scores (mean difference (MD):7.15,95% confidence interval [CI] 0.24 to 14.07,P =.04),Webster scores (MD:1.60,95% CI 0.20 to 2.99,P =.03),and effectiveness rate (risk ratio:1.35,95% CI 1.19 to 1.54,P <.001).In addition,there was significant improvement in pooled motor function results after adjuvant SEA treatment compared with medication alone (MD:5.75,95% Cl 4.18 to 7.32,P <.001).Conclusion:The combination of SEA and medication may be a promising intervention for patients with Parkinson's disease,especially to improve motor function.However,results were inconclusive,and additional studies with rigorous experimental design and larger sample sizes are needed to verify these results.

An upgraded polymeric composite with interparticle chemical bonding microstructure toward lithium-ion battery separators with enhanced safety and electrochemical performances

A composite separator of SiC/PVDF-HFP was synthesized for lithium-ion batteries with high thermal and mechanical stabilities.Benefiting from the nanoscale,high hardness,and melting point of SiC,SiC/PVDFHFP with highly uniform microstructure was obtained.This polarization caused by barrier penetration was significantly restrained.Due to the Si-F bond between SiC and PVDF-HFP,the structural stability has been obviously enhanced,which could suppress the growth of lithium(Li) dendrite.Furthermore,some 3D reticulated Si nanowires are found on the surface of Li anode,which also greatly inhibit Li dendrites and result in irregular flakes of Li metal.Especially,the shrinkage of 6% SiC/PVDF-HFP at 150℃ is only 5%,which is notably lower than those of PVDF-HFP and Celgard2500.The commercial LiFePO_(4) cell assembled with 6% SiC/PVDF-HFP possesses a specific capacity of 157.8 mA h g^(-1) and coulomb efficiency of 98% at 80℃.In addition,the tensile strength and modulus of 6% SiC/PVDF-HFP could reach 14.6 and 562 MPa,respectively.And a small deformation(1000 nm) and strong deformation recovery are obtained under a high additional load(2.3 mN).Compared with PVDF-HFP and Celgard2500,the symmetric Li cell assembled with 6% SiC/PVDF-HFP has not polarized after 900 cycles due to its excellent mechanical stabilities.This strategy provides a feasible solution for the composite separator of high-safety batteries with a high temperature and impact resistance.

In-plane current-induced magnetization reversal of Pd/CoZr/MgO magnetic multilayers

High critical current density(>10^(6)A/cm^(2))is one of major obstacles to realize practical applications of the currentdriven magnetization reversal devices.In this work,we successfully prepared Pd/CoZr(3.5 nm)/MgO thin films with large perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and demonstrated a way of reducing the critical current density with a low out-of-plane magnetic field in the Pd/CoZr/MgO stack.Under the assistance of an out-of-plane magnetic field,the magnetization can be fully reversed with a current density of about 10^(4)A/cm^(2).The magnetization reversal is attributed to the combined effect of the out-of-plane magnetic field and the current-induced spin-orbital torque.It is found that the current-driven magnetization reversal is highly relevant to the temperature owing to the varied spin-orbital torque,and the current-driven magnetization reversal will be more efficient in low-temperature range,while the magnetic field is helpful for the magnetization reversal in high-temperature range.

Correlation of abnormal ASC and ASC-b expression with serum inflammatory mediator secretion in patients with gouty arthritis

Objective: To study the correlation of abnormal expression of apoptsis-associated speck-like protein (ASC) and its subtype ASC-b with serum inflammatory mediator secretion in patients with gouty arthritis. Methods: Patients with acute gouty arthritis and patients with intermittent gouty arthritis who were treated in the People's Hospital of Deyang City between July 2014 and March 2017 were selected as the AGA group and IGA group of the research respectively, and healthy volunteers who received physical examination in the People's Hospital of Deyang City during the same period were selected as the control group of the research. The ASC and ASC-b expression in peripheral blood and inflammatory mediator levels in serum were measured. Results: Peripheral blood ASC and ASC-b mRNA expression as well as serum IL-1β, IL-18, TNF-α, PGE2, IL-6, IL-8, DKK-1, TRAP5b, ANGPTL4, RANKL and APN/CD31 levels of AGA group were significantly higher than those of IGA group and control group, and peripheral blood ASC and ASC-b mRNA expression as well as serum IL-1β, IL-18, TNF-α, PGE2, IL-6, IL-8, DKK-1, TRAP5b, ANGPTL4, RANKL and APN/CD31 levels of IGA group were not significantly different from those of control group;peripheral blood ASC and ASC-b mRNA expression of patients with AGA were positively correlated with serum IL-1β, IL-18, TNF-α, PGE2, IL-6, IL-8, DKK-1, TRAP5b, ANGPTL4, RANKL and APN/CD31 levels. Conclusion: High expression of ASC and ASC-b in peripheral blood of patients with gouty arthritis is closely related to the activation of inflammatory response and the bone destruction in the joints.

Adaptive deep learning for head and neck cancer detection using hyperspectral imaging

It can be challenging to detect tumor margins during surgery for complete resection.The purpose of this work is to develop a novel learning method that learns the difference between the tumor and benign tissue adaptively for cancer detection on hyperspectral images in an animal model.Specifically,an auto-encoder network is trained based on the wavelength bands on hyperspectral images to extract the deep information to create a pixel-wise prediction of cancerous and benign pixel.According to the output hypothesis of each pixel,the misclassified pixels would be reclassified in the right prediction direction based on their adaptive weights.The auto-encoder network is again trained based on these updated pixels.The learner can adaptively improve the ability to identify the cancer and benign tissue by focusing on the misclassified pixels,and thus can improve the detection performance.The adaptive deep learning method highlighting the tumor region proved to be accurate in detecting the tumor boundary on hyperspectral images and achieved a sensitivity of 92.32%and a specificity of 91.31%in our animal experiments.This adaptive learning method on hyperspectral imaging has the potential to provide a noninvasive tool for tumor detection,especially,for the tumor whose margin is indistinct and irregular.

Design of pH-responsive antimicrobial peptide melittin analog-camptothecin conjugates for tumor therapy

Melittin,a classical antimicrobial peptide,is a highly potent antitumor agent.However,its significant toxicity seriously hampers its application in tumor therapy.In this study,we developed novel melittin analogs with pH-responsive,cell-penetrating and membranelytic activities by replacing arginine and lysine with histidine.After conjugation with camptothecin(CPT),CPT-AAM-1 and CPT-AAM-2 were capable of killing tumor cells by releasing CPT at low concentrations and disrupting cell membranes at high concentrations under acidic conditions.Notably,we found that the C-terminus of the melittin analogs was more suitable for drug conjugation than the N-terminus.CPT-AAM-1 significantly suppressed melanoma growth in vivo with relatively low toxicity.Collectively,the present study demonstrates that the development of antitumor drugs based on pH-responsive antimicrobial peptide-drug conjugates is a promising strategy.

持续泵注盐酸右美托咪定对腹腔镜下结、直肠癌根治术患者围手术期动态肺顺应性和外周血中Toll样受体2和4表达的影响

目的评价盐酸右美托咪定对腹腔镜下结、直肠癌根治术患者围手术期动态肺顺应性(Cdyn)和外周血中Toll样受体2(TLR-2)和(TLR-4)表达的影响。方法选取2015年7月-2016年6月在中国医科大学附属盛京医院择期全身麻醉下行腹腔镜结、直肠癌根治术患者20例,ASA分级I或Ⅱ级,年龄33~68岁,体重指数(BMI)<30 kg/m^2,采用随机数字表法分为两组:对照组(C组10例)和盐酸右美托咪定组(D组10例)。手术开始时,D组盐酸右美托咪定以0.4μg/(kg·h)的速率持续泵注至手术结束前30 min;C组静脉输注等容量生理盐水。记录麻醉诱导前(T_0)、手术开始后30 min(T_2)、60 min(T_3)、90 min(T_4)、拔管时(T_6)和拔管后3 min(T_7)的平均动脉压(MAP)和心率(HR);记录插管后5 min(T_1)、手术开始后30 min(T_2)、60 min(T_3)、90 min(T_4)、手术结束前30 min(T_5)、拔管时(T_6)和拔管后3 min(T_7)的气道压(Paw)和Cdyn;分别于麻醉诱导前(T_0)、手术开始90 min(T_4)、拔管后3 min(T_7)和术后1 d(T_8)采集上肢静脉血,检测外周血中TLR-2、TLR-4及肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)浓度。结果与C组比较,D组瑞芬太尼用量减少(P<0.05);与C组比较,D组T_7时刻MAP、HR均下降(P<0.05);与C组比较,D组T_(3、4)时Cdyn升高(P<0.05);与C组比较,D组T_4、T_7及T_8时静脉血中TLR-2和TLR-4的浓度下调(P<0.05);与C组比较,D组T_4、T_7及T_8时血清中TNF-α中的浓度降低(P<0.05);两组睁眼时间、拔管时间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论持续泵注0.4μg/(kg·h)盐酸右美托咪定有助于稳定血流动力学,缓解炎症性应激反应,维持术中各项指标相对稳定,对手术患者有一定的肺保护作用。

BCD方案不同疗程数对于初治多发性骨髓瘤的疗效影响

目的:分析2、4、6个疗程以硼替佐米(bortezomib)为基础的3药联合诱导,包括硼替佐米、环磷酰胺(cyclophosphamide)、地塞米松(dexamethasone)即BCD方案3药联合治疗初治多发性骨髓瘤(multiple myeloma,MM)的疗效。方法:回顾性分析2014年1月1日至2016年7月30日北京大学人民医院初诊MM一线采用BCD的3药方案治疗≥2个疗程、随访资料完整、不合并髓外浆细胞瘤及淀粉样变性的70例患者的临床资料。统计单纯接受2、4、6个疗程患者疾病治疗疗效。结果:70例患者中,男女比为36∶34。中位年龄为58.4(33～81)岁,ISS分期Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅱ期分别为16、18、36例。单纯接受2、4、6个疗程BCD患者分别为14、20、36例。仅接受2个疗程组中完全缓解(complete response,CR)、≥非常好的部分缓解(very good partial response,VGPR)、≥部分缓解(partial response,PR)比例分别为14.28%、42.86%和71.42%;仅接受4个疗程组中CR、≥VGPR、≥PR比例分别为30.00%、60.00%和80.00%;仅接受6个疗程组中CR、≥VGPR、≥PR比例分别为38.89%、75.00%和83.33%。中位随访时间为15.37(2～32)个月,预估中位无进展生存期(median progression free survival,mPFS)为21.96(95%CI:19.26～24.70)个月。3组无进展生存期(progression free survival,PFS)差异无统计学意义(P=0.700)。结论:BCD方案3药联合治疗中,最大疗效发生在4个疗程及以后。随着诱导疗程数的进一步增加,疾病缓解程度增加,但总体缓解率提高不明显。一线诱导治疗初诊MM可采用BCD方案4个疗程及以上。

Preparation and decolorization of sapindus mukurossi extract and its application in sebum-control shampoos

Background:Sapindus mukurossi extract(SME)is a kind of natural surface active ingredient with potential applications in cleansing products.However,the polyphenols and pigments contained in the extract may cause color browning of the products during storage especially at elevated temperatures,affecting its high level addition in the products.Objective:To explore a decolorization process suitable for industrialization realize the high level addition of SME and explore the potential of SME in the field of controlling sebum esters.Materials and Methods:SME was prepared by adsorbing polyphenols on the D301 resin and oxidation decoloring oxidation.Investigated its sebum-control efficacy by SZ95 model and clinical study.Results:The results demonstrate that the D301 resin displays the best adsorption selectivity for polyphenols in SME,and the polyphenol adsorption ratio of D301 resin(5 wt%)can reach 83.6%;The optimal decolorization conditions are pH=7.8,temperature 73℃and decolorization time 5.7 h when H2O2 content is 6%,The prepared SME shows no obvious changes in color and retain stable during the high temperature(50℃)test period of 28 days.4μg/mL of SME decreases the lipid synthesis of SZ95 cells by 24.8%.The clinic efficacy of the shampoo containing 10%SME(by dry extract weigh)is further evaluated.No significant changes in the skin moisture content and transepidermal water loss(TEWL)are observed within four weeks after using the product,while the scalp sebum level is significantly reduced.Conclusion:In this study,we prepared a light-colored,highly stable SME,enabled its high-level addition in cleansing and care products and found its sebum-control efficacy.

脉络膜厚度与黄斑裂孔的相关性

目的:探究脉络膜厚度与黄斑裂孔的相关性,为黄斑裂孔的诊断与治疗提供理论依据。方法:本研究观察对象为2015-06/2016-06于我院眼科治疗的40例单眼特发性黄斑裂孔患者以及40例正常体检人员,将特发性黄斑裂孔患者患眼(40眼)设为A组、健侧眼(40眼)设为B组,40例正常体检人员40只正常眼设为C组,通过增强深部成像的相干光断层扫描(enhanced depth image optical coherence tomography,EDIOCT)对黄斑中心凹,黄斑中心凹外1、3mm上下鼻颞四方位9个点的脉络膜厚度进行测定,分别记为SFCT、SCT_(1mm)、SCT3mm、ICT_(1mm)、ICT3mm、NCT_(1mm)、NCT_(3mm)、TCT_(1mm)、TCT3mm,并对SFCT与年龄的关系进行相关性分析。结果:A、B组平均SFCT无显著性差异,C组显著高于A、B组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);A、B组SCT_(1mm)、SCT3mm、ICT_(1mm)、ICT3mm、NCT_(1mm)、NCT_(3mm)、TCT_(1mm)、TCT3mm比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),且C组各测量点脉络膜厚度均显著高于A、B组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与年龄的相关性分析发现,A、B组SFCT与年龄无明显相关性(r=-0.065,P=0.148;r=-0.057,P=0.658),C组SFCT与年龄呈负相关(r=-0.343,P=0.041)。结论:特发性黄斑裂孔的发病机制可能与其脉络膜厚度明显降低有关,对侧健眼较正常人群脉络膜厚度也明显降低。

HPV-DNA分型检测联合液基薄层细胞学检查在宫颈癌筛查中的价值研究

目的探讨HPV-DNA分型检测联合液基薄层细胞学检查在宫颈癌筛查中的价值研究.方法选择我院2018年6月-2019年6月收治的150例宫颈癌筛查患者作为本次研究入组对象,收集患者HPV-DNA分型、液基薄层细胞检查病理检查标本进行检测,分析单独使用HPV-DNA分型检测、液基薄层细胞检查以及同时联用两种检测方法在判断宫颈癌病变中的诊断价值.结果HPV-DNA分型符合率和液基薄层细胞学检查检测符合率分别为67.33%(101/150)和60.67%(91/150),两组间差异无统计学意义;随着高危型HPV表达率逐渐升高,液基薄层细胞检查级别升高,在SCC中高危型HPV表达率为100%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);HPV-DNA分型符合率联合液基薄层细胞学检查在诊断灵敏度、特异度、准确度方面均高于单一筛查方法,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论HPV-DNA分型符合率联合液基薄层细胞学检查能够提高早期宫颈癌筛查效果,值得临床上广泛推广.

(2R,3R)-1,4-二甲氧基-1,1,4,4-四苯基-2,3-丁二醇的合成——推荐一个大学有机化学综合实验

“(2R,3R)-1,4-二甲氧基-1,1,4,4-四苯基-2,3-丁二醇的合成与表征”是“化学综合实验”课程的一个创新实验。(2R,3R)-1,4-二甲氧基-1,1,4,4-四苯基-2,3-丁二醇是一种应用广泛的手性二醇,但其合成方案制备成本较高、合成操作繁琐且具有一定的危险性,不适合作为本科教学实验开设。该综合实验以天然酒石酸酯为手性源,与苯基格氏试剂反应制得(2R,3R)-1,1,4,4-四苯基丁四醇;基于其高度区域选择性2,3-环亚硫酸酯化反应,利用甲醇与卤代烃的亲核取代反应引入甲氧基,避开MeI/NaH的羟基醚化方案,制得(2R,3R)-1,4-二甲氧基-1,1,4,4-四苯基-2,3-丁二醇,降低了制备成本,简化了实验操作步骤。该实验涵盖了格氏反应、亲核取代、水解反应等经典反应类型,涉及无水操作、萃取、重结晶及薄层色谱检测等合成操作和熔点、比旋光度测定、核磁共振等表征手段。该综合实验和基础有机化学实验紧密衔接,培养和提高了学生的综合实验能力,加深了学生对有机化学理论知识的理解,让学生深刻认识到高度区域选择性反应的设计在有机合成中的重要性,激发了学生的科研兴趣和创新意识,适合作为大学综合化学实验开设。

桥本甲状腺炎自身抗体与甲状腺功能的相关性分析

目的探讨初诊桥本甲状腺炎(HT)患者的抗甲状腺微粒体抗体(Tm Ab)和抗甲状腺球蛋白抗体(Tg Ab)与甲状腺功能的相关性。方法收集初诊甲状腺肿患者313例,其中HT患者132例,非HT患者181例,检测血清Tm Ab、Tg Ab、TSH、FT_3、FT_4、TT_3、TT_4及B超测定甲状腺大小,分析抗体与甲状腺功能的相关性。结果HT患者年龄低于非HT患者,TSH高于非HT患者(P<0.05);HT女性患者的TSH、Tm Ab及Tg Ab与男性患者无差异(P>0.05),但FT_3、FT_4、TT_3及TT_4低于男性(P<0.05),非HT女性患者年龄、FT_3及FT_4低于男性患者(P<0.05);HT患者中Tm Ab与TSH呈正相关(P<0.05),与FT_4呈负相关(P<0.05),Tg Ab与FT_3、FT_4及TT_4呈负相关(P<0.05)。结论初诊HT患者自身抗体和性别与甲状腺功能存在密切关系,但抗体在甲状腺损伤过程中呈现不同作用特点。