An intelligent active probing and trace-back scheme for IoT anomaly detection

Due to their simple hardware,sensor nodes in IoT are vulnerable to attack,leading to data routing blockages or malicious tampering,which significantly disrupts secure data collection.An Intelligent Active Probing and Trace-back Scheme for IoT Anomaly Detection(APTAD)is proposed to collect integrated IoT data by recruiting Mobile Edge Users(MEUs).(a)An intelligent unsupervised learning approach is used to identify anomalous data from the collected data by MEUs and help to identify anomalous nodes.(b)Recruit MEUs to trace back and propose a series of trust calculation methods to determine the trust of nodes.(c)The last,the number of active detection packets and detection paths are designed,so as to accurately identify the trust of nodes in IoT at the minimum cost of the network.A large number of experimental results show that the recruiting cost and average anomaly detection time are reduced by 6.5 times and 34.33%respectively,while the accuracy of trust identification is improved by 20%.

Cross-regulation of the Nanog and Cdx2 promoters

The first cell fate choice in the mammalian embryo, the segregation of the inner cell mass （ICM） and trophectoderm （TE）, is regulated by the mutually antagonistic effects of the transcription factors, Oct4 and Cdx2, while the pluripotency factor, Nanog, is essential to specify the epiblast. We have analyzed the promoters of Nanog and Cdx2, and have found that these two transcription factors are likewise regulated reciprocally. Using an embryonic stem cell line with conditional TE differentiation, we show that Nanog overexpression suppresses the upregulation of TE markers, while Nanog knockdown upregulates the expression of TE markers. We further show that Nanog and Cdx2 bind to and repress each other＇s promoters. However, whereas Nanog knockout results in detectable Cdx2 expression in the ICM, we observe no overt disruption of blastocyst development, indicating that Nanog plays a subservient role to Oct4 in segregation of the ICM and TE.

Molecular basis of the first cell fate determination in mouse embryogenesis

Through proliferation and differentiation, a single cell, the zygote, can give rise to a complex organism composed of many types of cells. Up to the eight-cell embryo stage, the blastomeres are morphologically identical and distributed symmetrically in the mammalian embryo. Functionally, in some species, they are all totipotent. However, due to the compaction of blastomeres and the asymmetrical cell division at the late phase of the eight-cell embryo, the blastomeres of the morula are no longer identical. During the transition from morula to blastocyst, blastomeres differentiate, resulting in the first cell fate decision in embryogenesis, namely, the segregation of the inner cell mass and the tropheetoderm. In this review, we will discuss the regulatory mechanisms essential for the cell fate choice during blastocyst development, including transcriptional regulation, epigenetic regulation, mieroRNAs, and signal transduction.

Photoinduced directional domain sliding motion in peptide hydrogels promotes ectodermal differentiation of embryonic stem cells

Mechanical cues present in the stem cell niche resulting from intracellular processes or external force sources significantly affect the basic functions of stem cells such as self-renewal and differentiation.Creation of artificial cellular matrices exhibiting intrinsic mechanical cues generated by mechanical movements remains scarce.Herein,we reported on mechanically dynamic hydrogel matrices undergoing photo-induced directional domain sliding movement and their role in regulating embryonic stem cell(ESC)differentiation.The mechanically dynamic hydrogels were prepared via the self-assembly of an alternating hydrophilic and hydrophobic peptide with a photocaged cysteine residue.Upon light irradiation,the assemblies of the caged peptide were converted to non-equilibrated non-caged peptide bilayers that underwent the directional domain sliding motion induced by the thermodynamically favorable hydrophobic collapse transition.Culturing murine ESCs on the mechanically dynamic hydrogels resulted in biased differentiation toward the ectodermal lineage.We further showed that the mechanically dynamic hydrogels stimulated the translocation of a mechanotransduction protein Yes-associated protein(YAP)into the nucleus,implicating a potential mechanotransduction mechanism for the biased differentiation of ESCs.The finding of the biased ectodermal differentiation of ESCs induced by the mechanically dynamic hydrogels implies the great potency of the mechanically dynamic hydrogels as biomaterials for disease therapy and tissue regeneration in the future.

Overexpression of Hdac6 enhances resistance to virus infection in embryonic stem cells and in mice

Dear Editor Histone deacetylase 6 （Hdac6） is a mostly cytoplasmic class II HDAC. Many proteins have been identified as substrates of Hdac6. Among them, the most well characterized sub- strate of Hdac6 is a-tubulin. Through deacetylating acety- lated lysine 40 in a-tubulin, Hdac6 modulates the acetylation of microtubules （Hubbert et al., 2002）.

Overexpression of Hdac6 extends reproductive lifespan in mice

Dear Editor, Histone deacetylase 6 （Hdac6） was discovered as a deacetylase of e-tubulin and functions in cell migration, immunity and resistance to virus infection in vitro （Hubbert et al., 2002; Valenzuela-Fernandez et al., 2008）. Overexpression of Hdac6 enhances resistance to virus infection in embryonic stem （ES） cells and in mice （Wang et al., 2015）. Hdac6 also can function to deacetyiate protein and is involved in protein ubiquitination and degradation （Seigneurin-Berny et al., 2001; Zhang et al., 2014）, and self- clearance of misfolded proteins, promoting autophagy and preventing neurodegeneration （Lee et al., 2010; Pandey et al., 2007）. HDAC6 also is implicated in DNA damage response and depletion or inhibition of HDAC6 induces DNA damage and apoptosis （Namdar et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2014）, suggesting that HDAC6 could be important for DNA repair and integrity maintenance.