Effects of electrostimulation and administration of succinylcholine on the expression of Fos protein in mesencephalic periaqueductal gray matter of rats after simulated weightlessness

BACKGROUND： Expression of Fos in neurons of periaqueductal gray （PAG） is used to reflect the excitability. However, changes of expression of Fos in neurons of PAG are caused by injured electrostimulation after simulated weightlessness, and the relationship between pretreatment and injection of succinylcholine has not been determined yet. OBJECTIVE ： To investigate the changes of expression of Fos in PAG induced by injured electrostimulation pretreatment and injection of succinylcholine at 2 weeks after simulated weightlessness.DESIGN： Observational and controlled animal study.SETTING： Department of Physiology, Medical School, Xi＇an Jiaotong University; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education. MATERIALS： A total of 24 adult female SD rats, of clean grade and weighing 180-220 g, were selected in this study. METHODS： The experiment was completed in the Experimental Animal Center of Xi＇an Jiaotong University.① All rats were randomly divided into 2 groups according to body mass： simulated weightlessness group and control group with 12 in each group. And then, each group was also divided into 3 subgroups： electrostimulation group, succinylcholine-pretreatment group and succinylcholine-injection group with 4 in each subgroup. ②The model of weightlessness was simulated by tail-suspended female rats, which were described and modified by Cheng Jie. Rats in normal control group were given the same interventions as simulated weightlessness group except for tail-suspended. ③ Experimental method： The rats in electrostimulation group were given nociceptive stimulus by a pair of subcutaneous electrodes inserted into 1 and 5 claw of left hindlimb. The stimulus （current： 10 mA; duration： 1 ms; interval： 1 s） lasted for 30 minutes. The rats in succinylcholine-pretreatment group received stimulus after intravenous administration of succinylcholine, rats in succinylcholine-injection group were not given stimulus, just received succinylcholine. ④ All rats were perfused and fixed after 2 hours from the end of stimulation. The brains were removed, and serial frozen sections of midbrain were stained using immunocytochemical method, observed and taken photos under light-microscope. The number and morphological characters of Fos-immunoreactive （Fos-IR） neurons in ventrolateral part of PAG were investigated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The alterations in number and morphological characters of Fos-IR neurons in ventrolateral PAG of all rats.RESULTS： A total of 24 rats were involved in the final analysis. ① The morphological changes of Fos-IR neurons： The expressions of Fos in ventrolateral part of PAG were observed in both control and simulated weightlessness groups rats after being given nociceptive stimulus. As compared with control group, Fos-IR neurons in simulated weightlessness group were dyed lightly, cellular integrity was impaired, and cellular verge was unclear. ② The numbers of Fos-IR neurons： In control group, the numbers of Fos-IR neurons in ventrolateral part of PAG in simulated weightlessness group were obviously lower than succinylcholine-pretreatment group, but obviously higher than succinylcholine-injection group （46.94±3.38, 71.06±8.96 and 35.04±4.62, respectively, P 〈 0.05）. In 14-day simulated weightlessness group, the numbers of Fos-IR neurons in electrostimulation group were also obviously lower than succinylcholine-pretreatment group, and obviously higher than succinylcholine-injection group （27.77±3.27, 32.91±2.99 and 11.75±1.00, respectively, P 〈 0.05）. The numbers of Fos-IR neurons in all subgroups in control group were obviously higher than those subgroups in simulated weightlessness group. Compared with electrostimulation group, the percentage of expression of Fos in ventrolateral part of PAG responsed to nociceptive stimulus after administration of succinylcholine （SCH） was increased to 51.83% in control group and 18.51% in simulated weightlessness group.CONCLUSION ：① The expression of Fos in neurons in ventrolateral part of PAG were increased by the pretreatment of SCH before nociceptive stimulus.② Nociceptive stimulus could increase the expression of Fos in neurons in ventrolateral part of PAG. ③ The numbers of Fos-IR neurons in ventrolateral part of PAG were decreased obviously after 2-week simulated weightlessness.

Chimeric antigen receptor-immune cells against solid tumors:Structures,mechanisms,recent advances,and future developments

The advent of chimeric antigen receptor(CAR)-T cell immunotherapies has led to breakthroughs in the treatment of hematological malignancies.However,their success in treating solid tumors has been limited.CAR-natural killer(NK)cells have several advantages over CAR-T cells because NK cells can be made from pre-existing cell lines or allogeneic NK cells with a mismatched major histocompatibility complex(MHC),which means they are more likely to become an"off-the-shelf"product.Moreover,they can kill cancer cells via CAR-dependent/independent pathways and have limited toxicity.Macrophages are the most malleable immune cells in the body.These cells can efficiently infiltrate into tumors and are present in large numbers in tumor microenvironments(TMEs).Importantly,CAR-macrophages(CAR-Ms)have recently yielded exciting preclinical results in several solid tumors.Nevertheless,CAR-T,CAR-NK,and CAR-M all have their own advantages and limitations.In this review,we systematically discuss the current status,progress,and the major hurdles of CAR-T cells,CAR-NK cells,and CAR-M as they relate to five aspects:CAR structure,therapeutic mechanisms,the latest research progress,current challenges and solutions,and comparison according to the existing research in order to provide a reasonable option for treating solid tumors in the future.

Exploiting the potential of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in overcoming tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia

The advent of tyrosine kinase inhibitors(TKI)targeting BCR-ABL has drastically changed the treatment approach of chronic myeloid leukemia(CML),greatly prolonged the life of CML patients,and improved their prognosis.However,TKI resistance is still a major problem with CML patients,reducing the efficacy of treatment and their quality of life.TKI resistance is mainly divided into BCR-ABL-dependent and BCR-ABL-independent resistance.Now,the main clinical strategy addressing TKI resistance is to switch to newly developed TKIs.However,data have shown that these new drugs may cause serious adverse reactions and intolerance and cannot address all resistance mutations.Therefore,finding new therapeutic targets to overcome TKI resistance is crucial and the ubiquitin-proteasome system(UPS)has emerged as a focus.The UPS mediates the degradation of most proteins in organisms and controls a wide range of physiological processes.In recent years,the study of UPS in hematological malignant tumors has resulted in effective treatments,such as bortezomib in the treatment of multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma.In CML,the components of UPS cooperate or antagonize the efficacy of TKI by directly or indirectly affecting the ubiquitination of BCR-ABL,interfering with CML-related signaling pathways,and negatively or positively affecting leukemia stem cells.Some of these molecules may help overcome TKI resistance and treat CML.In this review,the mechanism of TKI resistance is briefly described,the components of UPS are introduced,existing studies on UPS participating in TKI resistance are listed,and UPS as the therapeutic target and strategies are discussed.