Inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acidergic neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex participate in the comorbidity of pain and emotion

Pain is often comorbid with emotional disorders such as anxiety and depression.Hyperexcitability of the anterior cingulate cortex has been implicated in pain and pain-related negative emotions that arise from impairments in inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid neurotransmission.This review primarily aims to outline the main circuitry(including the input and output connectivity)of the anterior cingulate cortex and classification and functions of different gamma-aminobutyric acidergic neurons;it also describes the neurotransmitters/neuromodulators affecting these neurons,their intercommunication with other neurons,and their importance in mental comorbidities associated with chronic pain disorders.Improving understanding on their role in pain-related mental comorbidities may facilitate the development of more effective treatments for these conditions.However,the mechanisms that regulate gamma-aminobutyric acidergic systems remain elusive.It is also unclear as to whether the mechanisms are presynaptic or postsynaptic.Further exploration of the complexities of this system may reveal new pathways for research and drug development.

Strong Interaction Between Redox Mediators and Defect-Rich Carbons Enabling Simultaneously Boosted Voltage Windows and Capacitance for Aqueous Supercapacitors

Energy density,the Achilles’heel of aqueous supercapacitors,is simultaneously determined by the voltage window and specific capacitance of the carbon materials,but the strategy of synchronously boosting them has rarely been reported.Herein,we demonstrate that the rational utilization of the interaction between redox mediators(RMs)and carbon electrode materials,especially those with rich intrinsic defects,contributes to extended potential windows and more stored charges concurrently.Using 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxyl(4OH-TEMPO)and intrinsic defect-rich carbons as the RMs and electrode materials,respectively,the potential window and capacitance are increased by 67%and sixfold in a neutral electrolyte.Moreover,this strategy could also be applied to alkaline and acid electrolytes.The first-principle calculation and experimental results demonstrate that the strong interaction between 4OH-TEMPO and defectrich carbons plays a key role as preferential adsorbed RMs may largely prohibit the contact of free water molecules with the electrode materials to terminate the water splitting at elevated potentials.For the RMs offering weaker interaction with the electrode materials,the water splitting still proceeds with a thus sole increase of the stored charges.The results discovered in this work could provide an alternative solution to address the low energy density of aqueous supercapacitors.

Map activation of various brain regions using different frequencies of electroacupuncture ST36,utilizing the FosCreER strategy

Objective:Electroacupuncture(EA)is an alternative treatment option for pain.Different frequencies of EA have different painrelieving effects;however,the central mechanism is still not well understood.Methods:The Fos2A-iCreER(TRAP):Ai9 mice were divided into three groups(sham,2 Hz,and 100 Hz).The mice were intraperitoneally injected with 4-hydroxytamoxifen(4-OHT)immediately after EA at Zusanli(ST36)for 30 min to record the activated neurons.One week later,the mice were sacrificed,and the number of TRAP-treated neurons activated by EA in the thalamus,amygdala,cortex,and hypothalamus was determined.Results:In the cortex,2 Hz EA activated more TRAP-treated neurons than 100 Hz EA did in the cingulate cortex area 1(Cg1)and primary somatosensory cortex(S1),and 2 and 100 Hz EAs did not differ from sham EA.TRAP-treated neurons activated by 2 Hz EA were upregulated in the insular cortex(IC)and secondary somatosensory cortex(S2)compared with those activated by 100 Hz and sham EA.In the thalamus,the number of TRAP-treated neurons activated by 2 Hz EA was elevated in the paraventricular thalamic nucleus(PV)compared with those activated by sham EA.In the ventrolateral thalamic nucleus(VL),the number of TRAPtreated neurons activated by 2 Hz EA was significantly upregulated compared with those activated by 100 Hz EA,and sham EA showed no difference compared with 2 or 100 Hz EA.TRAP-treated neurons were more frequently activated in the ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus(VPL)by 2 Hz EA than by 100 Hz or sham EA.Conclusions:Low-frequency EA ST36 effectively activates neurons in the Cg1,S1,S2,IC,VPL,PV,and VL.The enhanced excitability of the aforementioned nuclei induced by low-frequency EA may be related to its superior efficacy in the treatment of neuropathological pain.

变厚度复合材料板低速冲击能量监测

为了监测变厚度复合材料层合板在使用过程中受到的低速冲击载荷,将光纤传感及信号处理技术相结合,建立了光纤布拉格光栅冲击能量监测系统。将光纤传感网络采集到的所有冲击样本信号进行WEMD分解;根据样本信号冲击能量特征值建立冲击样本信号能量特征集合;根据信号分解的第一阶分量确定厚度系数并修正能量特征集合,评估实际冲击能量。结果表明,基于WEMD分解的厚度系数修正方法能够更准确评估低速冲击能量,其中低灵敏度的大厚度区域平均误差从15.19%明显减少为6.96%。提出的能量识别方法成功识别了1~3 J冲击能量,其中最大误差为15.67%,平均误差为5.5%。

基于FBG单传感器的复合材料板低速冲击定位研究

由于复合材料结构先验知识获取的困难性及多传感器动态监测的冗余性,提出了一种基于归一化互相关的单传感器冲击定位方法,并搭建了单传感器复合材料板低速冲击定位系统。首先,利用归一化互相关方法提取基于冲击位置的信号特征,并有效去除传感器的温度交叉敏感和冲击能量影响因素;然后,计算样本信号和待定信号的归一化互相关值,并进行比较;最后,选择待定位信号角度范围内前三个最大相关值的样本点组成定位参考区域,以三角区域质心来评估冲击位置。在600 mm×600复合材料层合板上进行单传感器低速冲击定位验证实验,结果表明利用该定位方法可以准确进行冲击定位,其中最大误差为45.91 mm,平均误差为24.99 mm。通过单传感器定位性能实验结果显示:单传感器位置变化不会影响平均误差范围变化;单传感器定位平均误差和最大误差等大于双传感器,但均符合工程应用范围。结果证明,此方法能够在保证监测准确率的情况下尽可能减少大型复合材料结构传感网络中传感器的数目,同时大大减小布线和数据处理的复杂性,为大型结构健康监测提供了依据。

基于改进粒子群算法的光纤光栅压触觉传感阵列测点优化

为了解决机器人手指压触觉测量中检测系统存在的电磁干扰问题,目前很多研究中采用了具有抗电磁干扰、体积小、质量轻且易封装等优势的光纤光栅压触觉传感阵列。针对机器人手指压触觉传感阵列测点排布问题,提出了一种基于改进粒子群算法的测点优化方法。首先通过有限元仿真得出机器人手指抓握过程的应变场分布情况,然后基于应变场分布结果进行传感阵列测点初选,接着利用改进粒子群算法进行测点优化设计,最后得出载荷较优的测点组合并进行了机器人手指抓取感知实验。基于改进粒子群算法的测点优化仿真实验结果表明,该方法得出的单指及多指的测点组合可以将受力状态识别百分比误差缩小到10%以内,提高了传感器的精度,并通过机器人手指抓取感知实验验证了传感阵列的压触觉感知性能。

地方综合性院校测控技术与仪器课程群整合思考

针对南通大学测控技术与仪器类课程设置及教学现状,开展课程群整合研究。通过突破专业壁垒,完善各专业培养方案与课程体系,建立网络课程教学资源共享平台,建立跨学院和专业的师生长效交流合作机制,改革现有教学体系、教学内容和教学方法,实现测控类课程群的有效整合,取得更好的人才培养效果。

钢帘线残余扭转在线监测及自动消除控制系统设计

钢帘线在捻制的过程中会产生残余扭转,导致钢帘线在捻制完成后沿捻制相反的方向出现不同程度的回转,严重影响钢帘线的使用性能。为了减小钢丝捻制过程中出现的残余扭转,设计了钢帘线残余扭转在线监测及自动消除控制系统。利用西门子S7-200系列PLC(programmable logic controller,可编程逻辑控制器)对控制系统的软件和硬件进行合理配置,并详细阐述了系统的硬件和软件设计。采用台达DOP系列的触摸屏,实现钢帘线残余扭转在线实时监测的功能。该设备整机性能稳定,实现了残余扭转的控制与消除,满足生产线高柔性化、高效率、高质量的自动化生产要求。

一种新型废钢抓斗的研究

在废钢回收处理行业中,抓钢机是不可或缺的作业工具。本文介绍了一种通过优化抓斗提升抓钢机工作效率的方法。

Three-dimensional printing of high-mass loading electrodes for energy storage applications

Nanostructured materials afford a promising potential for many energy storage applications because of their extraordinary electrochemical properties.However,the remarkable electrochemical energy storage performance could only be harvested at a relatively low mass-loading via the traditional electrode fabrication process,and the scale of these materials into commercial-level mass-loading remains a daunting challenge because the ion diffusion kinetics deteriorates rapidly along with the increased thickness of the electrodes.Very recently,three-dimensional(3D)printing,a promising additive manufacturing technology,has been considered as an emerging method to address the aforementioned issues where the 3D printed electrodes could possess elaborately regulated architectures and rationally organized porosity.As a result,the outstanding electrochemical performance has been widely observed in energy storage devices made of 3D printed electrodes of high-mass loading.In this review,we systemically introduce the basic working principles of various 3D printing technologies and their practical applications to manufacture highmass loading electrodes for energy storage devices.Challenges and perspectives in 3D printing technologies for the construction of electrodes at the current stage are also outlined,aiming to offer some useful opinions for further development for this prosperous field.

300M钢耳片拉伸强度与破坏机制

耳片是连接飞行器不同部位的关键零件,提升耳片的强度和准确计算不同耳片的承载能力对飞机减重和保证飞行安全具有重要意义。300M钢耳片由于强度高、韧性好在飞机起落架中得到了越来越广泛的应用。然而,我国《飞机设计手册》中并没有给出准确计算300M钢耳片拉伸强度的效率系数,也不清楚各种耳片失效模式的原因。为此,设计了不同形式和几何尺寸的耳片,开展了不同加载角度拉伸破坏试验,获得了耳片拉伸极限载荷和破坏模式。在此基础上,给出了300M钢耳片拉伸强度效率系数的计算公式,建立并验证了300M钢耳片拉伸极限载荷分析的弹塑性有限元方法,仿真预测的极限载荷误差小于8%。结合试验结果揭示了300M钢耳片的破坏机制,基于J_(2)弹塑性本构模型和临界等效塑性应变断裂准则,开发VUMAT子程序模拟了3种典型断裂路径。

Self-supported transition metal oxide electrodes for electrochemical energy storage

Electrode materials are of decisive importance in determining the performance of electrochemical energy storage(EES)devices.Typically,the electrode materials are physically mixed with polymer binders and conductive additives,which are then loaded on the current collectors to function in real devices.Such a configuration inevitably reduces the content of active species and introduces quite some undesired interfaces that bring down the energy densities and power capabilities.One viable solution to address this issue is to construct self-supported electrodes where the active species,for example transition metal oxides(TMOs),are directly integrated with conductive substrates without polymer binders and conductive additives.In this review,the recent progress of self-supported TMO-based electrodes for EES devices including lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),sodium-ion batteries(SIBs),aluminum-ion batteries(AIBs),metal-air batteries,and supercapacitors(SCs),is discussed in great detail.The focused attention is firstly concentrated on their structural design and controllable synthesis.Then,the mechanism understanding of the enhanced electrochemical performance is presented.Finally,the challenges and prospects of self-supported TMO-based electrodes are summarized to end this review.

MXene-mediated regulation of local electric field surrounding polyoxometalate nanoparticles for improved lithium storage

Due to their capability of reversibly accepting multi lithium ions,polyoxometalates(POMs)have been widely regarded as promising candidates for electrochemical lithium storage.Nevertheless,the insulating nature of POMs hinders fast migration kinetics of lithium within the bulk of these materials.Herein,we propose the introduction of a local electric field surrounding the POM nanoparticles consisting of Mn and V where the concomitant Coulomb forces can accelerate the migration of lithium ions.After rationally hybridizing POMs with MXene nanosheets,the imbalanced charge distribution emerging at their interface produces the local electric field,thereby leading to a 250-fold increase of lithium diffusion coefficient.In this regard,a capacitive contribution as high as 81.7%at 1.0 mV sis observed.Moreover,the POM nanoparticles could densely assemble on the surface of MXene nanosheets,offering highly packed electrodes and thus high volumetric capacities.Due to the improved lithiumion transfer kinetics,the POMs/MXenes composites are paired with activated carbon to produce lithium-ion capacitors which could offer a high energy density of 195.5 W h kgand a large power capability of 3800 W kg.The findings in this work could build a clear relationship between materials with different conductivities for designing electrode materials.