Weaning methods affect ruminal methanogenic archaea composition and diversity in Holstein calves

The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of different weaning methods on the ruminal methanogenic archaea composition and diversity in Holstein calves.Thirty-six newborn Holstein bull calves were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments:(1)conventional weaning(d 56)and fed a high proportion of solid feed(CWS);(2)conventional weaning(d 56)and fed a high proportion of liquid feed(CWL);(3)early weaning(d 42)and fed with a high proportion of solid feed(EWS).High-throughput sequencing of the methyl coenzyme M reductase(mcr A)gene,which encodes theα-subunit of methyl coenzyme M reductase-the enzyme that catalyzes the final step in methanogenesis was used to determine the composition and diversity of rumen methanogens.No significant difference(P>0.05)was observed for operational taxonomic units(OTUs)or richness indices,but diversity indices increased(P<0.05)for calves fed high dietary solids.Predominant families across the three treatments were Methanobacteriaceae,Thermoplasmataceae and Methanomassiliicoccaceae.Calves in the EWS treatment had a higher(P<0.05)relative abundance of Methanobrevibacter sp.strain AbM4 and Methanosphaera stadtmanae,while calves in the CWL treatment had a higher(P<0.05)abundance of Methanosphaera sp.strain SM9.A positive(P<0.05)relationship was identified between butyrate and Methanobrevibacter sp.strain AbM4.In conclusion,the composition and diversity of methanogens in the rumen of Holstein calves varied under the different weaning methods.This study identified a positive relationship between butyrate and Methanobrevibacter sp.strain AbM4,potentially reflecting correlations between ruminal fermentation variables and methanogenesis function.These in-depth analyses provide further understanding of weaning methods for intensified production systems.

基于人工神经网络的露天矿边坡稳定性分析

边坡稳定性分析是露天矿山的重点研究方向,本文根据某露天矿边坡发生滑坡的实际问题,利用人工神经网络的分析方法,对该矿原设计边坡结构参数与优化后的边坡结构参数进行分析讨论。本文既解决了矿山的实际问题,又为矿山利用神经网络进行边坡稳定性分析积累了经验。

Pyrolysis characteristics of Radix Rhizoma Rhei, Cortex Moudan Radicis, and Radix Sanguisorbae and correlations with the carbonizing process of Chinese herbs

AIM： The aim of the work is to study the pyrolysis characteristics of Radix Rhizoma Rhei, Cortex Moudan Radicis, and Radix Sanguisorbae in an inert atmosphere of argon （Ar）, and to investigate the mechanism of the carbonizing process of the three traditional Chinese herbs. METHODS： The pyrolysis characteristics of the crude materials and their extracts were studied by thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry （TG-MS） in a carrier gas of argon, coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectrometry （FTIR） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） methods. Correlation of the pyrolysis behaviors with the carbonizing process by stir-frying of traditional Chinese medicines was made. RESULTS： Within the temperature range of 200-300 ℃, which is the testing range for the study of the carbonizing process of Chinese herbs, the temperatures indicated by the maximum weight loss rate peak of the above three extracts were taken as the upper-limit temperatures of the carbonizing process of the herbs, and which were 200, 240 and 247 ℃ for Radix Rhizoma Rhei, Cortex Moudan Radicis, and Radix Sanguisorbae, respectively. The ion monitoring signal peaks detected by the TG-MS method corresponded with reports that the level of chemical components of traditional Chinese medicinal materials would decrease after the carbonizing process. It was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry （FTIR） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） methods that better results of ＂medicinal property preservation＂ could be obtained by heating at 200 ℃ for Radix Rhizoma Rhei, at about 250 ℃ for Cortex Moudan Radicis, and Radix Sanguisorbae, as the relative intensity values of the common peaks were among the middle of their three carbonized samples by programmed heating. CONCLUSION： The upper-limit temperatures of the carbonizing process for Radix Rhizoma Rhei, Cortex Moudan Radicis and Radix Sanguisorbae were 200, 240 and 247 ℃ respectively. It is feasible to research the mechanism and technology of the carbonizing process of traditional Chinese medicinal materials using thermogravimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, and scanning electron microscopy methods.

引产在剖宫产术后再次妊娠阴道试产中的应用

既往一次子宫下段剖宫产史的妇女再次妊娠,如无禁忌证,可建议剖宫产术后再次妊娠阴道试产(trial of labor after cesarean,TOLAC)。TO-LAC的患者可能因为母体或胎儿因素需要较早终止妊娠,即引产。应充分评估等待自然临产与引产的风险利弊、引产与择期重复剖宫产(elective repeat cesarean section,ERCS)的利弊,在充分医患交流相关信息的前提下本着个体化原则双方共同决定引产与否及其方式,并组织良好的多学科团队制定个体化方案,以期获得良好的母儿结局。

生、熟地黄通过AMPK介导NF-κB/NLRP3信号通路改善高脂饲料并链脲佐菌素诱导的糖尿病小鼠的作用机制差异性研究

为探究生、熟地黄通过AMPK介导NF-κB/NLRP3信号通路改善高脂饲料并链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin,STZ)诱导的糖尿病小鼠的作用机制的差异性,采用高脂饲料并STZ诱导(腹腔注射,100 mg·kg^(-1),每天1次,连续3 d)小鼠糖尿病模型,随机分组:模型组,生地黄低(5 g·kg^(-1))、高(15 g·kg^(-1))剂量组,熟地黄低(5 g·kg^(-1))、高(15 g·kg^(-1))剂量组,梓醇组(250 mg·kg^(-1)),5-羟甲基糠醛组(250 mg·kg^(-1)),二甲双胍组(250 mg·kg^(-1)),同时设立正常组,每组8只。给药4周后处死后取心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、胰腺,计算脏器指数;苏木素-伊红(HE)染色法和Masson染色法观察小鼠胰脏、肾脏、肝脏组织的病理学变化和纤维化程度;蛋白质免疫印迹法(Western blot)测定小鼠胰脏、肾脏、肝脏中Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor-4,TLR4)、核因子-κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)、Nod样受体蛋白3(Nod-like receptor protein 3,NLRP3)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase,AMPK)、磷酸化腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(p-AMPK)的表达水平。结果显示,与模型组相比,糖尿病小鼠的肝脏指数、脾脏指数、肾脏指数、胰脏指数、脂肪指数均显著降低,心脏指数和肺脏指数无显著差异;糖尿病小鼠的胰脏、肾脏、肝脏组织的病理状态和纤维化程度均有显著改善;糖尿病小鼠胰脏、肾脏、肝脏中TLR4、NF-κB、NLRP3的表达水平显著降低;生地黄组小鼠肾脏、肝脏中p-AMPK/AMPK的表达水平均显著升高;熟地黄组小鼠胰脏、肾脏、肝脏中p-AMPK/AMPK的表达水平均显著升高。以上结果说明生、熟地黄在调控多脏器能量代谢,进而发挥抗炎效应以缓解糖尿病小鼠症状的作用机制上存在差异。

商陆及其不同炮制品对阿霉素肾病大鼠的作用机制分析

目的:比较商陆及其不同炮制品对阿霉素肾病大鼠的保护作用,并初步探究其作用机制。方法:采用一次性尾静脉注射盐酸阿霉素的方法建立大鼠肾病模型。通过HPLC-ELSD测定商陆及其不同炮制品中商陆皂苷甲(Es A)的含量。利用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)测定各组大鼠血清总蛋白(TP),白蛋白(Alb),总胆固醇(TC),血清肌酐(SCr),尿素氮(BUN)和尿蛋白(UP)的含量。通过实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(Real-time PCR)和免疫组织化学法测定大鼠肾脏组织转化生长因子-β(TGF-β) mRNA和蛋白的表达。结果:与空白组比较,模型组大鼠血清TP和Alb含量显著降低(P <0. 05);TC,SCr和BUN含量显著升高(P <0. 05),尿中UP含量显著升高(P <0. 05)。商陆生品、炮制品和Es A均能不同程度的升高模型大鼠血清TP和Alb的表达,降低TC,SCr和BUN以及尿中UP的含量;其中醋炙品的作用最为显著。Real-time PCR和免疫组化结果均显示,模型组大鼠肾脏组织TGF-β表达较空白组显著升高(P <0. 01),而醋炙商陆、醋煮商陆和清蒸商陆均能显著降低模型大鼠肾脏组织TGF-β的表达(P <0. 05,P <0. 01)。结论:商陆及其炮制品均能不同程度的改善阿霉素肾病模型大鼠的症状,其中醋炙品的作用最强,并且该作用可能与降低肾脏组织的TGF-β表达有关。

Processing of Calamine with Modern Analytical Techniques:Processed with Huanglian Decoction(黄连汤)and Sanhuang Decoction(三黄汤)

Objective： To determine the pyrolysis characteristics of calcined and processed calamine, qualitatively and quantitatively compare the contents of related elements, morphology and functional groups of the pyrolysis products dried at different heating temperatures and explore the critical temperature and the optimal drying temperature for the process of calamine with Huanglian Decoction（HLD, 黄连汤） and San Huang Decoction（SHD, 三黄汤）. Methods： Pyrolysis products were prepared by programmable and constantly heating the calcined and processed calamine to or at different heating temperatures. Thermogravimetry（TG） was used to test their pyrolysis characteristics. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopeenergy dispersive spectrometer were used to determine their morphology, functional groups and element contents. Page model was used to investigate the constant drying kinetics of processed calamine. Results： The adding of HLD or SHD to calcined calamine（CC） can slow its weight loss in drying pyrolysis process. The temperature ranges where HLD and SHD can affect its weight loss were 65–150 ℃ and 74–180 ℃, respectively. The drying temperature was optimized as 90 ℃. The drying kinetic for the processed calamine fits Page model shows good linearity. Conclusions： The critical temperature and the optimal drying temperature where HLD and SHD can affect the weight loss rate in the process of calamine were explored using the theories and methods of both biophysical chemistry and processing of Chinese materia medica. This work provides a good example for the study of the process of other Chinese medicines using modern analytical techniques.