冻融循环对冻土–混凝土界面冻结强度影响的试验研究

为研究冻融循环作用对冻土–混凝土界面冻结强度的影响,对不同冻融循环次数、法向应力、试验温度及土体初始含水率条件下的冻结界面进行了系列直剪试验,研究经历冻融循环后界面峰值剪切强度、残余剪切强度及强度参数的变化规律。试验结果表明:冻融循环对界面剪切应力与水平位移曲线形态影响很小,经历20次循环后曲线仍是应变软化型。冻融循环对峰值剪切应力的影响强于对残余剪切应力的影响,表明其对界面胶结冰含量产生影响。当土体初始含水率较低且温度较高时,冻融循环使界面峰值剪切强度增加,但变化量较小。然而在含水率较高(20.8%)及试验温度较低时(-5℃),峰值剪切强度随着冻融循环增加而降低。因此在土体含水率较高且冻结温度较低时,对于发生小变形的冻结界面需要重视冻融循环对峰值剪切应力的影响。不同初始含水率、试验温度下冻融循环对残余剪切强度的影响较小且变化规律不明显。在试验温度为-1℃,-3℃,-5℃时,峰值黏聚力随冻融循环增加分别表现为增加、波动和下降,推测是由于界面胶结冰含量不同而引起。峰值摩擦角和残余摩擦角随冻融循环次数增加略有变化。

黄土-砂浆块界面剪切特性试验及本构模型研究

构筑物与土体接触面力学行为是岩土工程研究的热点之一。基于一系列直剪试验,研究不同法向压力、土体含水率条件下黄土-水泥砂浆块界面剪切特性。结果表明,(1)在土体含水率为9.2和13.1%条件下,法向压力为50、100 kPa时黄土-沙浆块界面剪切应力-位移曲线表现为应变软化型,且可分为峰值前、峰值后及残余阶段三部分,在法向压力为200、300k Pa时表现为应变硬化型;在土体含水率为17.1、20.8%条件下,不同法向压力时黄土-砂浆块界面剪切应力-位移曲线均为应变硬化型;(2)黄土-砂浆块界面的抗剪强度包络线符合摩尔-库仑准则,随着含水率的增大,界面黏聚强度降低显著,摩擦强度略有增加,整体抗剪强度降低。当土体含水率由9.2%增加至20.8%时,界面黏聚力由41.5 kPa下降至3.6 kPa,界面摩擦系数由0.50增大至0.58。用非线性模型对界面剪切应力-位移曲线关系进行拟合,结果表明非线性模型可较好反映黄土-砂浆块界面的剪切特性。

中国寒区粗粒土力学研究现状与进展

在寒冷地区,粗粒土是路基、土石坝等工程主要填料,也在高寒山区斜坡上广泛分布。寒区高铁路基冬季冻胀病害和高海拔斜坡春季滑塌灾害等的防治与评价,均与冻融作用下粗粒土的力学特性密切相关。在查阅大量中外文献的基础上,从本构关系、物理特性、力学性质和界面问题等方面对寒区粗粒土力学理论的研究现状进行综述。通过引入不同新理论建立了考虑剪胀性、颗粒破碎性、非线性和冻融效应等粗粒土特殊性的本构模型;明确了粗粒土的基本物理性质、水理性、热物理和电学特性;基于大型直剪试验、大型三轴试验、数值模拟以及理论分析等手段深入研究了不同因素水平和应力条件下常温和冻融粗粒土的抗剪强度、变形规律以及作用机制;探讨了粗粒土-结构界面、冻-融界面的剪切力学特性及其与斜坡稳定性的关系;并且针对目前研究现状,对寒区粗粒土力学特性研究进行展望分析。

青藏公路冻土路基阴阳坡热效应研究

青藏公路多年冻土路段的阴阳坡现象会引发路基及下伏冻土地基热状况不对称分布,影响长期稳定性.为此,基于实测坡面温度数据,开展不同年平均气温和路基高度条件下冻土路基地温场分布及演化规律的模拟.结果表明,年平均气温-3℃下阴坡冻结指数约为阳坡的2倍,融化指数约为阳坡的0.83倍.路基修筑后,阴坡一侧路基下部人为上限均有一定抬升.此后,在气候变暖及沥青路面强烈吸热效应作用下,路基左右路肩下部人为上限不断下降,其中高填方路基人为上限下降速率相对较快.阴阳坡效应作用下,东西路基下部人为冻土上限呈左高右低的趋势,下伏土体温度同样为左高右低.高填方路基下伏冻土层地温分布的不对称较同期的普通填方路基显著.

Effects of freeze-thaw cycle on engineering properties of loess used as road fills in seasonally frozen ground regions,North China

Compacted loess is widely used as fills of road embankments in loess regions of northern China.Generally, densely-compacted loess can satisfy the requirements of embankment strength and postconstruction deformation. However, uneven subsidence, pavement cracks and other related damages can affect the integrity of loess subgrade after several years of operation,and even cause some hazards, especially in North China, where the strong freeze-thaw erosion occurs. In this study, cyclic freeze-thaw tests for both densely and loosely compacted loess samples were performed to determine the variation in engineering properties such as volume, void ratio, collapsible settlement,microstructure, and the related mechanisms were addressed. The experimental results showed that an obvious water migration and redistribution occurred within the samples during freeze-thaw cycles. Ice lenses and fissures could be identified in the upper frozen layers of the samples. After freeze-thaw cycles,the dry densities of the upper layers of samples changed significantly due to strong freeze-thaw erosion. The dry densities decreased for the dense sample and increased for the loose sample. It can be found that dense samples become loose, while loose samples became dense with the increasing number of freeze-thaw cycles. Their related void ratios changed reversely. Both void ratios tended to fall into a certain range, which verified the concept of a residual void ratio proposed by Viklander. The loosening process of densely compacted samples involves the formation of large pores, volume increase and density reduction as well as the related changes in mechanical properties because freeze-thaw cycles may be important contribution to problems of loess road embankments.Adverse effects of freeze-thaw cycles, therefore,should be taken into account in selecting loess parameters for the stability evaluation of road embankment in seasonally frozen ground regions.

Mechanical and electrical properties of coarse-grained soilaffected by cyclic freeze-thaw in high cold regions

To evaluate the geotechnical properties of coarse-grained soil affected by cyclic freeze-thaw,the electrical resistivity and mechanical tests are conducted.The soil specimens are prepared under different water contents,dry densities and exposed to 0?20 freeze-thaw cycles.As a result,the stress?strain behavior of the specimen(w=14.0%andρd=1.90 g/cm^3)changes from strain-hardening into strain-softening due to the freeze-thaw effect.The electrical resistivity of test specimen increases with the freeze-thaw cycles change,but the mechanical parameters(the unconfined compressive strength qu and the deformation modulus E)and brittleness index decrease considerably at the same conditions.All of them tend to be stable after 7?9 cycles.Moreover,both the dry density and the water content have reciprocal effects on the freeze-thaw actions.The failure and pore characteristics of specimens affected by freeze-thaw cycles are discussed by using the image analysis method.Then,an exponential function equation is developed to assess the electrical resistivity of specimens affected by the cyclic freeze-thaw.Linear relations between the mechanical parameters and the electrical resistivity of specimens are established to evaluate the geotechnical properties of the soil exposed to freeze-thaw actions through the corresponding electrical resistivity.

定向剪切应力路径下冻结黏土变形特性试验

为研究复杂应力路径下冻土的强度与变形特征,采用冻土空心圆柱仪(FHCA-300)对不同负温状态下的饱和冻结黏土开展定向剪切试验,基于不同剪切方向下冻结黏土的轴向和扭剪分量的应力-应变关系,探讨土样的剪切变形特征、各向异性属性以及剪切带的演变规律,并考察温度、大主应力方向角、平均主应力以及中主应力系数等因素对冻结黏土强度的影响。结果表明:平均主应力p值对冻结黏土的应力-应变关系影响显著,尤其是p=4.5 MPa时具有较高的剪切强度,且该值可能为压融临界p值;大主应力方向变化会诱发冻结黏土的各向异性,随着大主应力方向角的增加,冻结黏土剪切强度逐渐降低,并有明显的剪切带产生;中主应力系数的增加使得轴向强度有逐渐降低的趋势,但对剪切强度影响不明显;随着温度的降低,冻结黏土强度逐渐增大,试样发生脆性破坏并出现剪切破裂面,其剪切强度主要取决于冰颗粒和土颗粒的胶结力。

Permafrost warming along the Mo'he-Jiagedaqi section of the China-Russia crude oil pipeline

The permafrost along the China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline(CRCOP) is degrading since the pipeline operation in 2011. Heat dissipated from the pipeline, climate warming and anthropogenic activities leads to permafrost warming. The processes of permafrost warming along the CRCOP were studied based on the monitoring of air and soil temperatures, and electrical resistivity tomography(ERT) surveys. Results show that:(1) the mean annual air temperature(MAAT) in permafrost regions along the CRCOP increased with a rate of 0.21°C/10a–0.40°C/10 a during the past five decades;(2) the mean annual ground temperature(MAGT, at-15 m depth) of undisturbed permafrost increased by 0.2°C and the natural permafrost table remained unchanged due to the zero-curtain effect;(3) permafrost surrounding the uninsulated pipeline right-of-way warmed significantly compared with that in a natural site. During 2012–2017, the MAGT and the artificial permafrost table, 2 m away from the pipeline centerline, increased at rates of 0.063°C/a and 1.0 m/a. The thaw bulb developed around the pipe and exhibits a faster lateral expansion;(4) 80-mm-thick insulation could reduce the heat exchange between the pipeline and underlying permafrost and then keep the permafrost and pipe stable. The MAGT and the artificial permafrost table, 4.8 m away from the center line of the pipeline, increased by 0.3°C/a and 0.43 m/a, respectively. Due to the heat disturbance caused by warm oil, the degradation of wetland, controlled burn each autumn and climate warming, the permafrost extent reduced and warmed significantly along the CRCOP route. Field observations provide basic data to clarify the interactions between CRCOP and permafrost degradation and environmental effects in the context of climate change.

Effect of freeze-thaw cycles on uniaxial mechanical properties of cohesive coarse-grained soils

Freeze-thaw cycles are closely related to the slope instability in high-altitude mountain regions. In this study, cohesive coarse-grained soils were collected from a high-altitude slope in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau to study the effect of cyclic freeze-thaw on their uniaxial mechanical properties. The soil specimens were remolded with three dry densities and three moisture contents. Then, after performing a series of freeze-thaw tests in a closed system without water supply, the soil specimens were subjected to a uniaxial compression test. The results showed that the stress-strain curves of the tested soils mainly performed as strain-softening. The softening feature intensified with the increasing dry density but weakened with an increase in freeze-thaw cycles and moisture content. The uniaxial compressive strength, resilient modulus, residual strength and softening modulus decreased considerably with the increase of freeze-thaw cycles. After more than nine freeze-thaw cycles, these four parameters tended to be stable. These parameters increased with the increase of dry density and decreased with the increasing moisture content, except for the residual strength which did not exhibit any clear variation with an increase in moisture content. The residual strength, however, generally increased with an increase in dry density. The soil structural damage caused by frozen water expansion during the freeze-thaw is the major cause for the changes in mechanical behaviors of cohesive coarse-grained soils. With results in this study, the deterioration effect of freeze-thaw cycles on the mechanical properties of soils should be considered during the slope stability analysis in high-altitude mountain regions.

Characteristics of thawed interlayer and its effect on embankment settlement along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway in permafrost regions

The formation of thawed interlayer beneath embankment can result in embankment settlement in permafrost regions. Based on the data on ground temperatures and deformations beneath the embankment, observed in-situ along the QinghaiTibet Railway in permafrost regions from 2006 to2013, characteristics of the thawed interlayer beneath the embankment and its influence on the embankment settlement are studied. The results indicate that the thawed interlayer hardly forms beneath the natural field, and beneath the embankments from the Qinghai-Tibet Railway the thawed interlayer develops widely, and it can be refrozen totally in the regions with lower mean annual ground temperature, and developed further in the regions with higher mean annual ground temperature.The thawed interlayer is closely related to the embankment settlement. The ice content of permafrost underlying the thawed interlayer influences the settlement of embankment. The higher the ice content is, the larger the settlement is, and vice versa. The increase in thickness of thawed interlayer mainly results from the decline of artificial permafrost table in high-temperature permafrost regions.

青藏高原湖泊引流疏导工程多年冻土立体监测方法

近年来,受气候暖湿化过程影响,青藏高原湖泊数量及面积增加趋势明显,发生了系列湖岸溃决事件。为防止此类水患威胁到人民生命财产安全和重大工程设施,可通过人工引流疏导工程将外溢湖水有序、可控引流至下游安全区域。然而,在多年冻土区实施引流疏导工程,势必显著改变区域多年冻土水、热状况空间分布,影响区域生态环境的同时严重破坏了水工构筑物自身的长期稳定性。以可可西里盐湖正在开展的引流疏导工程为例,结合现有多年冻土勘察监测技术手段,基于区域多年冻土特征和引流疏导工程构成,提出了利用InSAR、无人机航拍、气象站点观测、地温观测、地球物理勘探等手段实现区域多年冻土空间分布与水热状况的立体监测方法。通过该方法,可实现区域环境气象要素、多年冻土水热状况空间分布和工程稳定性的同步监测,为工程对区域多年冻土环境影响评估提供科学依据,同时服务于工程稳定性和服役性能的预测预警,为未来我国多年冻土区水利工程建设与维护提供重要参考。

Freeze–thaw resistance of eco–material stabilized loess

In the Loess Plateau in Northern China,repeated freeze–thaw(FT)cycles deteriorate the strength and structure of loess as a foundation soil,resulting in the instability or failure of supporting structure.Lignosulfonate is an eco–material,utilized as an effective and nontraditional stabilizer to improve the engineering properties of metastable soils.A series of laboratory tests,including unconfined compression tests,cyclic loading–unloading tests and scanning electron microscopy,on calcium lignosulfonate(CL)-and sodium lignosulfonate(SL)-stabilized loess were performed to investigate the stabilization effect,deterioration mechanisms of the FT cycles,and the resistance to FT cycles.Two traditional stabilizers,quicklime(QL)and sodium silicate(SS),were selected,and the engineering properties of QL-and SS-stabilized loess were compared with those of CL-and SLstabilized loess.The results showed that the strength values of CL-and SL-stabilized loess specimens decreased by 34.2%and 50%respectively,after 20 FT cycles,whereas those of the traditionally SS-and QL-stabilized specimens decreased by 85.3%and 82.87%,respectively.The elastic moduli of SL-and QL-stabilized loess specimens decreased by 22.1%and 92.0%,respectively.The mean energy dissipations of nontraditionally treated specimens also decreased significantly less than those of traditionally treated specimens.Overall,the results showed CL and SL had better stabilization effects on engineering properties of loess than QL and SS,and their stabilized loess specimens exhibited stronger resistance to FT cycles.The study findings demonstrated the significant potential of lignosulfonate for extensive application in cold loess areas.

Testing and modeling of frozen clay-concrete interface behavior based on large-scale shear tests

The shear behavior of the frozen soil-structure interface is important for accurately predicting the interface responses of structures adopted in the cold regions.The purpose of this study is to experimentally and theoretically investigate the shear behavior of frozen clay-concrete interface under engineering conditions.A large-scale direct shear apparatus with a temperature-controlled shear box is used to test the interface behavior.Test specimens consisting of a cement concrete block and frozen soil with initial water content ranging between 14.6%and 24.6%were prepared at different conditions of temperatures(15.4 to-9.8℃),shear rates(0.03-0.9 mm min^(-1)),and normal stresses(50-200 kPaj.It is found that the peak shear strength is linear developing with increasing of normal stress,initial water content,and temperature.It increased from 67.7 to 133.3 kPa as the initial water content increased from 14.9%to 24.6%at temperature of-6.8 to-6.6℃,and it increased from 51.2 to 80.6 kPa with temperature decreasing from 15.4 to-9.8℃at initial water content of 14.6%-14.9%,furthermore it has a power law relationship with shear rate.The final vertical displacement increases with the decreasing temperature,and increasing initial water content.While,it is slight or could be ignored at lower shear rates(e.g.0.03 mm min^(-1) and 0.15 mm min^(-1))and it is-0.25 mm and-0.28 mm at shear rate of 0.3 mm min^(-1) and 0.9 mm min^(-1),respectively.In addition,the evolution of vertical displacement also varies with test condition,the growth rate at beginning increases with increasing initial water content and decreasing temperature or ice content,which is because of the ice film effects the particle size.Moreover,a disturbed state concept model combined with linear and nonlinear characteristics is developed to describe the interface shear behavior.The disturbance D reflects the interface mechanical response and responds differently trend for different test conditions,increasing faster with increasing temperature and decreasing initial water content or shear rate.The testing results,including the test and model results,can be used to simulate the performance of engineered geotechnical assets such as earth dams or irrigation channels with concrete linings in cold regions.