Assessment of Physico-Chemical and Microbial Quality of Sugarcane Juice Sold by Street Vendors in Three Regions of Bangladesh

Sugar cane juice is a popular refreshing drink in most part of Bangladesh. It has great taste and health benefits;also it is available most of the public places at reasonable prices which consumed by road side customers including general public, shopping personals, tourists, students. In our country, street vendors crushing sugarcane between roller crusher and sold without any heat treatment or preservative, also served with or without added ice and lemon juice. The study aimed to identify and compare the physico-chemical and microbial quality of sugarcane juice. The chemical qualities of juices including moisture, PH, ash, total soluble solid, total sugar, reducing sugar and titrable acidity were found slightly different in Mymensingh, Gazipur and Narayangonj areas. The highest and lowest value of moisture, ash, PH, total soluble solids, total sugar, reducing sugar and titrable acidity were found in 84.33% - 79.26% (Gazipur-Mymensingh), 0.57% - 0.04% (Mymensingh-Gazipur), 5.9 - 2.9 (Gazipur-Narayangonj), 17.48% - 4.98% (Mymensingh-Narayangonj), 21.9% - 6.56% (Mymensingh-Gazipur), 3.7 - 2.1 (Gazipur-Mymensingh) and 0.523% - 0.007% (Narayangonj-Gazipur) respectively. For microbiological analysis, the total viable count of sugar cane juice in Mymensingh, Gazipur and Narayangonj were ranged from 0.6 × 105 - 43.6 × 105 cfu/ml, 4.6 × 105 - 21.6 × 105 cfu/ml and 3.6 × 105 - 36.6 × 105 cfu/ml respectively, where the permitted value is 1.0 × 104 cfu/ml, whereas the total coliform count was ranged from 0.4 × 105 - 6.4 × 105 cfu/ml, 0.6 × 105 - 8.4 × 105 cfu/ml and 0.00 - 8.4 × 105 cfu/ml, where the permitted value is 100 cfu/ml and total fungal count was ranged from 5.5 × 105 - 56.5 × 105 cfu/ml, 21.5 × 105 - 54.5 × 105 cfu/ml and 32.5 × 105 - 68.5 × 105 cfu/ml, where the permitted value is 1000 cfu/ml. According to the Gulf standard, the microbiological parameters of all the collected sugar cane juice were out of the permitted standards, so that a serious health outbreak can be caused anytime.

Characteristics of Multi-Objective Linear Programming Problem and Multi-Objective Linear Fractional Programming Problem Taking Maximum Value of Multi-Objective Functions

In this paper, a new statistical averaging technique is proposed for finding an optimal solution to a multi-objective linear fractional programming problem (MOLFPP) and multi-objective linear programming problem (MOLPP) by using new arithmetic averaging method and new geometric averaging method. It is significantly noticeable same characteristics among all the technique while taking maximum or minimum among all optimized values for multi-objective functions using simplex algorithm. The characteristics provided from the problems are verified by the numerical examples.

Finite Element Analysis of Magnetohydrodynamic Mixed Convection in a Lid-Driven Trapezoidal Enclosure Having Heated Triangular Block

A numerical research on magnetohydrodynamic mixed convection flow in a lid-driven trapezoidal enclosure at non-uniform heating of bottom wall has been studied numerically. The enclosure consists of insulated top wall and cold side walls, too. It also contains a heated triangular block (Rot = 0° - 90°) located somewhere inside the enclosure. The boundary top wall of the enclosure is moving through uniform speed U0. The geometry of the model has been represented mathematically by coupled governing equations in accordance with proper boundary conditions and then a two-dimensional Galerkin finite element based numerical approach has been adopted to solve this paper. The numerical computations have been carried out for the wide range of parameters Prandtl number (0.5 ≤ Pr ≤ 2), Reynolds number (60 ≤ Re ≤ 120), Rayleigh number (Ra = 103) and Hartmann number (Ha = 20) taking with different rotations of heated triangular block. The results have been shown in the form of streamlines, temperature patterns or isotherms, average Nusselt number and average bulk temperature of the fluid in the enclosure at non-uniform heating of bottom wall. It is also indicated that both the streamlines, isotherm patterns strongly depend on the aforesaid governing parameters and location of the triangular block but the thermal conductivity of the triangular block has a noteworthy role on the isotherm pattern lines. Moreover, the variation of Nuav of hot bottom wall and θav in the enclosure is demonstrated here to show the characteristics of heat transfer in the enclosure.

Simulation of Natural Convection Flow with Magneto-Hydrodynamics in a Wavy Top Enclosure with a Semi-Circular Heater

Natural convection flow in enclosure has different applications such as room ventilation, heat exchangers, the cooling system of a building etc. The Finite-Element method based on the Galerkin weighted residual approach is used to solve two-dimensional governing mass, momentum and energy-equations for natural convection flow in the presence of a magnetic field on a roof top with semi-circular heater. In the enclosure the horizontal lower wall was heated, the vertical two walls were adiabatic, inside the semi-circular heater, the wavy top wall cooled. The parameters Rayleigh number, Hartmann number and Prandtl number are considered. The effects of the Hartmann number and Rayleigh number on the streamlines, isotherms, velocity profiles and average Nusselt number are examined graphically. The local Nusselt number and the average Nusselt number of the heated portion of the enclosure with the semi-circular heater are presented in this paper. Finally, for the validation of the existing work, the current results are compared with published results and the auspicious agreement is achieved.

Finite Element Analysis of Magnetohydrodynamic Natural Convection within Semi-Circular Top Enclosure with Triangular Obstacles

The phenomena of magneto-hydrodynamic natural convection in a two-dimensional semicircular top enclosure with triangular obstacle in the rectangular cavity were studied numerically. The governing differential equations are solved by using the most important method which is finite element method (weighted-residual method). The top wall is placed at cold Tc and bottom wall is heated Th. Here the sidewalls of the cavity assumed adiabatic. Also all the wall are occupied to be no-slip condition. A heated triangular obstacle is located at the center of the cavity. The study accomplished for Prandtl number Pr = 0.71;the Rayleigh number Ra = 103, 105, 5 × 105, 106 and for Hartmann number Ha = 0, 20, 50, 100. The results represent the streamlines, isotherms, velocity and temperature fields as well as local Nusselt number.

MHD Effects on Mixed Convective Nanofluid Flow with Viscous Dissipation in Surrounding Porous Medium

In existence of concerning magnetic field, heat together with mass transfer features on mixed convective copper-water nanofluid flow through inclined plate is investigated in surrounding porous medium together with viscous dissipation. A proper set of useful similarity transforms is considered as to transform the desired governing equations into a system as ordinary differential equations which are nonlinear. The transformed equations for nanofluid flow include interrelated boundary conditions which are resolved numerically applying Runge-Kutta integration process of sixth-order together with Nachtsheim and Swigert technique. The numerical consequences are compared together with literature which was published previously and acceptable comparisons are found. The influence of significant parameters like as magnetic parameter, angle for inclination, Eckert number, fluid suction parameter, nanoparticles volume fraction, Schmidt number and permeability parameter on concerning velocity, temperature along with concentration boundary layers remains examined and calculated. Numerical consequences are presented graphically. Moreover, the impact regarding these physical parameters for engineering significance in expressions of local skin friction coefficient in addition to local Nusselt together with Sherwood numbers is correspondingly examined.

Effect of Hartmann Number on Free Convective Flow of MHD Fluid in a Square Cavity with a Heated Cone of Different Orientation

This paper presents the effect of magnetic field, indicated by Hartmann number (Ha), on the free convective flow of Magneto-hydro-dynamic (MHD) fluid in a square cavity with a heated cone of different orientation. Although similar studies abound, the novelty of this work lies in the presence of the heated cone, whose orientation is varied at different angles. The mathematical model includes the system of governing mass, momentum and energy equations. The system is solved by finite element method. The calculations are performed for Prandtl number Pr = 0.71;the Rayleigh number Ra = 10, 1000, 100,000;and for Hartmann number Ha = 0, 20, 50, 100. The results are illustrated with streamlines, velocity profiles and isotherms. From the results, it is found that for the present configuration, magnetic field (Hartmann number) has no effect on the shape of the streamlines for low Rayleigh numbers. However, for high values of Ra, the effect of Ha becomes quite visible. Magnetic field affects the flow by retarding the fluid movement, and thus affects convective heat transfer. At low Ra, the fluid movement and heat transfer rate are already slowing, thus impressing a magnetic field does not produce much effect. At high Ra, fluid particles move at high velocity and change the stream lines, in absence of any magnetic force. Impressing magnetic field in this situation produced noticeable effect by slowing down the fluid movement and changing the streamlines back to low Ra situations. It is noted that a combination of low Ra with zero or low Ha produces similar effects with the combination of high Ra and high Ha. It can be concluded that with increasing Ha, heat transfer mode in MHD fluid gradually changes toward conduction from convection. It can be surmised that sufficiently large Ha can potentially stop the fluid movement altogether. In that case, heat transfer would be fully by conduction.

Advanced Transformation Technique to Solve Multi-Objective Optimization Problems

Multi-objective optimization problem (MOOP) is an important class of optimization problem that ensures users to model a large variety of real world applications. In this paper an advanced transformation technique has been proposed to solve MOOP. An algorithm is suggested and the computer application of algorithm has been demonstrated by a flow chart. This method is comparatively easy to calculate. Applying on different types of examples, the result indicates that the proposed method gives better solution than other methods and it is less time consuming. Physical presentation and data analysis represent the worth of the method more compactly.

Conjugate Effects of Heat and Mass Transfer on Natural Convection Flow along an Isothermal Sphere with Radiation Heat Loss

Conjugate effects heat and mass transfer on free convection flow across an isothermal sphere immersed in a viscous incompressible fluid in the presence of species concentration with radiation heat loss has been investigated in this paper. The governing boundary layer equations are first transformed into a non-dimensional form and the resulting nonlinear systems of partial differential equations are then solved numerically using Finite—difference method with Keller-box Scheme. We have focused our attention on the evaluation velocity profiles, temperature profiles and species concentration profiles of the fluid as well as the local skin friction coefficient, local heat transfer rate and local species concentration transfer rate for a wide range of radiation parameter Rd, Schmidt number Sc and Prandlt number Pr.

Magnetohydrodynamic Boundary Layer Flow of Non-Newtonian Fluid and Combined Heat and Mass Transfer about an Inclined Stretching Sheet

The steady magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) boundary layer flow and combined heat and mass transfer of a non-Newtonian fluid over an inclined stretching sheet have been investigated in the present analysis. The effects of the flow parameters on the velocity, temperature, species concentration, local skin friction, local Nusselt number, and Sherwood number are computed, discussed and have been graphically represented in figures and tables for various values of different parameters. The numerical results are carried out for several values of the combined effects of magnetic parameter M, stretching parameter λ, Prandtl number Pr, Eckert number Ec, Schmidt number Sc, Soret number S0, slip parameter A and Casson parameter n on velocity, temperature and concentration profiles and also the skin-friction coefficient ?f?"(0)?local Nusselt number -θ'(0)?and local Sherwood number -ψ'(0)?are discussed and presented in tabular form. The results pertaining to the present study indicate that the velocity profiles decrease as the increase of magnetic field parameter, but reverse trend arises for the effect of Casson parameter and stretching ratio parameter for both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. The temperature profiles increase forthe effect of magnetic parameter, Prandtl number and Eckert number in case of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. The concentration profile increases for the effect of Soret number while concentration profile decreases for the increasing values of Schmidt number, magnetic parameter, Prandtl number and Eckert number for both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. By considering the cooling plate the numerical results for the skin-friction coefficient f?"(0) , local Nusselt number?-θ'(0) and local Sherwood number ?-ψ'(0) are presented in Tables 1-3.

Numerical Study on Single and Multi-Dimensional Boundary Value Problems by the Method of Weighted Residual

The Galerkin method of weighted residual (MWR) for computing natural frequencies of some physical problems such as the Helmholtz equation and some second-order boundary value problems has been revised in this article. The use of one and two-dimensional characteristic Bernstein polynomials as the basis functions have been presented by the Galerkin MWR. The vibration of non-homogeneous membranes with Dirichlet type boundary conditions is also studied here. The useful properties of Bernstein polynomials, its derivatives and function approximations have also been illustrated. Besides, the efficiency and applicability of the proposed technique have been demonstrated through some numerical experiments.

Solving Multi-Objective Linear Programming Problem by Statistical Averaging Method with the Help of Fuzzy Programming Method

A multi-objective linear programming problem is made from fuzzy linear programming problem. It is due the fact that it is used fuzzy programming method during the solution. The Multi objective linear programming problem can be converted into the single objective function by various methods as Chandra Sen’s method, weighted sum method, ranking function method, statistical averaging method. In this paper, Chandra Sen’s method and statistical averaging method both are used here for making single objective function from multi-objective function. Two multi-objective programming problems are solved to verify the result. One is numerical example and the other is real life example. Then the problems are solved by ordinary simplex method and fuzzy programming method. It can be seen that fuzzy programming method gives better optimal values than the ordinary simplex method.

Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation Model for Smart Washing Machine

Generally fuzzy control system (FCS) is worked in washing machine. For the fuzzy set theory, membership functions are the building blocks. In a fuzzy set, fuzziness is determined by its membership functions. The shapes of membership functions are important, because it has an effect on fuzzy inference system. The shapes of membership functions can be triangular, trapezoidal and gaussian. The most widely used triangular membership function is used in this paper, because it can capture the short time period. In washing machine, open loop control system is found. This paper applies a fuzzy synthetic evaluation method (FSEM) for washing cloth in washing machine as FSEM can handle the multiple criteria with the help of evaluation matrix generated from membership function and weight matrix generated by Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The purpose of this research is to minimize the wash time. By applying FSEM, we get a wash time which is less than that wash time got from applying the Mamdani approach in FCS. An example is given for illustration. For more reduction of wash time, statistical averaging method is also used. To reduce the wash time, statistical averaging method can be used in Mamdani approach also.

Solving Fuzzy Multi-Objective Linear Programming Problem by Applying Statistical Method

In this paper, the statistical averaging method and the new statistical averaging methods have been used to solve the fuzzy multi-objective linear programming problems. These methods have been applied to form a single objective function from the fuzzy multi-objective linear programming problems. At first, a numerical example of solving fuzzy multi-objective linear programming problem has been provided to validate the maximum risk reduction by the proposed method. The proposed method has been applied to assess the risk of damage due to natural calamities like flood, cyclone, sidor, and storms at the coastal areas in Bangladesh. The proposed method of solving the fuzzy multi-objective linear programming problems by the statistical method has been compared with the Chandra Sen’s method. The numerical results show that the proposed method maximizes the risk reduction capacity better than Chandra Sen’s method.