Original Research Confounding associations between green space and outdoor artificial light at night: Systematic investigations and implications for urban health

Excessive urbanization leads to considerable nature deficiency and abundant artificial infrastructure in urban areas,which triggered intensive discussions on people's exposure to green space and outdoor artificial light at night(ALAN).Recent academic progress highlights that people's exposure to green space and outdoor ALAN may be confounders of each other but lacks systematic investigations.This study investigates the associations between people's exposure to green space and outdoor ALAN by adopting the three most used research paradigms:population-level residence-based,individual-level residencebased,and individual-level mobility-oriented paradigms.We employed the green space and outdoor ALAN data of 291 Tertiary Planning Units in Hong Kong for population-level analysis.We also used data from 940 participants in six representative communities for individual-level analyses.Hong Kong green space and outdoor ALAN were derived from high-resolution remote sensing data.The total exposures were derived using the spatiotemporally weighted approaches.Our results confirm that the negative associations between people's exposure to green space and outdoor ALAN are universal across different research paradigms,spatially non-stationary,and consistent among different socio-demographic groups.We also observed that mobility-oriented measures may lead to stronger negative associations than residence-based measures by mitigating the contextual errors of residence-based measures.Our results highlight the potential confounding associations between people's exposure to green space and outdoor ALAN,and we strongly recommend relevant studies to consider both of them in modeling people's health outcomes,especially for those health outcomes impacted by the co-exposure to them.

Unraveling adaptive changes in electric vehicle charging behavior toward the postpandemic era by federated meta-learning

Dear Editor,Electric vehicle(EV)sales have significantly grown over the years to fulfill growing demands for economic travel and greenhouse gas mitigation.1 However,the surge in the number of EVs has led to charging anxiety as users struggle to find an available charging station before running out of electricity,resulting in longer reserve and waiting times.2 Moreover,severe mobility restrictions caused by infectious diseases,such as coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),have greatly affected people’s travel behavior3,4 and hindered their willingness to use EVs,given that charging in public spaces consumes time and increases the risk of contracting the virus.5 This implies that in the postpandemic era,in which individuals coexist with the virus,the interplay between the two important trends,namely vehicle electrification and mobility restrictions,can extensively affect people’s daily commuting by using EVs.

The effects of different travel modes and travel destinations on COVID-19 transmission in global cities

The international community has made significant efforts to flatten the COVID-19 curve,including predicting transmission[1,2],executing unprecedented global lockdowns and social distancing[3,4],promoting the wearing of facemasks and social distancing measures[5],and isolating confirmed cases and contacts[6].Because of the adverse consequences of these lockdown measures[7],many cities have reopened so they can rebuild their economies.However,as mobility has gradually returned towards normal,imported cases from unknown sources have disrupted the recovery situation,and cities are continually at high risk of new waves of infection[8,9]since airborne transmission is the dominant transmission route[10].

Geographic information science in the era of geospatial big data: A cyberspace perspective

The advent of information and communication technology and the Internet of Things have led our society toward a digital era.The proliferation of personal computers,smartphones,intelligent autonomous sensors,and pervasive network interactions with individuals have gradually shifted human activities from offline to online and from in person to virtual.This transformation has brought a series of challenges in a variety of fields,such as the dilemma of placelessness,some aspects of timelessness(no time relevance),and the changing relevance of distance in the field of geographic information science(GIScience).In the last two decades,“cyber thinking”in GIScience has received significant attention from different perspectives.For instance,human activities in“cyberspace”need to be reconsidered when coupled with the geographic space to observe the first law of geography.