Cholangiocarcinoma(CCA)is the second most common hepatobiliary cancer,and its incidence has increased significantly in recent years.CCA has poor prognosis owing to the limited diagnosis and treatment options.The tumor...Cholangiocarcinoma(CCA)is the second most common hepatobiliary cancer,and its incidence has increased significantly in recent years.CCA has poor prognosis owing to the limited diagnosis and treatment options.The tumor immune microenvironment(TIME),which comprises immune cells,cytokines,and chemokines,plays a significant role in cancer progression,the evasion of immune surveillance,and therapeutic responses.Immunotherapeutic strategies targeting the TIME offer the potential for the recognition and eradication of CCA.This review discusses the cellular and molecular components of the TIME in CCA and immunotherapeutic strategies targeting it.展开更多
BACKGROUND Acupuncture promotes the recovery of gastrointestinal function and provides analgesia after major abdominal surgery.The effects of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation(TEAS)remain unclear.AIM To e...BACKGROUND Acupuncture promotes the recovery of gastrointestinal function and provides analgesia after major abdominal surgery.The effects of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation(TEAS)remain unclear.AIM To explore the potential effects of TEAS on the recovery of gastrointestinal function after gastrectomy and colorectal resection.METHODS Patients scheduled for gastrectomy or colorectal resection were randomized at a 2:3:3:2 ratio to receive:(1)TEAS at maximum tolerable current for 30 min immediately prior to anesthesia induction and for the entire duration of surgery,plus two 30-min daily sessions for 3 consecutive days after surgery(perioperative TEAS group);(2)Preoperative and intraoperative TEAS only;(3)Preoperative and postoperative TEAS only;or(4)Sham stimulation.The primary outcome was the time from the end of surgery to the first bowel sound.RESULTS In total,441 patients were randomized;405 patients(58.4±10.2 years of age;247 males)received the planned surgery.The time to the first bowel sounds did not differ among the four groups(P=0.90;log-rank test).On postoperative day 1,the rest pain scores differed significantly among the four groups(P=0.04;Kruskal–Wallis test).Post hoc comparison using the Bonferroni test showed lower pain scores in the perioperative TEAS group(1.4±1.2)than in the sham sti-mulation group(1.7±1.1;P=0.04).Surgical complications did not differ among the four groups.CONCLUSION TEAS provided analgesic effects in adult patients undergoing major abdominal surgery,and it can be added to clinical practice as a means of accelerating postoperative rehabilitation of these patients.展开更多
Aflatoxins( AFs) are a major pollution source of grain pollution and are secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus and A.parasiticus,which are one of the most toxic and carcinogenic substances.Feeding anima...Aflatoxins( AFs) are a major pollution source of grain pollution and are secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus and A.parasiticus,which are one of the most toxic and carcinogenic substances.Feeding animals with aflatoxin-contaminated food can cause toxicosis,acute liver injury or liver cancer in animals,and also can cause multiple organ damage,decline in production performance and disease resistance,even death,which brings great economic losses to animal husbandry.In addition,AFs can do great harm to the human body.When the body ingests large amounts of AFs,it may suffer from acute poisoning and acute liver damage; and AFs can cause chronic poisoning of the body with continuous intake of trace AFs.This paper briefly analyzed the effect of AFs on the structure and function of poultry immune organs,immune gene expression,immunosuppression and so on.展开更多
In this paper, we proposed a novel method of joint phase noise estimate (JPNE) for PDM-M-QAM (M = 4, 16, 32, 64, …) transmission systems, and established the theoretical model to illustrate the operation mechanism. T...In this paper, we proposed a novel method of joint phase noise estimate (JPNE) for PDM-M-QAM (M = 4, 16, 32, 64, …) transmission systems, and established the theoretical model to illustrate the operation mechanism. The simulation of laser phase noise and fiber nonlinearity compensation based on the proposed JPNE method had also been demonstrated. For 112 Gb/s PDM-4QAM transmission system, the simulation results had showed that the optimum launch power increased from -4 dBm to at least 0 dBm compared with the condition of no phase noise compensation in reach of all simulation distances.展开更多
While Fe-based oxygen carriers(OC) are regarded to be promising for chemical looping combustion(CLC),the decrease of CO_2 selectivity during deep reduction process and the severe agglomeration of Fe_2O_3 often occur a...While Fe-based oxygen carriers(OC) are regarded to be promising for chemical looping combustion(CLC),the decrease of CO_2 selectivity during deep reduction process and the severe agglomeration of Fe_2O_3 often occur after multiple redox cycles due to the low oxygen mobility.Herein,Fe-substituted Bahexaaluminates(Ba Fe_xAl_(12)– xO_(19),denoted as BF_xA-H,x = 1 and 2) prepared by a modified two-step method exhibited not only higher amount of converted oxygen(Ot) and CH_4 conversion(77% and 81% vs.17%and 75%) than those prepared by the traditional co-precipitation method(BF_xA-C,x = 1 and 2) but also high CO_2 selectivity above 92% during the nearly whole reduction from Fe^(3+) to Fe^(2+).Furthermore,the BFxA-H exhibited the excellent recyclability during 50 cycles.The better performance was ascribed to the markedly enhanced oxygen mobility which resulted from dominant occupancy of Fe cations in Al(5) sites(Fe^5: 71% and 70% vs.49% and 41%) in mirror planes of hexaaluminate leading to larger amount of lattice oxygen coordinated with Fe^5(O–Fe^5)(0.45 and 0.85 mmol/g vs.0.31 and 0.50 mmol/g).The improvement of oxygen mobility also favored the preservation of chemical state of Fe cations in hexaaluminate structure in the re-oxidation step,resulting in the excellent recyclability of BF_xA-H.展开更多
Thermal conductivity is an important material parameter of silicon when studying the performance and reliability of devices or for guiding circuit design when considering heat dissipation, especially when the self-hea...Thermal conductivity is an important material parameter of silicon when studying the performance and reliability of devices or for guiding circuit design when considering heat dissipation, especially when the self-heating effect becomes prominent in ultra-scaled MOSFETs.The cross-plane thermal conductivity of a thin silicon film is lacking due to the difficulty in sensing high thermal conductivity in the vertical direction.In this paper, a feasible method that utilizes an ultra-fast electrical pulse within 20 μs combined with the hot strip technique is adopted.To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that shows how to extract the cross-plane thermal conductivity of sub-50 nm(30 nm, 17 nm, and 10 nm)silicon films on buried oxide.The ratio of the extracted cross-plane thermal conductivity of the silicon films over the bulk value is only about 6.9%, 4.3%, and 3.8% at 300 K, respectively.As the thickness of the films is smaller than the phonon mean free path, the classical heat transport theory fails to predict the heat dissipation in nanoscale transistors.Thus, in this study, a ballistic model, derived from the heat transport equation based on extended-irreversible-hydrodynamics(EIT), is used for further investigation, and the simulation results exhibit good consistence with the experimental data.The extracted effective thermal data could provide a good reference for precise device simulations and thermoelectric applications.展开更多
Solar thermochemical CO_(2)-splitting(STCS)is a promising solution for solar energy harvesting and storage.However,practical solar fuel production by utilizing earth-abundant iron/iron oxides remains a great challenge...Solar thermochemical CO_(2)-splitting(STCS)is a promising solution for solar energy harvesting and storage.However,practical solar fuel production by utilizing earth-abundant iron/iron oxides remains a great challenge because of the formation of passivation layers,resulting in slow reaction kinetics and limited CO_(2)conversion.Here,we report a novel material consisting of an iron-nickel alloy embedded in a perovskite substrate for intensified CO production via a two-step STCS process.The novel material achieved an unprecedented CO production rate of 381 mL g^(-1)min^(-1)with 99%CO_(2)conversion at 850℃,outperforming state-of-the-art materials.In situ structural analyses and density functional theory calculations show that the alloy/substrate interface is the main active site for CO_(2)splitting.Preferential oxidation of the FeNi alloy at the interface(as opposed to forming an FeO_(x)passivation shell encapsulating bare metallic iron)and rapid stabilization of the iron oxide species by the robust perovskite matrix significantly promoted the conversion of CO_(2)to CO.Facile regeneration of the alloy/perovskite interfaces was realized by isothermal methane reduction with simultaneous production of syngas(H_(2)/CO=2,syngas yield>96%).Overall,the novel perovskite-mediated dealloying-exsolution redox system facilitates highly efficient solar fuel production,with a theoretical solar-to-fuel efficiency of up to 58%,in the absence of any heat integration.展开更多
Thermochemical two-step CO_(2) splitting is a potential approach that fixes the sustainable resource into transportable liquid fuels.However,the harsh CO_(2) splitting conditions,the limited oxygen release kinetics an...Thermochemical two-step CO_(2) splitting is a potential approach that fixes the sustainable resource into transportable liquid fuels.However,the harsh CO_(2) splitting conditions,the limited oxygen release kinetics and capacity of metal oxides block further promoted the CO yield and solar-to-fuel energy efficiency.Here,we propose a different carbon cycle assisted by Ni/La_(2)O_(3) via coupling methane decomposition with thermochemical CO_(2) splitting,replacing conventional metal oxides cycle.Superior performance was demonstrated with methane conversion reached around 94%with almost pure H_(2) generation.Encouragingly,CO_(2) conversion of 98%and CO yield of 6.9 mmol g^(-1) derived from CO_(2) were achieved,with peak CO evolution rate(402 mL min^(-1) g^(-1))of orders of magnitude higher than that in metal oxide process and outstanding thermodynamic solar-to-fuel energy efficiency(55.5%vs.18.5%).This was relevant to the synergistic activation of La_(2)O_(3) and Ni for CO_(2) in carbon cycle,thus improving CO_(2) splitting reaction with carbon species.展开更多
Normally the optical wafer inspection tools are used for advanced process control in high volume manufacturing of semiconductor devices. The SEM Review is done for limited sample of inspection defects to do defect bas...Normally the optical wafer inspection tools are used for advanced process control in high volume manufacturing of semiconductor devices. The SEM Review is done for limited sample of inspection defects to do defect based process characterization. The defect classes that are monitored normally indicate process and random defect issues. There is limited to no information of patterning related issues in real time defect monitor. Moreover, with the objective of process integration engineering of multiple processes it becomes harder to see the evolution of a defect in the line. The Die-to-Database Pattern Monitor (D2DB-PM) solution has addressed this problem. It uses the existing high resolution images from the Review and Metrology tools and compares the pattern shapes with the design reference. This way it captures patterning deviations in real time. Here we report the subtle defect problem encountered in process integration and the results from using the D2DB-PM solution. We found that this approach reduces the workload on CDSEM tools by analyzing SEM Review images instead and the automated reports improves the efficiency of all process teams.展开更多
基金Supported by grants from the Research Fund of the Health Commission of Hubei Province(No.WJ2021M255)Cancer Research and Translational Platform Project of Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University(No.ZLYNXM202004)+2 种基金Key Research and Development Program of Hubei Province(No.2021BCA114)the Research Fund from the Medical Sci-Tech Innovation Platform of Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University(No.PTXM2021022)the Outstanding Doctoral(Postdoctoral)Program of Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University(No.ZNYB2021021)。
文摘Cholangiocarcinoma(CCA)is the second most common hepatobiliary cancer,and its incidence has increased significantly in recent years.CCA has poor prognosis owing to the limited diagnosis and treatment options.The tumor immune microenvironment(TIME),which comprises immune cells,cytokines,and chemokines,plays a significant role in cancer progression,the evasion of immune surveillance,and therapeutic responses.Immunotherapeutic strategies targeting the TIME offer the potential for the recognition and eradication of CCA.This review discusses the cellular and molecular components of the TIME in CCA and immunotherapeutic strategies targeting it.
基金National Basic Research Program of China(Project 973)from The Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China,No.2013CB531900。
文摘BACKGROUND Acupuncture promotes the recovery of gastrointestinal function and provides analgesia after major abdominal surgery.The effects of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation(TEAS)remain unclear.AIM To explore the potential effects of TEAS on the recovery of gastrointestinal function after gastrectomy and colorectal resection.METHODS Patients scheduled for gastrectomy or colorectal resection were randomized at a 2:3:3:2 ratio to receive:(1)TEAS at maximum tolerable current for 30 min immediately prior to anesthesia induction and for the entire duration of surgery,plus two 30-min daily sessions for 3 consecutive days after surgery(perioperative TEAS group);(2)Preoperative and intraoperative TEAS only;(3)Preoperative and postoperative TEAS only;or(4)Sham stimulation.The primary outcome was the time from the end of surgery to the first bowel sound.RESULTS In total,441 patients were randomized;405 patients(58.4±10.2 years of age;247 males)received the planned surgery.The time to the first bowel sounds did not differ among the four groups(P=0.90;log-rank test).On postoperative day 1,the rest pain scores differed significantly among the four groups(P=0.04;Kruskal–Wallis test).Post hoc comparison using the Bonferroni test showed lower pain scores in the perioperative TEAS group(1.4±1.2)than in the sham sti-mulation group(1.7±1.1;P=0.04).Surgical complications did not differ among the four groups.CONCLUSION TEAS provided analgesic effects in adult patients undergoing major abdominal surgery,and it can be added to clinical practice as a means of accelerating postoperative rehabilitation of these patients.
基金Supported by Program for International Cooperation of Ministry of Science and Technology(2011DFA30760)
文摘Aflatoxins( AFs) are a major pollution source of grain pollution and are secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus and A.parasiticus,which are one of the most toxic and carcinogenic substances.Feeding animals with aflatoxin-contaminated food can cause toxicosis,acute liver injury or liver cancer in animals,and also can cause multiple organ damage,decline in production performance and disease resistance,even death,which brings great economic losses to animal husbandry.In addition,AFs can do great harm to the human body.When the body ingests large amounts of AFs,it may suffer from acute poisoning and acute liver damage; and AFs can cause chronic poisoning of the body with continuous intake of trace AFs.This paper briefly analyzed the effect of AFs on the structure and function of poultry immune organs,immune gene expression,immunosuppression and so on.
文摘In this paper, we proposed a novel method of joint phase noise estimate (JPNE) for PDM-M-QAM (M = 4, 16, 32, 64, …) transmission systems, and established the theoretical model to illustrate the operation mechanism. The simulation of laser phase noise and fiber nonlinearity compensation based on the proposed JPNE method had also been demonstrated. For 112 Gb/s PDM-4QAM transmission system, the simulation results had showed that the optimum launch power increased from -4 dBm to at least 0 dBm compared with the condition of no phase noise compensation in reach of all simulation distances.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (21303137,21406225 and 21676269)the National Key Project for Fundamental Research and Development of China (2016YFA0202801)Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China (2014M561261)
文摘While Fe-based oxygen carriers(OC) are regarded to be promising for chemical looping combustion(CLC),the decrease of CO_2 selectivity during deep reduction process and the severe agglomeration of Fe_2O_3 often occur after multiple redox cycles due to the low oxygen mobility.Herein,Fe-substituted Bahexaaluminates(Ba Fe_xAl_(12)– xO_(19),denoted as BF_xA-H,x = 1 and 2) prepared by a modified two-step method exhibited not only higher amount of converted oxygen(Ot) and CH_4 conversion(77% and 81% vs.17%and 75%) than those prepared by the traditional co-precipitation method(BF_xA-C,x = 1 and 2) but also high CO_2 selectivity above 92% during the nearly whole reduction from Fe^(3+) to Fe^(2+).Furthermore,the BFxA-H exhibited the excellent recyclability during 50 cycles.The better performance was ascribed to the markedly enhanced oxygen mobility which resulted from dominant occupancy of Fe cations in Al(5) sites(Fe^5: 71% and 70% vs.49% and 41%) in mirror planes of hexaaluminate leading to larger amount of lattice oxygen coordinated with Fe^5(O–Fe^5)(0.45 and 0.85 mmol/g vs.0.31 and 0.50 mmol/g).The improvement of oxygen mobility also favored the preservation of chemical state of Fe cations in hexaaluminate structure in the re-oxidation step,resulting in the excellent recyclability of BF_xA-H.
基金Project supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.LZ19F040001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61473287)the NSFC–Zhejiang Joint Fund for the Integration of Industrialization Informatization,China(Grant No.U1609213)
文摘Thermal conductivity is an important material parameter of silicon when studying the performance and reliability of devices or for guiding circuit design when considering heat dissipation, especially when the self-heating effect becomes prominent in ultra-scaled MOSFETs.The cross-plane thermal conductivity of a thin silicon film is lacking due to the difficulty in sensing high thermal conductivity in the vertical direction.In this paper, a feasible method that utilizes an ultra-fast electrical pulse within 20 μs combined with the hot strip technique is adopted.To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that shows how to extract the cross-plane thermal conductivity of sub-50 nm(30 nm, 17 nm, and 10 nm)silicon films on buried oxide.The ratio of the extracted cross-plane thermal conductivity of the silicon films over the bulk value is only about 6.9%, 4.3%, and 3.8% at 300 K, respectively.As the thickness of the films is smaller than the phonon mean free path, the classical heat transport theory fails to predict the heat dissipation in nanoscale transistors.Thus, in this study, a ballistic model, derived from the heat transport equation based on extended-irreversible-hydrodynamics(EIT), is used for further investigation, and the simulation results exhibit good consistence with the experimental data.The extracted effective thermal data could provide a good reference for precise device simulations and thermoelectric applications.
文摘Solar thermochemical CO_(2)-splitting(STCS)is a promising solution for solar energy harvesting and storage.However,practical solar fuel production by utilizing earth-abundant iron/iron oxides remains a great challenge because of the formation of passivation layers,resulting in slow reaction kinetics and limited CO_(2)conversion.Here,we report a novel material consisting of an iron-nickel alloy embedded in a perovskite substrate for intensified CO production via a two-step STCS process.The novel material achieved an unprecedented CO production rate of 381 mL g^(-1)min^(-1)with 99%CO_(2)conversion at 850℃,outperforming state-of-the-art materials.In situ structural analyses and density functional theory calculations show that the alloy/substrate interface is the main active site for CO_(2)splitting.Preferential oxidation of the FeNi alloy at the interface(as opposed to forming an FeO_(x)passivation shell encapsulating bare metallic iron)and rapid stabilization of the iron oxide species by the robust perovskite matrix significantly promoted the conversion of CO_(2)to CO.Facile regeneration of the alloy/perovskite interfaces was realized by isothermal methane reduction with simultaneous production of syngas(H_(2)/CO=2,syngas yield>96%).Overall,the novel perovskite-mediated dealloying-exsolution redox system facilitates highly efficient solar fuel production,with a theoretical solar-to-fuel efficiency of up to 58%,in the absence of any heat integration.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB17020100)the National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFA0202-801)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)grants(21676269,21706254,21878283,22022814)the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics,CAS(DICP I201916)。
文摘Thermochemical two-step CO_(2) splitting is a potential approach that fixes the sustainable resource into transportable liquid fuels.However,the harsh CO_(2) splitting conditions,the limited oxygen release kinetics and capacity of metal oxides block further promoted the CO yield and solar-to-fuel energy efficiency.Here,we propose a different carbon cycle assisted by Ni/La_(2)O_(3) via coupling methane decomposition with thermochemical CO_(2) splitting,replacing conventional metal oxides cycle.Superior performance was demonstrated with methane conversion reached around 94%with almost pure H_(2) generation.Encouragingly,CO_(2) conversion of 98%and CO yield of 6.9 mmol g^(-1) derived from CO_(2) were achieved,with peak CO evolution rate(402 mL min^(-1) g^(-1))of orders of magnitude higher than that in metal oxide process and outstanding thermodynamic solar-to-fuel energy efficiency(55.5%vs.18.5%).This was relevant to the synergistic activation of La_(2)O_(3) and Ni for CO_(2) in carbon cycle,thus improving CO_(2) splitting reaction with carbon species.
文摘Normally the optical wafer inspection tools are used for advanced process control in high volume manufacturing of semiconductor devices. The SEM Review is done for limited sample of inspection defects to do defect based process characterization. The defect classes that are monitored normally indicate process and random defect issues. There is limited to no information of patterning related issues in real time defect monitor. Moreover, with the objective of process integration engineering of multiple processes it becomes harder to see the evolution of a defect in the line. The Die-to-Database Pattern Monitor (D2DB-PM) solution has addressed this problem. It uses the existing high resolution images from the Review and Metrology tools and compares the pattern shapes with the design reference. This way it captures patterning deviations in real time. Here we report the subtle defect problem encountered in process integration and the results from using the D2DB-PM solution. We found that this approach reduces the workload on CDSEM tools by analyzing SEM Review images instead and the automated reports improves the efficiency of all process teams.
