Calcium carbonate promotes the formation and stability of soil macroaggregates in mining areas of China

We studied changes in the concentrations of aggregate-cementing agents after different reclamation times and with different fertilization regimes,as well as the formation mechanism of aggregates in reclaimed soil,to provide a theoretical basis for rapid reclamation of soil fertility in the subsidence area of coal mines in Shanxi Province,China.In this study,soil samples of 0–20 cm depth were collected from four fertilization treatments of a longterm experiment started in 2008:no fertilizer (CK),inorganic fertilizer (NPK),chicken manure compost (M),and50%inorganic fertilizer plus 50%chicken manure compost (MNPK).The concentrations of cementing agents and changes in soil aggregate size distribution and stability were analysed.The results showed that the formation of>2 mm aggregates,the aggregate mean weight diameter (MWD),and the proportion of>0.25 mm water-stable aggregates (WR_(0.25)) increased significantly after 6 and 11 years of reclamation.The concentration of organic cementing agents tended to increase with reclamation time,whereas free iron oxide (Fed) and free aluminium oxide(Ald) concentrations initially increased but then decreased.In general,the MNPK treatment signi?cantly increased the concentrations of organic cementing agents and CaCO_(3),and CaCO_(3) increased by 60.4%at 11 years after reclamation.Additionally,CaCO_(3) had the greatest effect on the stability of aggregates,promoting the formation of>0.25 mm aggregates and accounting for 54.4%of the variance in the proportion and stability of the aggregates.It was concluded that long-term reclamation is bene?cial for improving soil structure.The MNPK treatment was the most effective measure for increasing maize grain yield and concentration of organic cementing agents and CaCO_(3).

Automatic Pavement Crack Detection Based on Octave Convolution Neural Network with Hierarchical Feature Learning

Automatic pavement crack detection plays an important role in ensuring road safety.In images of cracks,information about the cracks can be conveyed through high-frequency and low-fre-quency signals that focus on fine details and global structures,respectively.The output features obtained from different convolutional layers can be combined to represent information about both high-frequency and low-frequency signals.In this paper,we propose an encoder-decoder framework called octave hierarchical network(Octave-H),which is based on the U-Network(U-Net)architec-ture and utilizes an octave convolutional neural network and a hierarchical feature learning module for performing crack detection.The proposed octave convolution is capable of extracting multi-fre-quency feature maps,capturing both fine details and global cracks.We propose a hierarchical feature learning module that merges multi-frequency-scale feature maps with different levels(high and low)of octave convolutional layers.To verify the superiority of the proposed Octave-H,we employed the CrackForest dataset(CFD)and AigleRN databases to evaluate this method.The experimental results demonstrate that Octave-H outperforms other algorithms with satisfactory performance.

Reducing nitrogen application with dense planting increases nitrogen use efficiency by maintaining root growth in a double-rice cropping system

Rational nitrogen(N) application can greatly increase rice(Oryza sativa L.) yield. However, excessive N input can lead not only to low N use efficiency(NUE) but also to severe environmental pollution.Reducing N application rate with a higher planting density(RNHD) is recommended to maintain rice yield and improve NUE. The effects of RNHD on fertilizer N fate and rice root growth traits remain unclear. We accordingly conducted a two-year field experiment to investigate the influence of RNHD on rice yield, fertilizer 15N fate, and root growth in a double-rice cropping system in China. In comparison with the conventional practice of high N application with sparse planting, RNHD resulted in similar yield and biomass production as well as plant N uptake. RNHD increased agronomic NUEs by 23.3%–31.9%(P < 0.05) and N recovery efficiency by 17.4%–24.1%(P < 0.05). RNHD increased fertilizer 15N recovery rate by 14.5%–34.7%(P < 0.05), but reduced15 N retention rate by 9.2%–12.0%(P < 0.05). Although a reduced N rate led to significantly reduced root length, surface area, volume, and biomass, these root traits were significantly increased by higher planting density. RNHD did not affect these root morphological traits and reduced activities of nitrate reductase(NR) and glutamine synthetase(GS) only at tillering stage. Plant N uptake was significantly positively correlated with these root traits, but not correlated with NR and GS activities. Together, these findings show that reducing N application with dense planting can lead to high plant N uptake by maintaining rice root growth and thus increase NUE.

Long-term manure application increased soil organic carbon and nitrogen mineralization through accumulation of unprotected and physically protected carbon fractions

Soil organic carbon(SOC)and nitrogen(N)mineralization are important biogeochemical processes associated with soil fertility.These processes are influenced by physically,chemically,and biologically stabilized SOC fractions,the mechanisms of which are not well known.The present study was conducted to evaluate the combined effect of manure and mineral fertilizers on the contents of SOC fractions to promote the mineralization of SOC and N.Treatments included:i)no fertilizer control(CK);ii)a combination of mineral N,phosphorus,and potassium fertilizers(NPK);iii)manure alone(M);iv)manure combined with NPK(MNPK);and v)a high dose of manure combined with NPK(hMNPK).The combined uses of manure and mineral fertilizers(MNPK and hMNPK)enhanced the accumulation of the unprotected coarse particulate organic carbon(C)fraction(cPOC)by 44%-72%compared to CK.Manure applications(M,MNPK and hMNPK)enhanced physically microaggregate-protected organic C(μagg),physicochemically protected organic C within the microaggregate-derived silt(μsilt)fraction(H-μsilt),and physicobiochemically protected organic C within theμsilt fraction(NH-μsilt)by 30%-56%,62%-150%,and 27%-51%,respectively.In contrast,all chemically and biochemically protected SOC fractions showed a minor response to manure application.Accumulation of cPOC,μagg,H-μsilt,and physicochemically protected organic C within the microaggregate-derived clay fraction(H-μclay)significantly contributed to the mineralization of SOC and N,resulting in a significant increase in rice grain yield with long-term manure application.In summary,long-term combined use of manure and mineral fertilizers improved SOC accumulation in unprotected and physically protected fractions,which enhanced SOC and N mineralization and benefited soil productivity in a rice-wheat cropping system.

Use of ^(15)N stable isotope to quantify nitrogen transfer between mycorrhizal plants

Aims Mycorrhizas(fungal roots)play vital roles in plant nutrient acquisition,performance and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems.Arbuscular mycorrhizas(AM)and ectomycorrhizas(EM)are mostly important since soil nutrients,including NH+4,NO
3 and phosphorus,are translocated from mycorrhizal fungi to plants.Individual species,genera and even families of plants could be interconnected by mycorrhizal mycelia to form common mycorrhizal networks(CMNs).The function of CMNs is to provide pathways for movement or transfer of nutrients from one plant to another.In the past four decades,both ^(15)N external labeling or enrichment(usually expressed as atom%)and ^(15)N naturally occurring abundance(d^(15)N,&)techniques have been employed to trace the direction and magnitude of N transfer between plants,with their own advantages and limitations.Important Findings The heavier stable isotope ^(15)N is discriminated against 14N during biochemical,biogeochemical and physiological processes,due to a greater atomic mass.In general,non-N2-fixing plants had greater d^(15)N values than N2-fixing(;0&)ones.Foliar d^(15)N often varied by 5 to 10&in the order:non-mycorrhizas/AMs>EMs>ericoid mycorrhizas.Differences in d^(15)N(&)or ^(15)N(atom%)values could thus provide N transfer information between plants.A range of between 0 to 80%of one-way N transfer had been observed from N2-fixing mycorrhizal to non-N2-fixing mycorrhizal plants,but generally less than or around 10%in the reverse direction.Plant-to-plant N transfer may provide practical implications for plant performance in N-limited habitats.Considering that N translocation or cycling is crucial,and the potential benefits of N transfer are great in both agricultural and natural ecosystems,more research is warranted on either oneway or two-way N transfers mediated by CMNs with different species and under field conditions.

Determining the optimum range of soil Olsen P for high P use efficiency, crop yield, and soil fertility in three typical cropland soils

Soil Olsen P level has a major influence on crop yield,efficient P utilization,and soil fertility.In this study,the optimum Olsen P range was determined from long-term(1990–2012)field experiments in three typical soil types of China under single cropping of maize or double cropping of maize and wheat.The critical soil Olsen P value for crop yield was evaluated using three different models,and the relationships among P use efficiency(PUE),Olsen P,and total P were analyzed.The agronomic critical soil Olsen P values obtained from the three models for the neutral soil of Gongzhuling and the calcareous soil of Zhengzhou were similar;however,the values from the linear-linear and linear-plateau models for both maize and wheat were substantially lower than those from the Mitscherlich model for the acidic soil of Qiyang.The PUE response change rates(linear equation slopes)under different soil Olsen P levels were small,indicating slight or no changes in the PUE as the soil Olsen P increased in all three soils.A comparison of the Olsen P levels that achieved the maximal PUE with the agronomic critical values derived from the three models indicated that the linear-plateau model exhibited the best performance.The regression equation coefficients of Olsen P response to total P decreased as follows:Zhengzhou(73 mg g-1)>Qiyang(65 mg g-1)>Gongzhuling(55 mg g-1).The Olsen P level increased as the total P increased,which may result in a decrease in PUE.To achieve a relatively high crop yield,PUE,and soil fertility,the optimum Olsen P range should be 13–40,10–40,and 29–40 mg kg-1 at Gongzhuling,Zhengzhou,and Qiyang,respectively.

Impacts of land use and salinization on soil inorganic and organic carbon in the middle-lower Yellow River Delta

Soil inorganic carbon(SIC)is an important reservoir of carbon(C)in arid,semi-arid,and semi-humid regions.However,knowledge is incomplete on the dynamics of SIC and its relationship with soil organic C(SOC)under different land use types in the semi-humid region,particularly in coastal zones impacted by soil salinization.We collected 170 soil samples from 34 profiles across various land use types(maize-wheat,cotton,paddy,and reed)in the middle-lower Yellow River Delta(YRD),China.We measured soil pH,electrical conductivity(EC),water-soluble salts,and SOC and SIC contents.Our results showed significant differences in both SOC and SIC among land use types.The dry cropland(maize-wheat and cotton)soils had significantly higher SOC and SIC densities(4.71 and 15.46 kg C m^(-2),respectively)than the paddy soils(3.28 and 14.09 kg C m^(-2),respectively)in the 0–100 cm layer.Compared with paddy soils,reed soils contained significantly higher SOC(4.68 kg C m^(-2))and similar SIC(15.02 kg C m^(-2))densities.There was a significant positive correlation between SOC and SIC densities over a 0–100 cm soil depth in dry cropland soils,but a negative relationship in the paddy soils.On average,SOC and SIC densities under maize-wheat cropping were 15%and 4%lower,respectively,in the salt-affected soils in the middle-lower YRD than the upper YRD.This study indicated that land use types had great influences on both SOC and SIC and their relationship,and salinization had adverse effect on soil C storage in the YRD.

Soil organic carbon saturation deficit under primary agricultural managements across major croplands in China

Introduction:To generate information for the effective management of soil organic carbon(SOC)sequestration in Chinese croplands,we compared the additional organic carbon(C)that can be stabilized by fine soil particles(<20μm)with typical fertilization practices across soil types and climate zones.Using data from 30 long-term experimental study sites across the major agricultural zones in China,we estimated stable SOC saturation deficit(SOC_(deficit))under no fertilization(CK),chemical fertilization(CF),straw plus CF(S+CF),and manure plus CF(M+CF).Stable SOC_(deficit)was defined as the difference between potential and current SOC stabilized by fine soil particles.Outcomes:Stable SOC_(deficit)values varied from 51%to 82%.Soils dominated by 2:1 clay minerals showed larger stable SOC_(deficit)than soils dominated by 1:1 clay minerals under each treatment.For soils dominated by 2:1 clay minerals,stable SOC_(deficit)was significantly lower under M+CF(69%)than under CK,CF,and S+CF(78-82%)treatments,and it increased with increasing mean annual temperature(<10°C).In soils dominated by 1:1 clay minerals,stable SOC_(deficit)was considerably lower in paddy and paddy-upland than in upland soils,suggesting that paddies effectively stabilize C inputs.Discussion:Agricultural soils in China have considerable C sequestration potential,despite decades of fertilization practices.To manage soil C sequestration and model soil C dynamics effectively,factors such as soil mineral types,fertilization,and cropland use should be considered.Conclusion:Our results demonstrated that manure addition was the best fertilization method for improving soil fertility,whereas straw return in Chinese croplands should take into account climate mitigation in future.

PROGRESS ON IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY: UK−CHINA VIRTUAL JOINT CENTERS ON NITROGEN AGRONOMY

Two virtual joint centers for nitrogen agronomy were established between the UK and China to facilitate collaborative research aimed at improving nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)in agricultural production systems and reducing losses of reactive N to the environment.Major focus areas were improving fertilizer NUE,use of livestock manures,soil health,and policy development and knowledge exchange.Improvements to fertilizer NUE included attention to application rate in the context of yield potential and economic considerations and the potential of improved practices including enhanced efficiency fertilizers,plastic film mulching and cropping design.Improved utilization of livestock manures requires knowledge of the available nutrient content,appropriate manure processing technologies and integrated nutrient management practices.Soil carbon,acidification and biodiversity were considered as important aspects of soil health.Both centers identified a range of potential actions that could be taken to improve N management,and the research conducted has highlighted the importance of developing a systemslevel approach to assessing improvement in the overall efficiency of N management and avoiding unintended secondary effects from individual interventions.Within this context,the management of fertilizer emissions and livestock manure at the farm and regional scales appear to be particularly important targets for mitigation.