利用高能中微子探索宇宙线起源之谜

一、引言早在1912年,科学家就观测到了宇宙线,其主要成分是质子(约90%)和氦核(约9%)的高能微观粒子。迄今为止,观测到的宇宙射线中最高能量接近3×1020电子伏特,约等于48焦耳,相当于一颗时速150千米的网球的动能。一个直径远远小于原子的微观粒子被加速到如此惊人的宏观能量,比地球上最大的粒子加速器LHC所能产生的最高能量大7到8个量级。这让我们很自然地产生疑问:如此高能的宇宙线来自哪里?它们是怎么被加速到这么高能量的?

Muon energy reconstruction in the high-energy neutrino observations

The reconstruction of muon energies is crucial for the data analysis of neutrino experiments using large water Cherenkov detectors,but the resolution for muon energy reconstruction using traditional methods is poor.Here,we propose a revised approach to remove noisy optical modules along the track produced by the propagation of muons through water.The number of photons on the optical modules is first corrected by the attenuation properties of light in water.Then the difference in time between the observed optical modules and the expected ones is determined based on the geometry of the triggered optical modules.Finally,the standard of correction is measured by the ratio of photon number before and after correction.Optical modules selection conditions were optimized according to these parameters,with most noisy optical modules successfully removed,improving the resolution of muon energy reconstruction.

热气流辅助熔体微分电纺聚乳酸纤维制备

利用自制熔体微分静电纺丝设备,以聚乳酸(PLA)为原料,探究了熔体微分静电纺丝辅助气流温度及纺丝距离对纤维直径、均匀性、孔径分布的影响。纤维直径随着气流温度的上升而变细,纤维直径均匀性也随着气流温度的上升变得更加均匀,而纤维直径随着纺丝距离的变化呈现波谷趋势,并且根据纤维膜孔径分布表明,纤维越细、越均匀,纤维膜孔径分布越小,并获得了最佳的气流温度及纺丝距离参数。研究表明,在纺丝温度260℃、气流流量在20 m3/h、气流温度为100℃和纺丝距离为5.5 cm时,纤维平均直径达到最小值,约为400 nm。

微纳米纤维空气净化滤膜的研究进展

微纳米纤维由于比表面积高、长径比高和孔隙率高等优点在制备空气净化滤膜方面极具应用潜力,但始终面临高的过滤效率和低过滤阻力之间的矛盾。文中首先介绍了不同材料制备的微纳米纤维膜的过滤性能,并对不同材料的特性和过滤效果进行了分析;其次总结了典型的微纳米纤维膜结构,包括纤维形貌、纤维膜内结构和层间结构;最后对高效低阻微纳米空气滤膜今后的发展方向进行了展望。

Magnetorheological finishing of an irregular-shaped small-bore complex component using a small ball-end permanent-magnet polishing head

A novel magnetorheological finishing(MRF)process using a small ball-end permanent-magnet polishing head is proposed,and a four-axes linkage dedicated MRF machine tool is fabricated to achieve the nanofinishing of an irregularψ-shaped small-bore complex component with concave surfaces of a curvature radius less than3 mm.The processing method of the complex component is introduced.Magnetostatic simulation during the entire finishing path is carried out to analyze the material removal characteristics.A typicalψ-shaped small-bore complex component is polished on the developed device,and a fine surface quality is obtained with surface roughness Raof 0.0107μm and surface accuracy of the finished spherical surfaces of 0.3320μm(PV).These findings indicate that the proposed MRF process can perform the nanofinishing of a kind of small-bore complex component with small-curvature-radius concave surfaces.

Formation mechanism of a smooth, defectfree surface of fused silica optics using rapid CO2 laser polishing

Surface defects introduced by conventional mechanical processing methods can induce irreversible damage and reduce the service life of optics applied in high-power lasers.Compared to mechanical processing,laser polishing with moving beam spot is a noncontact processing method,which is able to form a defect-free surface.This work aims to explore the mechanism of forming a smooth,defect-free fused silica surface by high-power density laser polishing with coupled multiple beams.The underlying mechanisms of laser polishing was revealed by numerical simulations and the theoretical results were verified by experiments.The simulated polishing depth and machined surface morphology were in close agreement with the experimental results.To obtain the optimized polishing quality,the effects of laser polishing parameters(e.g.overlap rate,pulse width and polishing times)on the polishing quality were experimentally investigated.It was found that the processing efficiency of fused silica materials by carbon dioxide(CO2)laser polishing could reach 8.68 mm2 s−1,and the surface roughness(Ra)was better than 25 nm.Besides,the cracks on pristine fused silica surfaces introduced by initial grinding process were completely removed by laser polishing to achieve a defect-free surface.The maximum laser polishing rate can reach 3.88μm s−1,much higher than that of the traditional mechanical polishing methods.The rapid CO2 laser polishing can effectively achieve smooth,defect-free surface,which is of great significance to improve the surface quality of fused silica optics applied in high-power laser facilities.

Hemispherical resonator with low subsurface damage machined by small ball-end fine diamond grinding wheel:A novel grinding technique

As for the ultra-precision grinding of the hemispherical fused silica resonator,due to the hard and brittle nature of fused silica,subsurface damage(SSD)is easily generated,which enormously influences the performance of such components.Hence,ultra-precision grinding experiments are carried out to investigate the surface/subsurface quality of the hemispherical resonator machined by the small ball-end fine diamond grinding wheel.The influence of grinding parameters on the surface roughness(SR)and SSD depth of fused silica samples is then analyzed.The experimental results indicate that the SR and SSD depth decreased with the increase of grinding speed and the decrease of feed rate and grinding depth.In addition,based on the material strain rate and the maximum undeformed chip thickness,the effect of grinding parameters on the subsurface damage mechanism of fused silica samples is analyzed.Furthermore,a multi-step ultra-precision grinding technique of the hemispherical resonator is proposed based on the interaction influence between grinding depth and feed rate.Finally,the hemispherical resonator is processed by the proposed grinding technique,and the SR is improved from 454.328 nm to 110.449 nm while the SSD depth is reduced by 94%from 40μm to 2.379μm.The multi-step grinding technique proposed in this paper can guide the fabrication of the hemispherical resonator.

CEPC Technical Design Report

The Circular Electron Positron Collider(CEPC)is a large scientific project initiated and hosted by China,fostered through extensive collaboration with international partners.The complex comprises four accelerators:a 30 GeV Linac,a 1.1 GeV Damping Ring,a Booster capable of achieving energies up to 180 GeV,and a Collider operating at varying energy modes(Z,W,H,and tt).The Linac and Damping Ring are situated on the surface,while the subterranean Booster and Collider are housed in a 100 km circumference underground tunnel,strategically accommodating future expansion with provisions for a potential Super Proton Proton Collider(SPPC).The CEPC primarily serves as a Higgs factory.In its baseline design with synchrotron radiation(SR)power of 30 MW per beam,it can achieve a luminosity of 5×10^(34)cm^(-2)s^(-1)per interaction point(IP),resulting in an integrated luminosity of 13 ab^(-1)for two IPs over a decade,producing 2.6 million Higgs bosons.Increasing the SR power to 50 MW per beam expands the CEPC's capability to generate 4.3 million Higgs bosons,facilitating precise measurements of Higgs coupling at sub-percent levels,exceeding the precision expected from the HL-LHC by an order of magnitude.This Technical Design Report(TDR)follows the Preliminary Conceptual Design Report(Pre-CDR,2015)and the Conceptual Design Report(CDR,2018),comprehensively detailing the machine's layout,performance metrics,physical design and analysis,technical systems design,R&D and prototyping efforts,and associated civil engineering aspects.Additionally,it includes a cost estimate and a preliminary construction timeline,establishing a framework for forthcoming engineering design phase and site selection procedures.Construction is anticipated to begin around 2027-2028,pending government approval,with an estimated duration of 8 years.The commencement of experiments and data collection could potentially be initiated in the mid-2030s.

Defect engineering of W^(6+)-doped NiO for high-performance black smart windows

In this report,W^(6+)doping as a defect engineering strategy has been proposed to improve the electrochromic properties of NiO film.Further research was conducted to explore the electrochromic properties and the modified mechanism of W-doped NiO film.Compared to the pure NiO,W-doped NiO film exhibits improved electrochromic properties with significant optical modulation(61.56%at 550 nm),fast switching speed(4.42 s/1.40 s for coloring/bleaching),high coloration efficiency(45.41 cm^(2)·C-1)and outstanding cycling stability(no significant attenuation after 2000 cycles)in Li-based electrolytes.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations combined with the experimental results indicate that the improved electrochromic properties were due to enhanced the electronic conductivity and ion conductivity after the introduction of W^(6+).The charge capacity of W-doped NiO has also been improved,and it can function with WO_(3) to achieve a high performance black electrochromic smart window(ECSW)by balancing charge.This work could advance the fundamental understanding of defect engineering as an effective strategy to boost the electrochromic properties of NiO anodic material,manifesting a significant development as a candidate counter electrode in high-performance black smart windows.

Generating Baikal-GVD high energy cascade-like neutrino events with a GEANT4-based simulation toolkit

Using the GEANT4 and Cosmic Ray Monte Carlo(CRMC)software packages,we developed a new simulation toolkit for astrophysical neutrino telescopes.By configuring the Baikal-GVD detector and comparing the vertex position and direction of incident particles,as well as the channel-by-channel signals,to the events detected by Baikal-GVD,we successfully generated 13 high-energy cascade neutrino events with the toolkit.Our analysis revealed a systematic offset between the reconstructed shower position and the true interaction position,with a distance close to the scale of the shower maximum of−0.54±1.29 m.We achieved a good linear relationship between the photoelectron number of neutrino events obtained by simulation and the real data measured by Baikal-GVD.The simulation toolkit could serve as a reliable basis for studying the performance of astrophysical neutrino telescopes.

Investigation of pore structure alteration and permeability enhancement of shale matrix by supercritical water treatment after hydraulic fracturing

Shale gas reservoirs are unconventional tight gas reservoirs,in which horizontal wells and hydraulic fracturing are required to achieve commercial development.The fracture networks created by hydraulic fracturing can increase the drainage area extensively to enhance shale gas recovery.However,large volumes of fracturing fluid that is difficult to flow back to the surface and remained in the shale formation,will inevitably lead to damages of the shale formations and limit the effectiveness of stimulation.Supercritical water(SCW)treatment after hydraulic fracturing is a new method to enhance shale gas recovery by using appropriate heat treatment methods to the specific formation to convert the retained fracturing fluid into a supercritical state(at temperatures in excess of 373.946°C and pressures in excess of 22.064 MPa).An experiment was conducted to simulate the reaction between shale and SCW,and the capacity of SCW treatment to enhance the permeability of the shale was evaluated by measuring the response of the shale porosity and permeability on SCW treatment.The experimental results show that the shale porosity and permeability increase by 213.43%and 2198.37%,respectively.The pore structure alteration and permeability enhancement of the shale matrix were determined by analyzing the changes in pore structure and mineral composition after SCW treatment.The mechanisms that affect pore structure and mineral composition include oxidative catalysis decomposition of organic matters and reducing minerals,acid-catalyzed decomposition of carbonate minerals and feldspar minerals,hydrothermal catalysis induced fracture extension and cementation weakening induced fracture extension.SCW treatment converts harm into a benefit by reducing the intrusion of harmful substances into the shale formation,which will broaden the scope and scale of shale formation stimulation.

Experimental and modeling study of surface topography generation considering tool-workpiece vibration in high-precision turning

High-precision turning(HPT)is a main processing method for manufacturing rotary high-precision components,especially for metallic parts.However,the generated vibration between tool tip and workpiece during turning may seriously deteriorate the surface integrity.Therefore,exploring the effect of vibration on turning surface morphology and quality of copper parts using 3D surface topography regeneration model is crucial for predicting HPT performance.This developed model can update the machined surface topology in real time.In this study,the effects of tool arc radius,feed rate,radial vibration,axial vibration and tangential vibration on the surface topography and surface roughness were explored.The results show that the effect of radial vibration on surface topography is greater than that of axial vibration and tangential vibration.The radial vibration frequency is also critical.When vibration frequency changes,the surface topography profile presents three different types:the standard sinusoidal curve,the sinusoidal curve whose lowfrequency signal envelopes high-frequency signal,and the oscillation curve whose low-frequency signal superimposes high-frequency signal.In addition,HPT experiment was carried out to validate the developed model.The surface roughness obtained in the experiment was Ra=53 nm,while the roughness obtained by the simulation was Ra=46 nm,achieving a prediction accuracy of 86.7%.Received 4 September 2022;revised 3 October 2022;accepted 17 October 2022.

A novel method of water bath heating assisted small ball-end magnetorheological polishing for hemispherical shell resonators

Hemispherical shell resonator(HSR)is the core component of hemispherical resonator gyro.It is aφ-shaped small-bore complex component with minimum curvature radius less than 3 mm.Thus,traditional polishing methods are difficult to polish it.Small ball-end magnetorheological polishing method can polish the small components with complicated three-dimensional surface and obtain non-destructive surface.Therefore,this method is suitable for polishing HSR.However,the material removal rate of the ordinary small ball-end magnetorheological polishing is low,leading to long polishing time and low output of HSR.To solve this problem,a water bath heating assisted small ball-end magnetorheological polishing method is proposed in this research.The influence rule of processing parameters on the material removal rate is studied experimentally.A set of optimal processing parameters is obtained to maximize the material removal rate.Compared with the ordinary method,the material removal rate of the new method can be improved by 143%.Subsequently,an HSR is polished by the new method.The results show that the polishing time can be reduced by 55%,and the polished surface roughness can reach 7.7 nm.The new method has the great potential to be used in actual production to improve the polishing efficiency of HSR.

基于硅氧体系的织物用阻燃、疏水双功能涂层

织物的阻燃涂层在日常使用和清洁维护中,由于亲水性太强易导致阻燃性能急剧下降,因此阻燃、疏水双功能涂层现已成为织物功能涂层的研究热点。其中硅氧体系化合物由于同时具有高耐热性和低表面能,因而在阻燃和疏水涂层体系中表现优异。本文通过有机硅体系、有机硅/纳米二氧化硅杂化体系以及笼型聚倍半硅氧烷(POSS)体系在高温成炭性、低表面能、表面微纳结构以及可控多功能化等方面的优异展现,层层递进地描述了兼具优异阻燃和疏水性能的织物用涂层的最新研究进展,并探究了其阻燃和疏水性能与硅氧系化合物结构之间的构效关系。最后提出阻燃和疏水性能间的协同机理、高效性的提升以及复杂环境下涂层性能的服役稳定性等,是织物用阻燃、疏水双功能涂层的未来发展方向;并针对功能化织物材料的部分应用场景需求,提出了热点分析与展望。

Measurement of water quality in LHAASO-WCDA

Introduction The water Cherenkov detector array(WCDA)is an important detector in the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory(LHAASO),which is tasked with continuously surveying VHE gamma-rays sky.The WCDA covers an area of 78,000 m2 and contains 350,000 tons of purified water.The water quality and its stability are critical for its performance and long-term operation.Method Light is exponentially attenuated when propagating in water.Water attenuation length can be obtained by comparing light intensities at different optical path lengths,which is the basic principle of direct measurements.Here,a cylindrical device was designed to continuously monitor and measure water quality in the LHAASO-WCDA.Conclusion The systematic error of the cylindrical device was about 4.1%,indicating it is capable of measuring the water attenuation length in WCDA.Furthermore,suspended particle number and turbidity were confirmed as significantly related to the measured attenuation length.

Potential damage threats to downstream optics caused by Gaussian mitigation pits on rear KDP surface

To determine whether a potassium dihydrogen phosphate(KDP)surface mitigated by micro-milling would potentially threaten downstream optics,we calculated the light-field modulation based on angular spectrum diffraction theory,and performed a laser damage test on downstream fused silica.The results showed that the downstream light intensification caused by a Gaussian mitigation pit of 800μm width and 10μm depth reached a peak value near the KDP rear surface,decreased sharply afterward,and eventually kept stable with the increase in downstream distance.The solved peak value of light intensification exceeded 6 in a range 8–19 mm downstream from the KDP rear surface,which is the most dangerous for downstream optics.Laser damage sites were then induced on the fused silica surface in subsequent laser damage tests.When the distance downstream was greater than 44 mm with a downstream light intensification of less than 3,there were no potential damage threats to downstream optics.The study proves that a mitigated KDP surface can cause laser damage to downstream optical components,to which attention should be paid in an actual application.Through this work,we find that the current manufacturing process and the mitigation index still need to be improved.The research methods and calculation models are also of great reference significance for related studies like optics mitigation and laser damage.

Interference and grinding characteristics in ultra-precision grinding of thin-walled complex structural component using a ball-end grinding wheel

As for ultra-precision grinding of difficult-to-process thin-walled complex components with ball-end grinding wheels,interference is easy to occur.According to screw theory and grinding kinematics,a mathematical model is established to investigate the interference and grinding characteristics of the ball-end wheel.The relationship between grinding wheel inclination angle,C axis rotation angle,grinding position angle and grinding wheel wear are analyzed.As the grinding wheel inclination angle increases,the C axis rotatable range decreases and the grinding position angle increases.The grinding position angle and wheel radius wear show a negative correlation with the C axis rotation angle.Therefore,a trajectory planning criteria for increasing grinding speed as much as possible under the premise of avoiding interference is proposed to design the grinding trajectory.Then grinding point distribution on the ball-end wheel is calculated,and the grinding characteristics,grinding speed and maximum undeformed chip thickness,are investigated.Finally,a complex structural component can be ground without interference,and surface roughness and profile accuracy are improved to 40.2 nm and 0.399 lm,compared with 556 nm and 3.427 lm before ultra-precision grinding.The mathematical model can provide theoretical guidance for the analysis of interference and grinding characteristics in complex components grinding to improve its grinding quality.

Experimental and numerical study of deposition mechanisms for cold spray additive manufacturing process

Cold spray is an attractive and rapidly developing process for additive manufacturing with high efficiency and precision,repairing and coating,especially in aircraft and aerospace applications.Cold spray additive manufacturing deposits micro-particles with large plastic deformation below their melting point,eliminating heat effect zone which could deteriorate the quality of repairing zone.The particle deposition in cold spray is a complex process which involves high strain rate,high contact pressure and high temperature.Here we develop,utilize and validate a thermomechanical model to provide a definitive way to predict deposition mechanics and surface deformation evolution for particle deposition process in cold spray additive manufacturing.Both a single particle and dual particles models were developed to investigate the contact interaction between particle/substrate and particle/particle.Different combinations of particle/substrate materials(Cu/Cu,Al/Al,steel/steel,and nickel/nickel)and process parameters were considered in this study.The experimental study was conducted to validate simulation results,providing useful information for understanding the limitations and challenges associated with cold spray additive manufacturing.The framework provides insights into improving the quality and precision of stress/strain formation,particle interactions and particle deposition in cold spray additive manufacturing process.

Combined studies of surface evolution and crack healing for the suppression of negative factors during CO_(2) laser repairing of fused silica

In order to reveal the evolution mechanism of repaired morphology and the material's migration mechanism on the crack surface in the process of CO_(2) laser repairing surface damage of fused silica optics, two multi-physics coupling mathematical models with different scales are developed, respectively. The physical problems, such as heat and mass transfer,material phase transition, melt flow, evaporation removal, and crack healing, are analyzed. Studies show that material ablation and the gasification recoil pressure accompanying the material splash are the leading factors in forming the Gaussian crater with a raised rim feature. The use of low-power lasers for a long time can fully melt the material around the crack before healing, which can greatly reduce the size of the residual air layer. Combined with the experimental research, the methods to suppress the negative factors(e.g., raised rim, deposited debris, air bubbles) in the CO_(2) laser repairing process are proposed.

The Critical Roles of the Gas Flow in Fabricating Polymer Nanofbers:A Mini‑review

Polymer nanofbers attract more and more attention from academia and industry continuously due to their desirable properties,including high specifc surface area,high porosity,and numerous chemically-active surface groups on the fber surface.Gas fow was widely adopted to fabricate nanofbers such as solution blown,melt blown,gas fow-assisted melt electrospinning,and bubble electrospinning.However,a comprehensive review covered the roles that gas fow played in fabricating nanofbers,and their mechanism has not been analysed yet.This review classifes the roles of gas fow into jet initialization,jet stretching,increasing production,surface modifcation,and inhibition of thermal degradation,to deepen the understanding of gas fow during nanofber preparation.The mechanism of gas fows in the above felds is reviewed in detail.