Enhancing the Photosensitivity of Hypocrellin A by Perylene Diimide Metallacage‑Based Host–Guest Complexation for Photodynamic Therapy

The development of supramolecular hosts which can efficiently encapsulate photosensitizers to improve the photodynamic efficacy holds great promise for cancer therapy.Here,we report two perylene diimide-based metallacages that can form stable host–guest complexes with planar conjugated molecules including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and photosensitizers(hypocrellin A).Such host–guest complexation not only prevents the aggregation of photosensitizers in aqueous environments,but also offers fluorescence resonance energy transfer(FRET)from the metallacage to the photosensitizers to further improve the singlet oxygen generation(Φ_(Δ)=0.66).The complexes are further assembled with amphiphilic polymers,forming nanoparticles with improved stability for anticancer study.Both in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that the nanoparticles display excellent anticancer activities upon light irradiation,showing great potential for cancer photodynamic therapy.This study provides a straightforward and effective approach for enhancing the photosensitivity of conventional photosensitizers via host–guest complexation-based FRET,which will open a new avenue for host–guest chemistry-based supramolecular theranostics.

Low-temperature chemistry in plasma-driven ammonia oxidative pyrolysis

Ammonia is gaining increasing attention as a green alternative fuel for achieving large-scale carbon emission reduction. Despite its potential technical prospects, the harsh ignition conditions and slow flame propagation speed of ammonia pose significant challenges to its application in engines. Non-equilibrium plasma has been identified as a promising method, but current research on plasma-enhanced ammonia combustion is limited and primarily focuses on ignition characteristics revealed by kinetic models. In this study, low-temperature and low-pressure chemistry in plasma-assisted ammonia oxidative pyrolysis is investigated by integrated studies of steady-state GC measurements and mathematical simulation. The detailed kinetic mechanism of NH_(3) decomposition in plasma-driven Ar/NH_(3) and Ar/NH_(3)/O_(2) mixtures has been developed. The numerical model has good agreements with the experimental measurements in NH_(3)/O_(2) consumption and N_(2)/H_(2) generation, which demonstrates the rationality of modelling. Based on the modelling results, species density profiles, path flux and sensitivity analysis for the key plasmaproduced species such as NH_(2), NH, H_(2), OH, H, O, O(^(1)D), O_(2)(a^(1)△_(g)), O_(2)(b^(1)∑_(g)^(+)), Ar^(*), H^(-), Ar^(+), NH_(3)^(+), O_(2)^(-) in the discharge and afterglow are analyzed in detail to illustrate the effectiveness of the active species on NH_(3) excitation and decomposition at low temperature and relatively higher E/N values. The results revealed that NH_(2), NH, H as well as H_(2) are primarily generated through the electron collision reactions e + NH_(3)→ e + NH_(2)+ H, e + NH_(3)→ e + NH + H_(2) and the excited-argon collision reaction Ar^(*) + NH_(3)+ H → Ar + NH_(2)+ 2H, which will then react with highly reactive oxidative species such as O_(2)^(*), O^(*), O, OH, and O_(2) to produce stable products of NOx and H_(2)O. NH_(3)→ NH is found a specific pathway for NH_(3) consumption with plasma assistance, which further highlights the enhanced kinetic effects.

Valence state effect of Cu on photocatalytic CO_(2)reduction

Copper(Cu)is extensively employed in photocatalytic CO_(2)reduction reactions for the production of high-value products.The valence state of transition metals plays a pivotal role in influencing the catalytic process.However,due to the complex valence state changes of Cu in the CO_(2)reduction reaction,research on its valence state effect is lacking.The current work is to prepare a series of TiO_(2)/CuX with stable Cu valence composition using different copper halides(CuX and CuX_(2),X=Br or Cl)as precursors.The results show that the CuBr_(2)loading leads to Cu^(+)/Cu^(2+) mixed cocatalyst and exhibits the highest activity for CO_(2)photoreduction.The CH4 evolution rate of the TiO_(2)/CuBr_(2)catalyst is as high as 100.59μmol h^(-1)g^(-1),which is 6.6 times that of pristine TiO_(2).The CH4 selectivity reaches 77%.The enhanced catalytic activity and selectivity can be ascribed to the efficient surface adsorption,activation,excellent carrier separation,and transfer ofCu^(+)/Cu^(2+) mixed cocatalyst.Our findings provide a reference for designing highly active Cu-based photocatalysts.

大学生价值观冲突研究

基于文献分析与开放调查,编制了大学生价值观冲突问卷。通过探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析结果表明:大学生价值观冲突由个人目标手段冲突、社会目标手段冲突、规则间冲突等3个因素构成,问卷具有较好的信效度。同时还对513名大学生价值观冲突现状进行了调查,结果表明:大学生中普遍存在着不同程度的价值观冲突,不同群体的大学生价值观冲突存在差异。

One-step synthesis of Pt@ZIF-8 catalyst for the selective hydrogenation of 1,4-butynediol to 1,4-butenediol

A catalyst consisting of platinum nanoparticles on a ZIF-8 support（Pt@ZIF-8） was synthesized in a straightforward one-step procedure,by adding a nanostructured platinum sol during the formation of ZIF-8 at room temperature.Pt@ZIF-8 was highly porous and well crystallized.The Pt nanoparticles were well dispersed within the ZIF-8 support.In the hydrogenation of 1,4-butynediol,Pt@ZIF-8 exhibited high activity,excellent selectivity for 1,4-butenediol of greater than 94%,and reusability.The Pt@ZIF-8 catalyst did not require further additives.The favorable catalytic performance was attributed primarily to the modification of the ZIF-8 support by the platinum nanoparticles.

Preparation, characterization, pharmacokinetics and anticancer effects of PEGylated β-elemene liposomes

Objective:This study aimed to develop a new polyethylene glycol(PEG)ylatedβ-elemene liposome(PEG-Lipo-β-E)and evaluate its characterization,pharmacokinetics,antitumor effects and safety in vitro and in vivo.Methods:The liposomes were prepared by ethanol injection and high-pressure micro-jet homogenization.Characterization of the liposomes was conducted,and drug content,entrapment efficiency(EE),in vitro release and stability were studied by ultra-fast liquid chromatography(UFLC)and a liquid surface method.Blood was drawn from rats to establish the pharmacokinetic parameters.The anticancer effect was evaluated in a KU-19-19 bladder cancer xenograft model.Histological analyses were performed to evaluate safety.Results:The PEG-Lipo-β-E showed good stability and was characterized as 83.31±0.181 nm in size,0.279±0.004 in polydispersity index(PDI),-21.4±1.06 mV in zeta potential,6.65±0.02 in pH,5.024±0.107 mg/mL inβ-elemene(β-E)content,and 95.53±1.712%in average EE.The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)indicated the formation of PEG-Lipo-β-E.Compared to elemene injection,PEG-Lipo-β-E demonstrated a 1.75-fold decrease in clearance,a 1.62-fold increase in half-life,and a 1.76-fold increase in area under the concentration-time curves(AUCs)from 0 hour to 1.5 hours(P<0.05).PEG-Lipo-β-E also showed an enhanced anticancer effect in vivo.Histological analyses showed that there was no evidence of toxicity to the heart,kidney,liver,lung or spleen.Conclusions:The present study demonstrates PEG-Lipo-β-E as a new formulation with ease of preparation,high EE,good stability,improved bioavailability and antitumor effects.

An ATF24 peptide-functionalized β-elemene-nanostructured lipid carrier combined with cisplatin for bladder cancer treatment

Objective:In this study,we aimed to develop an amino-terminal fragment(ATF)peptide-targeted liposome carryingβ-elemene(ATF24-PEG-Lipo-β-E)for targeted delivery into urokinase plasminogen activator receptor-overexpressing bladder cancer cells combined with cisplatin(DDP)for bladder cancer treatment.Methods:The liposomes were prepared by ethanol injection and high-pressure microjet homogenization.The liposomes were characterized,and the drug content,entrapment efficiency,andin vitro release were studied.The targeting efficiency was investigated using confocal microscopy,ultra-fast liquid chromatography,and an orthotopic bladder cancer model.The effects of ATF24-PEG-Lipo-β-E combined with DDP on cell viability and proliferation were evaluated by a Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK-8)assay,a colony formation assay,and cell apoptosis and cell cycle analyses.The anticancer effects were evaluated in a KU-19-19 bladder cancer xenograft model.Results:ATF24-PEG-Lipo-β-E had small and uniform sizes(~79 nm),high drug loading capacity(~5.24 mg/mL),high entrapment efficiency(98.37±0.95%),and exhibited sustained drug release behavior.ATF24-PEG-Lipo-β-E had better targeting efficiency and higher cytotoxicity than polyethylene glycol(PEG)ylatedβ-elemene liposomes(PEG-Lipo-β-E).DDP,combined with ATF24-PEG-Lipo-β-E,exerted a synergistic effect on cellular apoptosis and cell arrest at the G2/M phase,and these effects were dependent on the caspase-dependent pathway and Cdc25C/Cdc2/cyclin B1 pathways.Furthermore,thein vivo antitumor activity showed that the targeted liposomes effectively inhibited the growth of tumors,using the combined strategy.Conclusions:The present study provided an effective strategy for the targeted delivery ofβ-elemene(β-E)to bladder cancer,and a combined strategy for bladder cancer treatment.

Foraging habitat selection of overwintering Black-necked Cranes in the farming area surrounding the Caohai Wetland, Guizhou Province, China

Background: Understanding how overwintering birds choose foraging habitats is very important for conservation management. The overwintering Black-necked Crane(Grus nigricollis) feeds on crop remains in farmlands;thus, reasonable conservation management of this type of farmland that surrounds wetlands is critical for the overwintering populations of the Black-necked Crane;however, it is not clear how the Black-necked Crane chooses the foraging land in the farmland.Methods: A thorough field positioning survey of all foraging sites in farmland areas around the Caohai Wetland and a-sampling analysis of habitat selection by the Black-necked Crane were conducted during the winters from 20162017 and 2017-2018.Results: Multiple factors contributed to the selection of foraging habitat in farmlands, i.e., food factors(crop remains and tillage methods) > human disturbance factors(distance to road and settlement) > topography factors(slope aspect), listed according to the strength of influence. Additionally, Black-necked Cranes tend to choose farmland sites where there was no machine tillage, the crop remains were > 500 g/m^2, the distance to residences ranged from 100 to 500 m, the distance to roads ranged from 50 to 100 m, and the slopes exhibited western or eastern aspects. As the winters progressed, the volume of the edible crop remains declined, and the influences of the other main factors also changed, i.e., the factors of human disturbance(distance to road and settlement) became less important, while the effect of the food factor(crop remains) was strengthened. Thus, the foraging sites near the road became more important.Conclusion: The farming area surrounding the Caohai Wetland is very important for the overwintering Black-necked Crane. Food factors and human disturbance factors are the main factors that influence the choice of feeding ground.

A general model for trailing edge serrations simulation on wind turbine airfoils

Trailing edge serrations(TESs)are capable of noticeably suppressing the turbulent trailing edge noise induced by rotating wind turbine blades and become an integral part of a blade.However,the challenges involved in the dimensional design of serration height 2 h,wavelengthλand flap angleϕare yet to be dealt with in a satisfactory manner.To address the problem,a general model for simulating the effects of serrations on the hydrodynamic and aeroacoustic performance is proposed due to its ease of use and relatively low requirements for user input.The solid serrations are replicated by momentum sources calculated by its aerodynamic forces.Then,a case relevant to wind turbine airfoil is examined,a hybrid improved delay detached eddy simulation(IDDES)method coupled with FW-H integration is deployed to obtain the flow features and far-field sound pressure level.It is found that the modeling method could reproduce the flow field and noise as serrated airfoil.

Semisupervised Encrypted Traffic Identification Based on Auxiliary Classification Generative Adversarial Network

The rapidly increasing popularity of mobile devices has changed the methods with which people access various network services and increased net-work traffic markedly.Over the past few decades,network traffic identification has been a research hotspot in the field of network management and security mon-itoring.However,as more network services use encryption technology,network traffic identification faces many challenges.Although classic machine learning methods can solve many problems that cannot be solved by port-and payload-based methods,manually extract features that are frequently updated is time-consuming and labor-intensive.Deep learning has good automatic feature learning capabilities and is an ideal method for network traffic identification,particularly encrypted traffic identification;Existing recognition methods based on deep learning primarily use supervised learning methods and rely on many labeled samples.However,in real scenarios,labeled samples are often difficult to obtain.This paper adjusts the structure of the auxiliary classification generation adversarial network(ACGAN)so that it can use unlabeled samples for training,and use the wasserstein distance instead of the original cross entropy as the loss function to achieve semisupervised learning.Experimental results show that the identification accuracy of ISCX and USTC data sets using the proposed method yields markedly better performance when the number of labeled samples is small compared to that of convolutional neural network(CNN)based classifier.

乡村振兴背景下村庄规划的总体思路

研究目的:通过探讨村庄规划的规划理念、规划定位、规划目标、规划原则、规划的主要内容,厘清村庄规划的总体思路,为村庄规划的编制和实施管理提供有益参考。研究方法:文献资料法,综合分析法。研究结果:村庄规划要坚持以人民为中心的理念、绿色发展生态优先的理念和城乡融合的理念。村庄规划是国土空间规划体系的重要组成部分,是国土空间用途管制的基本依据。村庄规划的目标必须紧跟新时代村庄规划的理念,实现乡村振兴提出'产业兴旺、生态宜居、乡风文明、治理有效、生活富裕'的总目标。村庄规划需要坚持多规合一、因地制宜、生态优先、以人为本的原则。村庄规划的内容主要是优化乡村空间开发保护格局,严格自然资源和生态环境保护,提升基本公共服务建设水平,推进乡村一二三产融合发展,加强历史文化遗存保护,推进山水林田湖草综合整治。村庄规划的编制与实施要注重目标导向、问题导向、用户导向,需加强村庄规划的基础研究,强化分级谋划和分类规划,强化规划实施的资金测算。

The influence of three mangrove species on the distribution of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus in the Quanzhou Bay estuarine wetland soils

This study aims to investigate the effects of region and three regional dominated mangrove species(Avicennia marina, Aegiceras corniculatum and Kandelia candel) on the distribution of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus. Measurement of the inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus and enzymatic activities was carried out in soils covered by three mangrove species in the Quanzhou Bay estuarine wetlands, a typical coastal wetland in China.Species with a higher biomass in upstream and midstream absorb more nitrogen from soils, and the retention of the available phosphorus in the soils of different regions causes the regional variation of phosphorus. In areas dominated by A. marina, nitrate nitrogen is lower while available phosphorus is higher. Meanwhile, nitrate nitrogen and available phosphorus are higher in the soils covered by K. candel.Moreover, all three species affect the elemental and enzymic stoichiometry. The mangrove species influences the diversity of the elemental and enzymic stoichiometric relationship through differential microenvironments, which induce the biodiversity of wetland ecosystems. Thus, this study may facilitate a better understanding of the transformation ability of mangroves to nitrogen and phosphorus and will therefore be beneficial for providing a basis for the ecological restoration of estuarine wetlands.

Oncological outcomes of patients with ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate receiving radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy

Objective:To evaluate the oncological outcomes of ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate(DAC)managed with radical prostatectomy(RP)or radiotherapy(RT)and optimize the proper treatment modality to DAC comprehensively.Methods:The cohorts included a total of 528 patients from the Surveillance,Epidemiology and End Results(SEER)database,354 receiving RP and 174 receiving RT.Cox proportional hazards regressions were performed to assess cancer specific mortality(CSM)and overall mortality(OM)between treatment groups.A competing risk analysis was further conducted.Subgroup analyses by age and level of prostate-specific antigen(PSA)were performed.Propensity score matching was implemented.Results:Patients managed with RP had lower risks of CSM and OM compared with RT(before matching:Hazard ratio[HR]=0.24,95%confidence interval[CI]0.13-0.47 and HR=0.26,95%CI 0.17-0.40,respectively;after matching:HR=0.18,95%CI 0.04-0.82 and HR=0.28,95%CI 0.11-0.70,accordingly).Subgroup analyses demonstrated that patients in the middle tertile of the age or with lower tertile PSA level managed with RP took lower risks of OM significantly(HR=0.18,95%CI 0.06-0.57,p<0.01 and HR=0.17,95%CI 0.06-0.54,p<0.01).Conclusion:Among patients with DAC,treatment with RP was associated with better survival outcomes in comparison with RT.Patients with DAC in the middle tertile of the age and with lower tertile PSA level benefited the most from RP.

Effect of crustal porosity on lunar magma ocean solidification

The lunar ferroan anorthosites,formed by plagioclase flotation from the crystallization of the lunar magma ocean,have an age span of over~200 Ma.However,previous thermal models predicted a much shorter time range.We propose that a much smaller thermal conductivity of anorthositic crust due to its high porosity may have delayed the solidification of the lunar magma ocean.Our thermal simulation results,using the thermal conductivity of porous lunar crust,show that crystallization of a 1000 km deep magma ocean could be prolonged to tens of millions of years,and up to 180 Ma under some extreme conditions.The porous crust alone can’t explain the large crustal age span,however.Other circumstances must be taken into consideration,such as a thick lunar soil.

A CPK-Based Identity Authentication Scheme for IoT

As the power Internet of Things(IoT)enters the security construction stage,the massive use of perception layer devices urgently requires an identity authentication scheme that considers both security and practicality.The existing public key infrastructure(PKI)-based security authentication scheme is currently difficult to apply in many terminals in IoT.Its key distribution and management costs are high,which hinders the development of power IoT security construction.Combined Public Key(CPK)technology uses a small number of seeds to generate unlimited public keys.It is very suitable for identity authentication in the power Internet of Things.In this paper,we propose a novel identity authentication scheme for power IoT.The scheme combines the physical unclonable function(PUF)with improved CPK technology to achieve mutual identity authentication between power IoT terminals and servers.The proposed scheme does not require third-party authentication and improves the security of identity authentication for power IoT.Moreover,the scheme reduces the resource consumption of power IoT devices.The improved CPK algorithm solves the key collision problem,and the third party only needs to save the private key and the public key matrix.Experimental results show that the amount of storage resources occupied in our scheme is small.The proposed scheme is more suitable for the power IoT.

Antioxidant Activity <i>in Vitro</i>of Polysaccharide Extracted by Ultrasound with Different Powers from <i>Ophiopogon japonicas</i>

The polysaccharides were extracted by different power ultrasound from Ophiopogon japonicas. The extraction yield and in vitro antioxidant activities including scavenging effect on hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion free radicals and DPPH were investigated. The results showed that with the increase of ultrasonic power, the yield of the polysaccharides decreased first and then increased. The antioxidant activity of polysaccharides increased first and then decreased with the increase of ultrasonic power. When the power was 400 W, the scavenging effect on superoxide anion and DPPH of the polysaccharides was the strongest, and the scavenging ability of hydroxyl radical was the strongest when the power was 560 W. Therefore, different ultrasonic power could affect the extraction yield and antioxidant activity of Ophiopogon japonicas polysaccharide. It will provide theoretical basis and experimental support for the application of ultrasonic extraction on polysaccharides from Ophiopogon japonicas.

Transfer Trajectory Design for Mars Exploration

With regard to the human exploration of Mars, low energy transfer trajectory is designed for Mars exploration based on the combination of invariant manifolds, differential correction and aerobraking methods. The whole transfer trajectory is composed of four stages: 1) from the Earth parking orbit to the Lyapunov orbit around Lagrange point L2 in the Sun-Earth system;2) from the Lyapunov orbit around L2 to the Lyapunov orbit around L1 in the Sun-Mars system;3) from the Lyapunov orbit around L1 in the Sun-Mars system to the large elliptical orbit around Mars;and 4) from the large elliptical orbit around Mars to the near-Mars parking orbit. In the first three stages, the circular restricted three-body problem is considered, and the trajectory is designed by using invariant manifolds and the differential correction method. The simulation results show that the transfer trajectory designed by means of the invariant manifolds of the Lyapunov orbit costs lower energy and shorter time of flight than that designed by means of the invariant manifold of the Halo orbit. In the fourth stage, the two-body problem is considered, and the aerobraking method is applied. A comparative performance analysis of static and rotating atmospheric models is carried out by using the details of duration, aerodynamic loading of the Mars vehicle, and other orbital parameters. It is shown that, on the low periareon where the influence of the atmospheric density increases, the changes of orbit parameters between rotating and static atmospheric environments are in large difference, such as orbital semimajor axis, orbital eccentricity, and so on. The influence of Martian rotating atmospheric environment should be considered.

Bifunctional core–shell co-catalyst for boosting photocatalytic CO_(2) reduction to CH_(4)

Solar-light-driven CO_(2) reduction CO to CH_(4) and C2H6 is a complex process involving multiple elementary reactions and energy barriers.Therefore,achieving high CH_(4) activity and selectivity remains a significant challenge.Here,we integrate bifunctional Cu2O and Cu-MOF(MOF=metal-organic framework)core–shell co-catalysts(Cu2O@Cu-MOF)with semiconductor TiO_(2).Experiments and theoretical calculations demonstrate that Cu2O(Cu+facilitates charge separation)and Cu-MOF(Cu2+improves the CO_(2) adsorption and activation)in the core–shell structure have a synergistic effect on photocatalytic CO_(2) reduction,reducing the formation barrier of the key intermediate*COOH and*CHO.The photocatalyst exhibits high CH_(4) yield(366.0μmol·g^(-1)·h^(-1)),efficient electron transfer(3283μmol·g^(-1)·h^(-1))and hydrocarbon selectivity(95.5%),which represents the highest activity of Cu-MOF-based catalysts in photocatalytic CO_(2) reduction reaction.This work provides a strategy for designing efficient photocatalysts from the perspective of precise regulation of components.

Triazine-based multicomponent metallacages with tunable structures for SO_(2) selective capture and conversion

The design of novel materials for sulfur dioxide(SO_(2))capture and conversion with considerable efficiency under mild conditions is of great significance for human health and environmental protection yet highly challenging.Herein,we report a series of triazine-based multicomponent metallacages via coordination-driven self-assembly of 2,4,6-tri(4-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine,cis-Pt(PEt3)2(OTf)2 and different tetracarboxylic ligands.As the increase of the length of the tetracarboxylates,the structures of the metallacages change from pyramids to extended octahedrons.Owing to their N-rich structure,these metallacages are further used for selective SO_(2)capture,showing good adsorption capacity and remarkable SO_(2)/CO_(2)selectivity in ambient conditions,suggesting their potential applications toward real flue gas desulfurization.The metallacages are further employed for the conversion of SO_(2)into value-added compounds,showing exceptional efficiency even dilute SO_(2)is used as the reactant.This study represents a type of structure-tunable triazinebased metallacages for SO_(2)capture and conversion,which will pave the way on the applications of metal-organic complexes for gas adsorption.

Solution-processed all-inorganic lead halide perovskite/layered double hydroxides superlattices

Quantum wells and superlattices are key building blocks in the semiconductor industry,normally fabricated using epitaxial growth techniques,such as vapor phase epitaxy,metalorganic chemical vapor deposition and molecular beam epitaxy.However,these complicated preparation processes,as well as their high cost,limit their extensive applications.It is essential to develop a simple solution process for building superstructures.Here,we demonstrate an ion exchange strategy for synthesizing an allinorganic superlattice cesium lead bromide/layered double hydroxides(CsPbBr_3/LDH)in solution.At room temperature,the perovskite ions diffuse into the interlayer of LDH and assemble into layered perovskite with various thicknesses.Compared with traditional organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite superlattice,the all-inorganic perovskite superlattice CsPbBr_(3)/LDH has weak quantum confinement,which exhibits narrow emission line-widths of 20 nm,high quantum yields of 55%,and radiative lifetimes of several ns.Our findings offer a new route to synthesize novel perovskite superlattices and enrich the perovskite supercrystal platform for electronics,photonics and optoelectronics devices.