Ganoderma lucidum:a comprehensive review of phytochemistry,efficacy,safety and clinical study

Ganoderma lucidum,one of the most well-known edible fungi,is believed to be very beneficial for longevity and vitality.A long usage history suggests that G.lucidum has various clinical therapeutic effects.And experimental studies have confirmed that G.lucidum has multiple pharmacological effects,including antitumor,anti-microbial,anti-HIV protease,and antidiabetic activity and so on.With the deepening of research,more than 300 compounds have been isolated from G.lucidum.There is an increasing population of G.lucidum-based products,and its international development is expanding.Currently,G.lucidum has drawn much attention to its chemical composition,therapeutic effect,clinical value,and safety.This paper provides a comprehensive review of these aspects to enhance the global promotion of G.lucidum.

The Existence of Meromorphic Solutions to Non-Linear Delay Differential Equations

In this paper, we study the existence of the transcendental meromorphic solution of the delay differential equations , where a(z) is a rational function, and are polynomials in w(z) with rational coefficients, k is a positive integer. Under the assumption when above equations own transcendental meromorphic solutions with minimal hyper-type, we derive the concrete conditions on the degree of the right side of them. Specially, when w(z)=0 is a root of , its multiplicity is at most k. Some examples are given here to illustrate that our results are accurate.

Size-dependent macrophage-targeting of mannose-modified rosiglitazone liposomes to alleviate inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a refractory chronic intestinal inflammatory disease caused by a malfunction of immune system. As the key immune cells in the intestine, macrophages play an important role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and tissue repair of the IBD. Pharmacological modulation of macrophage function exhibits the promising therapeutic effect for IBD. In this study, mannose-modified liposomes (MAN-LPs) are prepared for macrophage targeting to improve therapeutic efficiency. Rosiglitazone (ROSI) as an agonist of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) is used as the model drug to fabricate different sized liposomes. The impacts of mannose modification and particle size for macrophage targeting are investigated in cells, zebrafish, and mouse models and the therapeutic effects of the MAN-LPs are evaluated on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IBD mouse. Compared to unmodified liposome, MAN-LPs display higher uptake by RAW 264.7 cells and better co-localization with macrophage in zebrafish model. Furthermore, MAN-LPs could effectively accumulate in the inflammatory intestinal sites in IBD mouse model. Most importantly, the targeting ability of MAN-LPs is obviously enhanced with the increasing of particle size, whereas the largest MAN-LPs particles achieve the best anti-inflammatory effect in cells, and a higher therapeutic efficiency in IBD mouse model. Therefore, mannose-modified liposome is a promising strategy for macrophage-targeting in IBD treatment. Particle size of MAN-LPs will affect macrophage targeting ability, as well as the therapeutic effect in-vivo.

Pathological basal ganglia oscillations with time delays:a memoryless feedback control strategy

Pathological basal ganglia oscillations are associated with the hypokinetic motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.In this paper,a memoryless feedback control strategy is proposed to suppress pathological oscillations in the basal ganglia.In the most of closed-loop control strategies,the excitatory subthalamic nucleus populations are both monitored and stimulated targets,neglecting the important contribution of the external globus pallidus populations in suppressing pathological oscillations.To this end,we transform the original model into a time-delay system with a lower-triangular structure,and construct a memoryless state feedback controller utilizing the gain scaling method.It is proved by the Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional method that all the signals of the resulting closed-loop system are bounded,and the system states converge to an adjustable region of the origin.In addition,the input delay in stimulating the target is considered and a corresponding controller is designed to achieve convergence of the states in the resulting closed-loop system with both state delays and input delay.Moreover,simulation tests are conducted to explore the performance of the control strategy.This paper further explores the intrinsic dynamics in the neural system,and provides an effective strategy for closed-loop deep brain stimulation control.

Several whitefly genome assemblies and an integrated whitefly gene search platform

Dear Editor,The characteristics and importance of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci as an economic pest seem to continually get more and more attention.Among the whiteflies B.tabaci including,at least 11 genetic groups and 36 morphologically indistinguishable cryptic species,invasive MEAMl(Middle East-Asia Minor 1,"B"type)and MED(the Mediterranean,"Q"type)are the 2 most destructive cryptic species of the B.

光响应聚倍半硅氧烷纳米载体及其光控药物释放性能

设计并合成了氨基甲酸-N,N-双[3-(三甲氧基硅基)丙基]-(2-硝基苯基)甲酯(BS)光响应性桥联硅烷单体,采用1H NMR、13C NMR、29Si NMR和质谱对其进行了表征,硅烷的邻硝基苄基桥联结构单元具有光响应性能,在254 nm光照射下会发生光致断裂.通过溶胶-凝胶过程,利用BS桥联硅烷制备了具有光响应性能的聚倍半硅氧烷纳米粒子(BPS),其平均直径为127 nm,粒径分布窄(PDI=0.167).在254 nm光照射下BPS有机桥联结构发生光致断裂反应,表面电荷性质发生由负(–28.20 mV)到正(+22.86 m V)的翻转,BPS纳米粒子通过静电相互作用能够高效装载阿霉素药物,并具有光控药物释放行为.体外释放实验表明,在254 nm光照射下药物的释放率与光照强度和光照时间正相关,可对药物实现定时、定位和定量地精确控制释放,最高药物释放率达到82.9%,该研究为目标分子的控制释放提供了一种新的聚倍半硅氧烷可控释放体系,具有重要应用价值.