辽东半岛复州湾剖面寒武系第二统光合作用生物膜建造的核形石

作为一种经常大于鲕粒的包覆颗粒类型,核形石以其不平滑的圈层被解释为微生物成因,区别于成因存在较大争议的鲕粒,而且常与鲕粒和其他类型的碳酸盐颗粒相互共生;作为一种在围绕着生物碎屑和非生物碎屑核心的序列式纹层化作用过程中形成的球形或假球型生物沉积构造,核形石还常常单独产出和分布,所以又被解释为微生物碳酸盐岩,或者被归为球状叠层石。在辽东半岛寒武系第二统碱厂组和馒头组之中,厘米级别大小的核形石密集发育在三级层序的顶部,成为一种时间特化的相。另外,以下重要特征将辽东半岛寒武系第二统的核形石特征化,包括:(1)与凝块和微凝块共生;(2)多为球状和椭球状;(3)由不均一的非纹层状致密泥晶和微亮晶构成;(4)核形石皮层以及核形石间凝块中发育特别的蓝细菌鞘钙化化石等。尽管穿越成岩作用过滤器去解释古代核形石复杂的形成机理存在着巨大的挑战,也尽管形成这些核形石的复杂生物膜钙化作用细节需要更加深入地研究才能得到更好地了解,但是,辽东半岛第二统碱厂组和馒头组核形石中直接的微生物化石证据,尤其是核形石内较为丰富的钙化蓝细菌鞘化石,使其成为一个了解光合作用生物膜建造核形石的典型实例。

蓝细菌微生物席主导的芙蓉统均一石生物丘:以河北涞源祁家峪剖面为例

基于中等尺度的构造特征,常常将微生物碳酸盐岩划分为四个类型:纹层状的叠层石、凝块状的凝块石、贫乏构造的均一石、树枝状的树形石;在其中,均一石被定义为相对贫乏构造和非晶质的中等构造,而且作为'隐秘微生物'的同义语曾经与凝块石相混用。华北地台的芙蓉统,包括长山组和凤山组,可以进一步划分为3个淹没不整合面型三级沉积层序;在这些三级层序的强迫型海退体系域中,常常集中产出各种微生物碳酸盐岩所主导的生物丘,河北涞源祁家峪剖面的芙蓉统就是一个较为典型的实例。在该剖面,两套较为典型的均一石生物丘灰岩构成了较为壮观的沉积学现象,其内部特别的非均一组构与贫乏构造的宏观特征形成了强烈的反差,从而将这些均一石生物丘特征化,包括:①钙化蓝细菌化石如基座菌、葛万菌,以及可以类比于第谷菌的丝状蓝细菌鞘化石;②底栖鲕粒;③肾型菌状的钙化生物膜残余物;④海绵木乃伊;⑤底栖鲕粒填充的生物潜穴;⑥包覆着海绵木乃伊和生物潜穴的微叠层石。这些特征,表明了这些均一石生物丘可能形成于蓝细菌细胞外聚合物质(EPS)复杂的钙化作用,而且这样的EPS是蓝细菌微生物席及其内部的多重状生物膜的基本有机基质构成。由于均一石缺乏现代可以类比的典型实例,而且在其命名之后也很少描述在在古老的地层记录中,所以,河北涞源祁家峪剖面芙蓉统中的均一石生物丘为了解均一石形成的复杂机理提供了一个最为典型的实例。

Optimization Algorithms of PERT/CPM Network Diagrams in Linear Diophantine Fuzzy Environment

The idea of linear Diophantine fuzzy set(LDFS)theory with its control parameters is a strong model for machine learning and optimization under uncertainty.The activity times in the critical path method(CPM)representation procedures approach are initially static,but in the Project Evaluation and Review Technique(PERT)approach,they are probabilistic.This study proposes a novel way of project review and assessment methodology for a project network in a linear Diophantine fuzzy(LDF)environment.The LDF expected task time,LDF variance,LDF critical path,and LDF total expected time for determining the project network are all computed using LDF numbers as the time of each activity in the project network.The primary premise of the LDF-PERT approach is to address ambiguities in project network activity timesmore simply than other approaches such as conventional PERT,Fuzzy PERT,and so on.The LDF-PERT is an efficient approach to analyzing symmetries in fuzzy control systems to seek an optimal decision.We also present a new approach for locating LDF-CPM in a project network with uncertain and erroneous activity timings.When the available resources and activity times are imprecise and unpredictable,this strategy can help decision-makers make better judgments in a project.A comparison analysis of the proposed technique with the existing techniques has also been discussed.The suggested techniques are demonstrated with two suitable numerical examples.

鲕粒滩相灰岩特别的核形石灰岩帽——以山西繁峙茶坊子剖面寒武系张夏组为例

作为一种较为特别的微生物碳酸盐岩类型,核形石以双重属性而著称:①以不平滑的皮层和较大的大小而常常被解释为微生物成因,从而区别于而成因存在着较大争议的鲕粒,所以,核形石也可以作为一种包覆颗粒类型;②作为微生物碳酸盐岩的一种类型而被归为相互不连接的球状叠层石,因为核形石形成在围绕着核心的序列式纹层化作用过程之中,并且表现为球形或椭球型的生物沉积构造。在山西繁峙茶坊子剖面寒武系苗岭统张夏组块状鲕粒滩相灰岩的顶部,密集发育着厘米级别大小的高能泥晶核形石,核形石灰岩的厚度接近1 m,从而组成一个块状鲕粒滩相灰岩之上特征性的核形石灰岩帽。该层厚度较小的(小于1 m)核形石灰岩中的核形石,具有以下特征:①厘米级别的大小(1至3 cm);②球形或椭球形的形态学特征;③核形石皮层主导性的泥晶和少量的微亮晶构成;④核形石皮层中较高密度保存的丝状蓝细菌鞘化石;⑤核形石间特别的凝块基质,以及明显的丝状蓝细菌鞘化石构成的凝块。尽管穿越成岩作用过滤器去解释古代核形石复杂的形成机理将存在着巨大的挑战,也尽管形成这些核形石复杂的生物膜钙化作用机理还没有得到完全而且准确的了解,但是,山西省繁峙县茶坊子剖面张夏组顶部的核形石,壮观的宏观特征,核形石皮层中直接的微生物化石证据,尤其是在核形石内较为丰富的丝状蓝细菌鞘化石,使其成为一个了解光合作用生物膜建造核形石的典型实例,而且成为了解发育在高能鲕粒滩相灰岩之上最为特别的"藻坪"沉积的一个较为典型实例。

多元醇络合硼对油菜苗期生长及生理特性的影响

以油菜品种Cao221167为试验材料,采用水培方法,研究山梨醇(S)、山梨醇-硼(SB)、甘露醇(M)、甘露醇-硼(MB)、丙三醇(G)、丙三醇-硼(GB)、硼酸(BA)、缺硼(B0)等不同硼处理对油菜农艺性状、根系活力、色素含量以及各部位硼的吸收分布的影响。结果表明:仅添加有机多元醇处理(S、M和G)的油菜幼苗各项形态和生理特性(株高、地上部干鲜质量、色素含量和根系活力)与缺硼处理无差异,而有机多元醇和硼酸络合后各指标均提高,说明有机多元醇与硼酸形成的有机多元醇络合硼对油菜幼苗生长起促进作用。有机多元醇络合硼处理(SB、MB和GB)和硼酸处理比较表明,有机多元醇络合硼和硼酸均能促进植株生长,但有机多元醇络合硼对油菜幼苗生长以及生理特性的营养作用更显著;其中,甘露醇-硼处理促进油菜幼苗干鲜质量的提高,总干鲜质量较硼酸处理分别增加40.56%和17.29%;不同有机多元醇络合硼处理和硼酸处理的油菜各部位钾、钙、镁等元素含量均高于缺硼处理;丙三醇-硼处理比硼酸处理显著提高油菜叶片色素含量、根系活力以及地上部硼含量。

不同形态硼对油菜幼苗铝毒的缓解效应及其FTIR特征分析

采用水培法,以油菜品种Cao 221167为试验材料,设置无机态硼酸(BA)和有机态山梨醇硼(SB)及不同Al^(3+)(0、100、200和500μmol L^(–1))处理,研究不同形态硼(B)对油菜幼苗铝(Al)毒的缓解作用及不同形态B之间的缓解效应差异,以及利用FTIR(傅里叶红外光谱)技术分析叶片各物质含量的变化。结果表明,Al毒胁迫下,不同形态B(BA和SB)处理,显著提高植株生物量和根系长度(0、100、200和500μmol L^(–1) Al毒胁迫下BA处理根长分别增加了52.15%、101.45%、366.70%和18.73%;SB处理分别增加了46.80%、133.98%、261.36%和10.77%),提高色素含量和SOD活性,而降低了Al含量、MDA含量和POD活性。不同形态B处理下,油菜幼苗在200μmol L^(–1) Al^(3+)处理下长势、生物量及色素含量最高。在500μmol L^(–1) Al^(3+)处理下,油菜幼苗株高、根长、总干鲜重及色素含量显著低于无Al处理;FTIR分析表明,Al毒胁迫下油菜叶片中蛋白质和低聚糖等含量明显上升,加硼明显降低了蛋白质和低聚糖的含量,且BA处理降低幅度明显高于SB处理。说明不同形态B(BA和SB)的添加均明显缓解Al毒,且BA对Al毒缓解效果优于SB,这为农业生产中施用何种硼肥来缓解Al毒起到一定的指导作用。

微生物白云岩形成机制研究进展与存在问题

近年来,有关微生物白云岩沉淀作用机制的研究拓宽了沉积学中"白云岩问题"研究的视角。硫酸盐还原反应、产甲烷作用、有机分子水解等一系列可促进沉淀白云石的微生物代谢机制的发现,延伸了微生物白云石(岩)形成模式;有关可溶解硫化物催化白云石沉淀的研究,不但强调了硫酸盐还原反应机制,也为重新认识硫酸盐还原反应促进白云石沉淀机理提供了新线索。在现代环境中,微生物席内的原生白云石沉淀的发现,将微生物过程引入地表环境原生白云石沉淀作用和机理的研究,可能为寻找地层记录中的微生物白云石提供了更多有益的工作手段和思考途径。然而更加复杂的白云岩地层记录说明,运用微生物白云石去解释复杂的地质记录还存在着较多的局限性。

河北涞源祁家峪剖面寒武系层序地层划分

河北涞源祁家峪剖面寒武系出露连续,层序界面清楚且沉积现象丰富,是进行华北地台寒武系层序划分的较为典型的剖面之一。在新的寒武系年代地层框架下,依据地层的叠置形式、纵向上的沉积相变化及其内部的旋回特征,将该剖面寒武系划分为8个三级层序。结果表明:研究区域从馒头组、毛庄组的"TST+HST"沉积序列转变为"CS+HST"的淹没不整合型层序序列,反映出从混积潮坪沉积序列向缓坡型碳酸盐台地的演化过程,也意味着华北地台寒武系碳酸盐台地从发展阶段向成熟阶段的重大转变;该剖面芙蓉统内部的竹叶状灰岩与长山组顶部、凤山组第1个三级层序顶部发育的均一石生物丘代表了华北地台寒武系末期"贫乏骨骼的风暴海"以及"随着后生动物辐射,微生物碳酸盐岩也在增加"两大特殊沉积现象较为典型的沉积样式。基于层序地层框架内的沉积相叠加方式和地层记录中旋回特征的描述,对河北涞源祁家峪剖面进行层序地层划分,将为探索华北地台在太行山北缘广泛分布的寒武系提供参考实例,也为今后更大区域范围的对比研究提供线索。

寒武纪芙蓉统均一石沉积组构及环境特征——以河北涞源长山组为例

均一石以隐晶质岩性、无纹层与凝块结构发育为特征,与叠层石、凝块石、树形石并列为典型的微生物岩。然而,由于均一石在1995年命名以来很少在地层记录中得到识别和描述,并且缺乏现代实例的类比物,使得关于均一石的报道极具研究价值。为研究华北地台寒武系均一石沉积组构与形成环境特征,系统性地针对河北涞源祁家峪剖面芙蓉统长山组均一石生物丘进行研究。芙蓉统长山组从下部陆棚相钙质泥岩向上变浅至浅缓坡相厚层块状泥晶灰岩,组成了一个淹没不整合型三级层序。三级层序顶部的浅缓坡相厚层块状泥晶灰岩层,代表强迫型海退过程沉积,其内部发育一系列米级均一石生物丘。研究结果表明,这些生物丘主体为致密泥晶及少量微量晶组成,其中可见到附枝菌(Epiphyton)、葛万菌(Girvanella)、肾形菌(Renalcis)等钙化微生物化石。这些钙化微生物(蓝细菌)化石的出现,代表了显生宙第一幕蓝细菌钙化作用事件的证据,同时间接的说明均一石生物丘形成于蓝细菌主导的微生物席的钙化作用过程之中。同时,生物丘内还局部集中发育底栖鲕粒与草莓状黄铁矿颗粒,表明了生物丘形成过程中复杂的微生物沉积作用机制。因此,河北涞源长山组顶部的均一石生物丘,尽管泥晶和微亮晶是其基本构成,但是各种钙化蓝细菌化石以及底栖鲕粒与草莓状黄铁矿颗粒的局部出现表明了在蓝细菌主导的微生物席中复杂的微生物活动信号,成为了解生物丘形成机制、显生宙第一幕蓝细菌钙化作用事件的典型实例。

吕梁山东北缘寒武系层序地层划分--以文水苍尔会剖面为例

为研究山西吕梁山地区寒武纪地层的地层学与沉积学问题,根据山西文水苍尔会剖面寒武系地层叠置关系,将该剖面寒武系地层划分为8个三级层序。基于沉积相的变化规律和地层叠置关系的旋回性研究结果,苍尔会剖面存在两个特殊的地层学与沉积学现象:下部为霍山组砂岩直接覆盖在太古宙变质岩系上,其较为良好的出露与明显的地层接触关系,为探讨山西中部霍山组砂岩的地层归属问题提供依据;在该剖面崮山组、长山组、凤山组中分别发育不同的均一石生物丘,代表华北地台寒武纪晚期—奥陶纪中期"随着后生动物辐射,微生物碳酸盐也在增加"微生物碳酸盐复苏期的基本沉积样式。在新的寒武纪年代地层框架下,对山西文水苍尔会剖面进行层序地层划分,不但为研究华北寒武系生物丘沉积组构多样性提供参考实例,同时也为探讨山西中部地区前寒武—寒武巨大的古地理变迁提供实例。

Stability analysis of different cotton genotypes under normal and water-deficit conditions

Cotton plant observes significant reduction in seed cotton yield when subjected to water stress.To find out genotypes having better drought tolerance,seven genotypes of Gossypium hirsutum L.were tested under two moisture levels,i.e.,normal and water deficit stress conditions at five locations of Punjab,Pakistan(Faisalabad,Sahiwal,Vehari,Rahim Yar Khan,and Bahawalpur)in 2013 and 2014.Genotype×environment interaction(GEI)was studied using the genotype main effects and genotype by environment interaction(GGE)biplot and additive main effect and multiplicative interaction analysis.The genotypes G3(7001/11)and G6(FH-942)were stable under normal condition,while under drought condition,the stable genotype was G5(FH-326)when analysed using additive main effects and multiplicative interaction(AMMI)biplot scheme.While GGE biplot analysis on the basis of best performance revealed that under normal condition the genotypes,G1(L-13/10)and G2(FH-2056/10),carrying the common position in biplot.Whereas,under water deficit stress condition,G5 was the best adaptive genotype at all five locations.In the same way,ranking of genotypes showed that the G5 was the ideal genotype under both conditions.So,it is concluded that the genotype G5(FH-326)was found best for water deficit stress condition and can be cultivated under water scarce areas of Punjab.

Spherical Linear Diophantine Fuzzy Sets with Modeling Uncertainties in MCDM

The existing concepts of picture fuzzy sets(PFS),spherical fuzzy sets(SFSs),T-spherical fuzzy sets(T-SFSs)and neutrosophic sets(NSs)have numerous applications in decision-making problems,but they have various strict limitations for their satisfaction,dissatisfaction,abstain or refusal grades.To relax these strict constraints,we introduce the concept of spherical linearDiophantine fuzzy sets(SLDFSs)with the inclusion of reference or control parameters.A SLDFSwith parameterizations process is very helpful formodeling uncertainties in themulti-criteria decisionmaking(MCDM)process.SLDFSs can classify a physical systemwith the help of reference parameters.We discuss various real-life applications of SLDFSs towards digital image processing,network systems,vote casting,electrical engineering,medication,and selection of optimal choice.We show some drawbacks of operations of picture fuzzy sets and their corresponding aggregation operators.Some new operations on picture fuzzy sets are also introduced.Some fundamental operations on SLDFSs and different types of score functions of spherical linear Diophantine fuzzy numbers(SLDFNs)are proposed.New aggregation operators named spherical linear Diophantine fuzzy weighted geometric aggregation(SLDFWGA)and spherical linear Diophantine fuzzy weighted average aggregation(SLDFWAA)operators are developed for a robust MCDM approach.An application of the proposed methodology with SLDF information is illustrated.The comparison analysis of the final ranking is also given to demonstrate the validity,feasibility,and efficiency of the proposed MCDM approach.

Multi-Criteria Decision Making Based on Bipolar Picture Fuzzy Operators and New Distance Measures

This paper aims to introduce the novel concept of the bipolar picture fuzzy set(BPFS)as a hybrid structure of bipolar fuzzy set(BFS)and picture fuzzy set(PFS).BPFS is a new kind of fuzzy sets to deal with bipolarity(both positive and negative aspects)to each membership degree(belonging-ness),neutral membership(not decided),and non-membership degree(refusal).In this article,some basic properties of bipolar picture fuzzy sets(BPFSs)and their fundamental operations are introduced.The score function,accuracy function and certainty function are suggested to discuss the comparability of bipolar picture fuzzy numbers(BPFNs).Additionally,the concept of new distance measures of BPFSs is presented to discuss geometrical properties of BPFSs.In the context of BPFSs,certain aggregation operators(AOs)named as“bipolar picture fuzzy weighted geometric(BPFWG)operator,bipolar picture fuzzy ordered weighted geometric(BPFOWG)operator and bipolar picture fuzzy hybrid geometric(BPFHG)operator”are defined for information aggregation of BPFNs.Based on the proposed AOs,a new multicriteria decision-making(MCDM)approach is proposed to address uncertain real-life situations.Finally,a practical application of proposed methodology is also illustrated to discuss its feasibility and applicability.

Emerging Trends in Social Networking Systems and Generation Gap with Neutrosophic Crisp Soft Mapping

This paper aims to introduce the novel concept of neutrosophic crisp soft set(NCSS),including various types of neutrosophic crisp soft sets(NCSSs)and their fundamental operations.We define NCS-mapping and its inverse NCS-mapping between two NCS-classes.We develop a robust mathematical modeling with the help of NCS-mapping to analyze the emerging trends in social networking systems(SNSs)for our various generations.We investigate the advantages,disadvantages,and natural aspects of SNSs for five generations.With the changing of the generations,it is analyzed that emerging trends and the benefits of SNSs are increasing day by day.The suggested modeling with NCS-mapping is applicable in solving various decision-making problems.

Static and adaptive feedback control for synchronization of different chaotic oscillators with mutually Lipschitz nonlinearities

This paper addresses the control law design for synchronization of two different chaotic oscillators with mutually Lipschitz nonlinearities. For analysis of the properties of two different nonlinearities, an advanced mutually Lipschitz condition is proposed. This mutually Lipschitz condition is more general than the traditional Lipschitz condition. Unlike the latter, it can be used for the design of a feedback controller for synchronization of chaotic oscillators of different dynamics. It is shown that any two different Lipschitz nonlinearities always satisfy the mutually Lipschitz condition. Applying the mutually Lipschitz condition, a quadratic Lyapunov function and uniformly ultimately bounded stability, easily designable and implementable robust control strategies utilizing algebraic Riccati equation and linear matrix inequalities, are derived for synchronization of two distinct chaotic oscillators. Furthermore, a novel adaptive control scheme for mutually Lipschitz chaotic systems is established by addressing the issue of adaptive cancellation of unknown mismatch between the dynamics of different chaotic systems. The proposed control technique is numerically tested for synchronization of two different chaotic Chua＇s circuits and for obtaining identical behavior between the modified Chua＇s circuit and the R6ssler system.

Investigation of minerals, testosterone, and transaminases in the semen and serum of fertile and infertile men belongs to different age groups

The present study was aimed to assess the potential of infertility to induce the adverse effects with reference to testosterone, Triiodothyronine (T3), Thyroxine (T4), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Amino-transferase (AST), zinc, copper and iron. All the samples were divided into four groups according to age and disorder (Group 1, 10 infertile men of 25-40 years;Group 2, 10 fertile men of 25-40 years;Group 3, 10 infertile men of 41- 60 years and Group 4, 10 fertile men of 41-60 years). Semen and blood samples were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry to determine minerals while, Testosterone, T3 and T4 were determined by enzyme immunoassay kits. ALT and AST were determined using standard kit assay method. The levels of testosterone and T3 and AST in the fertile semen of 41-60 years age group were increased significantly (P ≤ 0.001) as compared to that of fertile semen of 25-40 years age group. While, the level of T4 in the fertile semen of 41-60 years age group was decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.001) as compared to that of fertile semen of 25-40 years age group. In case of fertile serum, only the level of testosterone was significantly decreased (P ≤ 0.05) in the 41-60 years age group as compared to 25-40 years age group. The levels of testosterone and Cu in the infertile serum of 41-60 years age group were decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.001). While, the levels of T3, T4, ALT and Fe in the infertile serum of 41-60 years age group were increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) as compared to that of infertile serum of 25-40 years age group.

On Efficient Monitoring of Process Dispersion using Interquartile Range

The presence of dispersion/variability in any process is understood and its careful monitoring may furnish the performance of any process. The interquartile range (IQR) is one of the dispersion measures based on lower and upper quartiles. For efficient monitoring of process dispersion, we have proposed auxiliary information based Shewhart-type IQR control charts (namely IQRr and IQRp charts) based on ratio and product estimators of lower and upper quartiles under bivariate normally distributed process. We have developed the control structures of proposed charts and compared their performances with the usual IQR chart in terms of detection ability of shift in process dispersion. For the said purpose power curves are constructed to demonstrate the performance of the three IQR charts under discussion in this article. We have also provided an illustrative example to justify theory and finally closed with concluding remarks.

微生物碳酸盐岩的成因、分类以及问题与展望——来自华北地台寒武系微生物碳酸盐岩研究的启示

微生物碳酸盐岩以其漫长的地史分布、多样的产出环境、复杂的沉积构成和与微生物活动密切相关的特性而成为沉积学研究的焦点,同时也是沉积学研究的难点,被誉为"最难研究的沉积岩之一"。其研究的中心主要是钙化微生物席和微生物膜及其地质记录,即石化/成岩作用的产物。从成因着手,系统总结和梳理了2个类型的微生物群落,较薄的生物膜和较厚的微生物席,经过生物/有机矿化作用和石化/成岩作用形成微生物碳酸盐岩的过程。提出除微生物群落自身的复杂性和沉积过程的复杂性之外,多重状生物膜是导致微生物碳酸盐岩多样性的另外一个重要原因。以中国华北地台寒武系微生物碳酸盐岩的研究为基础,梳理了不同类型的微生物碳酸盐岩的沉积特征和分类依据。认为微生物碳酸盐岩应该置于Embry和Kloven描述的黏结岩类下,根据宏观组构可进一步分为叠层石、凝块石、核形石、层纹石和均一石5类,树形石不易独立成类而应归于凝块石。微生物碳酸盐岩为整个地质历史时期与微生物活动相关的生物/有机矿化作用过程研究提供了有用信息,不但是了解地球表层环境演变的一个重要窗口,而且还形成和储集了较大规模的油气,具有重要的科学意义和经济价值。

Phosphorus-Mobilizing Rhizobacterial Strain Bacillus cereus GS6 Improves Symbiotic Efficiency of Soybean on an Aridisol Amended with Phosphorus-Enriched Compost

Legume plants are an essential component of sustainable farming systems.Phosphorus(P) deficiency is a significant constraint for legume production, especially in nutrient-poor soils of arid and semi-arid regions.In the present study, we conducted a pot experiment to evaluate the effects of a phosphorus-mobilizing plant-growth promoting rhizobacterial strain Bacillus cereus GS6, either alone or combined with phosphate-enriched compost(PEC) on the symbiotic(nodulation-N_2 fixation) performance of soybean(Glycine max(L.) Merr.) on an Aridisol.The PEC was produced by composting food waste with addition of single super phosphate.The bacterial strain B.cereus GS6 showed considerable potential for P solubilization and mobilization by releasing carboxylates in insoluble P(rock phosphate)-enriched medium.Inoculation of B.cereus GS6 in combination with PEC application significantly improved nodulation and nodule N_2 fixation efficiency.Compared to the control(without B.cereus GS6 and PEC), the combined application of B.cereus GS6 with PEC resulted in significantly higher accumulation of nitrogen(N), P, and potassium(K) in grain, shoot, and nodule.The N:P and P:K ratios in nodules were significantly altered by the application of PEC and B.cereus GS6, which reflected the important roles of P and K in symbiotic performance of soybean.The combined application of PEC and B.cereus GS6 also significantly increased the soil dehydrogenase and phosphomonoesterase activities, as well as the soil available N, P, and K contents.Significant positive relationships were found between soil organic carbon(C) content, dehydrogenase and phosphomonoesterase activities, and available N, P, and K contents.This study suggests that inoculation of P-mobilizing rhizobacteria, such as B.cereus GS6, in combination with PEC application might enhance legume productivity by improving nodulation and nodule N_2 fixation efficiency.

A new auxiliary information based cumulative sum median control chart for location monitoring

Control charts are commonly used tools in statistical process control for the detection of shifts in process parameters. Shewhart-type charts are efficient for large shift values, whereas cumulative sum(CUSUM) charts are effective in detecting medium and small shifts. Control chart use commonly assumes that data are free of outliers and parameters are known or correctly estimated based on an in-control process. In practice, these assumptions are not often true because some processes occasionally have outliers. Monitoring the location parameter is usually based on mean charts, which are seriously affected by violations of these assumptions. In this paper we propose several CUSUM median control charts based on auxiliary variables, and offer comparisons with their corresponding mean control charts. To monitor the location parameter, we examined the performance of mean and median control charts in the presence and absence of outliers. Both symmetric and non-symmetric processes were studied to examine the properties of the proposed control charts to monitor the location parameter using CUSUM control charts. We used different run length measures to study in-control and out-of-control performances of CUSUM charts. Results revealed that our proposed control charts perform much better than the traditional charts in the presence of outliers. A real application of our study was provided using data on concrete compressive strength as it relates to the quality of cement manufacturing.