A distributed modeling approach to water balance implications from changing land cover dynamics in permafrost environments

There is 78%permafrost and seasonal frozen soil in the Yangtze River’s Source Region(SRYR),which is situated in the middle of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.Three distinct scenarios were developed in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT)to model the effects of land cover change(LCC)on various water balance components.Discharge and percolation of groundwater have decreased by mid-December.This demonstrates the seasonal contributions of subsurface water,which diminish when soil freezes.During winter,when surface water inputs are low,groundwater storage becomes even more critical to ensure water supply due to this periodic trend.An impermeable layer underneath the active layer thickness decreases GWQ and PERC in LCC+permafrost scenario.The water transport and storage phase reached a critical point in August when precipitation,permafrost thawing,and snowmelt caused LATQ to surge.To prevent waterlogging and save water for dry periods,it is necessary to control this peak flow phase.Hydrological processes,permafrost dynamics,and land cover changes in the SRYR are difficult,according to the data.These interactions enhance water circulation throughout the year,recharge of groundwater supplies,surface runoff,and lateral flow.For the region’s water resource management to be effective in sustaining ecohydrology,ensuring appropriate water storage,and alleviating freshwater scarcity,these dynamics must be considered.

A Concise and Varied Visual Features-Based Image Captioning Model with Visual Selection

Image captioning has gained increasing attention in recent years.Visual characteristics found in input images play a crucial role in generating high-quality captions.Prior studies have used visual attention mechanisms to dynamically focus on localized regions of the input image,improving the effectiveness of identifying relevant image regions at each step of caption generation.However,providing image captioning models with the capability of selecting the most relevant visual features from the input image and attending to them can significantly improve the utilization of these features.Consequently,this leads to enhanced captioning network performance.In light of this,we present an image captioning framework that efficiently exploits the extracted representations of the image.Our framework comprises three key components:the Visual Feature Detector module(VFD),the Visual Feature Visual Attention module(VFVA),and the language model.The VFD module is responsible for detecting a subset of the most pertinent features from the local visual features,creating an updated visual features matrix.Subsequently,the VFVA directs its attention to the visual features matrix generated by the VFD,resulting in an updated context vector employed by the language model to generate an informative description.Integrating the VFD and VFVA modules introduces an additional layer of processing for the visual features,thereby contributing to enhancing the image captioning model’s performance.Using the MS-COCO dataset,our experiments show that the proposed framework competes well with state-of-the-art methods,effectively leveraging visual representations to improve performance.The implementation code can be found here:https://github.com/althobhani/VFDICM(accessed on 30 July 2024).

Location-allocation modeling for emergency evacuation planning with GIS and remote sensing:A case study of Northeast Bangladesh

This work developed models to identify optimal spatial distribution of emergency evacuation centers(EECs)such as schools,colleges,hospitals,and fire stations to improve flood emergency planning in the Sylhet region of northeastern Bangladesh.The use of location-allocation models(LAMs)for evacuation in regard to flood victims is essential to minimize disaster risk.In the first step,flood susceptibility maps were developed using machine learning models(MLMs),including:Levenberg-Marquardt back propagation(LM-BP)neural network and decision trees(DT)and multi-criteria decision making(MCDM)method.Performance of the MLMs and MCDM techniques were assessed considering the area under the receiver operating characteristic(AUROC)curve.Mathematical approaches in a geographic information system(GIS)for four well-known LAM problems affecting emergency rescue time are proposed:maximal covering location problem(MCLP),the maximize attendance(MA),p-median problem(PMP),and the location set covering problem(LSCP).The results showed that existing EECs were not optimally distributed,and that some areas were not adequately served by EECs(i.e.,not all demand points could be reached within a 60-min travel time).We concluded that the proposed models can be used to improve planning of the distribution of EECs,and that application of the models could contribute to reducing human casualties,property losses,and improve emergency operation.

Heat transfer intensification in hydromagnetic and radiative 3D unsteady flow regimes: A comparative theoretical investigation for aluminum and γ-aluminum oxides nanoparticles

This article investigates the colloidal study for water and ethylene glycol based nanofluids.The effects of Lorentz forces and thermal radiation are considered.The process of non-dimensionalities of governing equations is carried out successfully by means of similarity variables.Then,the resultant nonlinear nature of flow model is treated numerically via Runge-Kutta scheme.The characteristics of various pertinent flow parameters on the velocity,temperature,streamlines and isotherms are discussed graphically.It is inspected that the Lorentz forces favors the rotational velocity and rotational parameter opposes it.Intensification in the nanofluids temperature is observed for volumetric fraction and thermal radiation parameter and dominating trend is noted for γ-aluminum nanofluid.Furthermore,for higher rotational parameter,reverse flow is investigated.To provoke the validity of the present work,comparison between current and literature results is presented which shows an excellent agreement.It is examined that rotation favors the velocity of the fluid and more radiative fluid enhances the fluid temperature.Moreover,it is inspected that upturns in volumetric fraction improves the thermal and electrical conductivities.

Al_(2)O_(3) andγAl_(2)O_(3) Nanomaterials Based Nanofluid Models with Surface Diffusion:Applications for Thermal Performance in Multiple Engineering Systems and Industries

Thermal transport investigation in colloidal suspensions is taking a significant research direction.The applications of these fluids are found in various industries,engineering,aerodynamics,mechanical engineering and medical sciences etc.A huge amount of thermal transport is essential in the operation of various industrial production processes.It is a fact that conventional liquids have lower thermal transport characteristics as compared to colloidal suspensions.The colloidal suspensions have high thermal performance due to the thermophysical attributes of the nanoparticles and the host liquid.Therefore,researchers focused on the analysis of the heat transport in nanofluids under diverse circumstances.As such,the colloidal analysis of H_(2)O composed byγAl_(2)O_(3)and Al_(2)O_(3)is conducted over an elastic cylinder.The governing flow models ofγAl_(2)O_(3)/H_(2)O and Al_(2)O_(3)/H_(2)O is reduced in the dimensionless form by adopting the described similarity transforms.The colloidal models are handled by implementing the suitable numerical technique and provided the results for the velocity,temperature and local thermal performance rate against the multiple flow parameters.From the presented results,it is shown that the velocity of Al_(2)O_(3)–H_(2)O increases promptly against a high Reynolds number and it decreases for high-volume fraction.The significant contribution of the volumetric fraction is examined for thermal enhancement of nanofluids.The temperature of Al_(2)O_(3)–H_(2)O andγAl_(2)O_(3)–H_(2)O significantly increases against a higherϕ.Most importantly,the analysis shows thatγAl_(2)O_(3)–H_(2)O has a high local thermal performance rate compared to Al_(2)O_(3)–H_(2)O.Therefore,it is concluded thatγAl_(2)O_(3)–H_(2)O is a better heat transfer fluid and is suitable for industrial and technological uses.

Temperature trends and elevation dependent warming during 1965-2014 in headwaters of Yangtze River, Qinghai Tibetan Plateau

The understanding of temperature trends in high elevation mountain areas is an integral part of climate change research and it is critical for assessing the impacts of climate change on water resources including glacier melt, degradation of soils, and active layer thickness. In this study, climate changes were analyzed based on trends in air temperature variables(Tmax, Tmin, Tmean), and Diurnal Temperature Range(DTR) as well as elevation-dependent warming at annual and seasonal scales in the Headwaters of Yangtze River(HWYZ), Qinghai Tibetan Plateau. The Base Period(1965-2014) was split into two subperiods;Period-Ⅰ(1965-1989) and Period-Ⅱ(1990-2014) and the analysis was constrained over two subbasins;Zhimenda and Tuotuohe. Increasing trends were found in absolute changes in temperature variables during Period-Ⅱ as compared to Period-Ⅰ.Tmax, Tmin, and Tmean had significant increasing trends for both sub-basins. The highest significant trends in annual time scale were observed in Tmin(1.15℃ decade-1) in Tuotuohe and 0.98℃ decade-1 in Zhimenda sub-basins. In Period-Ⅱ, only the winter season had the highest magnitudes of Tmax and Tmin0.58℃ decade-1 and 1.26℃ decade-1 in Tuotuohe subbasin, respectively. Elevation dependent warming analysis revealed that Tmax, Tmin and Tmean trend magnitudes increase with the increase of elevations in the middle reaches(4000 m to 4400 m) of the HWYZ during Period-Ⅱ annually. The increasing trend magnitude during Period-Ⅱ, for Tmax, is 1.77, 0.92, and 1.31℃ decade-1, for Tmin 1.20, 1.32 and 1.59℃ decade-1,for Tmean 1.51, 1.10 and 1.51℃ decade-1 at elevations of4066 m, 4175 m and 4415 m respectively in the winter season. Tmean increases during the spring season for> 3681 m elevations during Period-Ⅱ, with no particular relation with elevation dependency for other variables. During the summer season in Period Ⅱ, Tmax, Tmin, Tmean increases with the increase of elevations(3681 m to 4415 m) in the middle reaches of HWYZ. Elevation dependent warming(EDW), the study concluded that magnitudes of Tmin are increasing significantly after the 1990s as compared to Tmax in the HWYZ. It is concluded that the climate of the HWYZ is getting warmer in both sub-basins and the rate of warming was more evident after the 1990s. The outcomes of the study provide an essential insight into climate change in the region and would be a primary index to select and design research scenarios to explore the impacts of climate change on water resources.

Automatic Speaker Recognition Using Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients Through Machine Learning

Automatic speaker recognition(ASR)systems are the field of Human-machine interaction and scientists have been using feature extraction and feature matching methods to analyze and synthesize these signals.One of the most commonly used methods for feature extraction is Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients(MFCCs).Recent researches show that MFCCs are successful in processing the voice signal with high accuracies.MFCCs represents a sequence of voice signal-specific features.This experimental analysis is proposed to distinguish Turkish speakers by extracting the MFCCs from the speech recordings.Since the human perception of sound is not linear,after the filterbank step in theMFCC method,we converted the obtained log filterbanks into decibel(dB)features-based spectrograms without applying the Discrete Cosine Transform(DCT).A new dataset was created with converted spectrogram into a 2-D array.Several learning algorithms were implementedwith a 10-fold cross-validationmethod to detect the speaker.The highest accuracy of 90.2%was achieved using Multi-layer Perceptron(MLP)with tanh activation function.The most important output of this study is the inclusion of human voice as a new feature set.

Second Law Analysis of Magneto Radiative GO-MoS_(2)/H_(2)O–(CH_(2)OH)_(2) Hybrid Nanofluid

Entropy Generation Optimization(EGO)attained huge interest of scientists and researchers due to its numerous applications comprised in mechanical engineering,air conditioners,heat engines,thermal machines,heat exchange,refrigerators,heat pumps and substance mixing etc.Therefore,the study of radiative hybrid nanofluid(GO-MoS_(2)/C_(2)H_(6)O_(2)–H_(2)O)and the conventional nanofluid(MoS_(2)/C_(2)H_(6)O_(2)–H_(2)O)is conducted in the presence of Lorentz forces.The flow configuration is modeled between the parallel rotating plates in which the lower plate is permeable.The models which govern the flow in rotating system are solved numerically over the domain of interest and furnished the results for the temperature,entropy generation and thermophysical characteristics of the hybrid as well as conventional nanofluids,respectively.It is examined that the thermal profile intensifies against stronger thermal radiations and magnetic field.The surface of the plate is heated due to the imposed thermal radiations and magnetic field which cause the increment in the temperature.It is also observed that the temperature declines against more rotating plates.Further,the entropy production increases for more dissipative effects and declines against more magnetized fluid.Thermal conductivities of the hybrid nanofluid enhances promptly in comparison with regular liquid therefore,under consideration hybrid nanofluid is reliable for the heat transfer.Moreover,dominating thermal transport is perceived for the hybrid nanofluid which showed that hybrid suspension GO-MoS_(2)/C_(2)H_(6)O_(2)–H_(2)O is better for industrial,engineering and technological uses.

Impacts of forestation on the annual and seasonal water balance of a tropical catchment under climate change

Background:This study aims to assess the effects of a forestation program and climate change on the annual and seasonal water balance of the Bogowonto catchment(597 km^(2))in Java,Indonesia.The catchment study is rare example in Indonesia where forestation has been applied at the catchment level.However,since the forestation program has been initiated,evaluations of the program only focus on the planting area targets,while the environmental success e.g.,impacts on the hydrological processes have never been assessed.This study used a calibrated Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT)model to diagnose the isolated and combined effects of forestation and climate change on five water balance components,namely streamflow(Q),evapotranspiration(ET),surface runoff(Q_(s)),lateral flow(Q_(l))and base flow(Q_(b)).Results:The results show that from 2006 to 2019,forest cover has increased from 2.7% to 12.8% of the total area,while in the same period there was an increase in the mean annual and seasonal temperature,rainfall,and streamflow.Results of SWAT simulations show that changes in the mean annual and seasonal water balance under the forestation only scenario were relatively minor,while changes were more pronounced under the climate change only scenario.Based on the combined impacts scenario,it was observed that the effects of a larger forest area on the water balance were smaller than the effects of climate change.Conclusions:Although we found that forestation program has minor impacts compared to that of climate change on the hydrological processes in the Bogowonto catchment,seasonally,forestation activity has decreased the streamflow and surface runoff during the wet season which may reduce the risk of moderate floods.However,much attention should be paid to the way how forestation may result in severe drought events during the dry season.Finally,we urge the importance of accounting for the positive and negative effects in future forestation programs.

Novel Analytical Thermal Performance Rate Analysis in ZnO-SAE50 Nanolubricant: Nonlinear Mathematical Model

The investigation of local thermal transport rate in the nanolubricants is significant.These lubricants are broadly used in environmental pollution,mechanical engineering and in the paint industry due to high thermal performance rate.Therefore,thermal transport in ZnO-SAE50 nanolubricant under the impacts of heat generation/absorption is conducted.The colloidal suspension is flowing between parallel stretching disks in which the lower disk is positioned at z=0 and upper disk apart from distance d.The problem is transformed in dimensionless version via described similarity transforms.In the next stage,an analytical technique(VPM)is implemented for the solution purpose.The graphical results against multiple flow parameters were furnished over the region of interest and explained comprehensively.It is imperative to mention that the results are plotted for ZnO-SAE50 and conventional liquid as well.Further,rapid motion of the fluid is perceived against high Reynolds andγparameters.The wall shear stresses at the upper end rises for multiple Reynolds andγwhile;decrement is detected at the lower end.The significant contribution of an internal heat source is noted for thermal performance rate at the upper end.Foremost,the local heat transport rate declines at the lower disk.By altering Reynolds number,prompt heat transfer rate is gained at the upper disk and increasing behavior of the local heat transport rate is slow at the lower disk.From the study,it is concluded that the nanolubricants have high thermal characteristics.Therefore,such fluids are reliable to use in above stated areas.

Response of French Bean Cultivars to Plant Spacing Under Agroclimatic Condition of Baffa

This experiment was carried out at Mansehra during cropping season of 2013. There were three French bean cultivars and four different plant spacings. The experiment was laid out on a Randomized Complete Block Design （RCBD） with three replications. Different cultivars, plant spacings and their interactions significantly influenced all the parameters studied. Maximum days to flowering （59.33） and seed maturity （97.66） were recorded in cultivar Komal Green grown at 15 cm spacing, while, maximum 100-grain weight （42.20 g） was noted in cultivar Peshawar Local grown at 60 cm spacing. However, maximum fresh pod yield·plant^-1 （109.67 g）, number of seed·pod^-1 （7.99） and seed yield.hm2 （1 4373 kg） were recorded in cultivar Paulista grown at spacing of 45 cm. Whereas, maximum plant height （40.50 cm） was noticed in cultivar Paulista grown at 15 era plant spacing. While, the least number of days to flowering （50.33） and to seed maturity （85.66） were taken by cultivar Paulista grown at 60 cm plant spacing. Likewise, minimum seed yield （311.9 kg·hm^2） was recorded in plants of cultivar Komal Green spaced at 60 cm plant spacing. While, minimum fresh pod weight, plantI （67.00 g） and number of seed·pod^-1 （4.66） were attained in cultivar Peshawar Local grown at 15 cm plant spacing, whereas, minimum plant height （27.59 cm） and 100-grain weight （15.60 g） were recorded for cultivar Komal Green grown at 45 and 15 cm, respectively.

Implementation and fidelity of a participatory learning and action cycle intervention to prevent and control type 2 diabetes in rural Bangladesh

Introduction:There is an urgent need to address the growing type 2 diabetes disease burden.20-30%of adults in rural areas of Bangladesh have intermediate hyperglycaemia and about 10%have diabetes.We report on the implementation and fidelity of a Participatory Learning and Action(PLA)intervention,evaluated through a threearm cluster randomised controlled trial which reduced the incidence of diabetes and intermediate hyperglycaemia in rural Bangladesh.PLA interventions have been effective in addressing population level health problems in low income country contexts,and therefore we sought to use this approach to engage communities to identify and address community barriers to prevention and control of type 2 diabetes.Methods:We used a mixed methods approach collecting quantitative data through field reports and qualitative data through observations and focus group discussions.Through descriptive analysis,we considered fidelity to the participatory approach and implementation plans.Results:One hundred twenty-two groups per month were convened by 16 facilitators and supervised by two coordinators.Groups worked through a four phase PLA cycle of problem identification,planning together,implementation and evaluation to address the risk factors for diabetes-diet,physical activity,smoking and stress.Groups reported a lack of awareness about diabetes prevention and control,the prohibitive cost of care and healthy eating,and gender barriers to exercise for women.Groups set targets to encourage physical activity,kitchen-gardening,cooking with less oil,and reduced tobacco consumption.Anti-tobacco committees operated in 90 groups.One hundred twenty-two groups arranged blood glucose testing and 74 groups organized testing twice.Forty-one women’s groups established funds,and 61 communities committed not to ridicule women exercising.Experienced and committed supervisors enabled fidelity to a participatory methodology.A longer intervention period and capacity building could enable engagement with systems barriers to behaviour change.Conclusion:Our complex intervention was implemented as planned and is likely to be valid in similar contexts given the flexibility of the participatory approach to contextually specific barriers to prevention and control of type 2 diabetes.Fidelity to the participatory approach is key to implementing the intervention and effectively addressing type 2 diabetes in a low-income country.

气候变化背景下青檀的潜在地理分布

气候是植物物种地理分布的决定因素.通过建模预测濒危物种的潜在适生区已成为评估生境适宜性的有用工具.青檀(Pteroceltis tatarinowii Maxim.)是第三纪古热带植物区系的孓遗植物,具有十分重要的经济价值和生态价值,通过对青檀的潜在地理分布预测可以更好地为青檀的培育、管理和可持续利用提供科学依据.利用MaxEnt模型模拟当前(1970-2000年),预测未来2050s(2041-2060年)和2070s(2061-2080年)在3种不同排放浓度(RCP2.6、RCP4.5、RCP8.5)情景下青檀在中国的潜在地理分布,并对不同气候带、纬度和海拔下青檀适生区空间分布格局及其生境破碎化程度、质心移动轨迹进行分析.结果发现:(1)年降雨量(Bio12)是影响青檀分布的决定因子,最冷月的最低气温(Bio6)是仅次于年降雨量的次要因子;(2)当前青檀潜在适宜分布区主要分布在我国水热条件较为适宜的亚热带地区;(3)未来不同气候情景下青檀潜在适生区面积整体上呈减少趋势,其生境破碎化程度逐渐加剧;(4)青檀的潜在适生区的质心向西北方向偏移.

Thermo-diffusion effects on MHD stagnation point flow towards a stretching sheet in a nanofuid

Thermodiffusion effects on stagnation point flow of a nanofuid towards a stretching surface with applied magnetic field is presented.Similarity transforms are applied to reduce the equations that govem the flow to a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations.Runge-K utta-Fehlberg method is applied to solve the sy stem.Results are compared with existing solutions that are special cases to our problem.Concrete graphical analysis is carried out to study the effects of different emerging parameters such as stretching ratio A,mag netic infuence parameter M,Prandtl number Pr,Lewis number Le,Brownian motion parameter Nb,thermophoresis parameter Nr,nanofluid Lewis number Ln,modified Dufour parameter Nd and Dufour solutal number Ld coupled with comprehensive discussions.Numerical effects of local Nusselt number,local Sherwood number and nanofluid Sherwood number are also discussed.

Effects of viscous dissipation and slip velocity on two-dimensional and axisymmetric squeezing flow of Cu-water and Cu-kerosene nanofluids

Squeezing flow of nanofluids has been taken into account under the effects of viscous dissipation and velocity slip.Two types of base fluids are used to study the behavior of Copper nanoparticles between parallel plates.Nonlinear ordinary differential equations governing the flow are obtained by imposing similarity transformations on conservation laws.Resulting equations are solved by using an efficient analytical technique the variation of parameters method(VPM).Influences of nanoparticle concentration and different emerging parameters on flow profiles are presented graphically coupled with comprehensive discussions.A numerical solution is also sought for the sake of comparison.Effect of different parameters on skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number is also discussed.

A conformable mathematical model for alcohol consumption in Spain

A study on the conformable model of alcohol consumption in Spain has been presented.For the proposed model,the existence as well as the uniqueness of the solution has been discussed with the help of fixed-point theory.An analytical technique,Variational Iteration Method (VIM),has been used to obtain the solution to the governing system of differential equations.With the help of suitable plots,the role of fractional order derivative has been highlighted.For decreasing values of fractional order derivative,decrease in the number of non-consumers and non-risk consumers has been observed.By increasing the value of fractional order derivative,a sharp decrease can be seen in the compartment of risk-consumers.The agreement between the current study and the already existing studies,with ordinary derivatives,has also been pointed out.

DETECTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INCLUSIONS USING TOPOLOGICAL SENSITIVITY

In this article, a topological sensitivity framework for far-field detection of a diamet- rically small electromagnetic inclusion is established. The cases of single and multiple measurements of the electric far-field scattering amplitude at a fixed frequency are tak- en into account. The performance of the algorithm is analyzed theoretically in terms of its resolution and sensitivity for locating an inclusion. The stability of the framework with respect to measurement and medium noises is discussed. Moreover, the quantitative results for signal-to-noise ratio are presented. A few numerical results are presented to illustrate the detection capabilities of the proposed framework with single and multiple measurements.

A study of heat and mass transfer on magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)flow of nanoparticles

Investigation of the flow,heat and mass transfer of a nanofluid over a suddenly moved flat plate is presented using Buongiorno's model.This study is different from some of the previous studies as the effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis on nanoparticles volume fraction are passively controlled on the boundary rather than actively.The partial differential equations governing the flow are reduced to a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations.Viable similarity transforms are used for this purpose.A well-known numerical scheme called Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method coupled with shooting procedure has been used to find the solution of resulting system of equations.Discussions on the effects of different emerging parameters is provided using graphical aid.A table is also given that provides the results of different parameters on local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers.The passive control model can be used to control the boundary layer thickness as well as the rate of mass transfer at the wall.

Analytical approach to study a mathematical model of CD4 ＋ T-cells

Human immunodeficiency virus （HIV） emerged as one of the most serious health issues of the modern era. Till date, it challenges the scientists working in the fields related to its prevention, least spread and eradication. It affects not only the person suffering from it but also the communities and their economies. Mathematical modeling is one of the ways to explore the possibilities of prediction （and control） strategies for contagious deceases. In this paper, we have tried to extend the scope of a currently available prediction model for a continuous time span. For this purpose, an analytical investigation of the system of nonlinear differential equations, governing the HIV infection of CD4 ＋ T-cells, is carried out. A new emerging analytical technique Optimal Variational Iteration Method （OVIM） has been used to obtain an analytical and convergent solution. Analytical solutions are continuous solutions that can be used to predict the phenomena without the involvement of interpolation or extrapolation errors. On the other hand, their use in the derived equations, depending upon solution itself, is far easier than the numerical solutions. We have presented the error analysis and the prediction curves graphically. Moreover, a comparison with traditional Variational Iteration is also provided. It is concluded that the traditional method fails to converge for the updated models which involve the delayed differential equations.

Pattern of bony injuries among civilian gunshot victims at tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan

Purpose： Firearm injuries impose a continuous economic burden on society and hospital resources. The aim of this study was to assess the pattern of bony injuries among victims of gunshots. Methods： A retrospective study was conducted in the Department of Orthopedics, Dow University of Health Sciences and Civil Hospital l〈arachi from January 2011 to December 2012. Patients with isolated bony injuries were included while patients with other systemic injuries were excluded. Results： There were 90 cases and the majority of them were male （84.4%）. Mean age was （32.52 ± 10.27） years. Most of the patients （72.2%） belong to the younger age group. A low velocity weapon was used in 61 （67.8%） cases and a high velocity weapon was used in 29 （32.2%） cases. Armed robbery （64.4%） was the cause of conflict in more than half of the cases. Lower limb was involved in 72.2%. Fifty eight （64.4%） patients remained hospitalized for 15-20 days and others for more than 20 days. Internal fixation with intramedullary nailing was done in 35 patients while K-wire was used in 5 patients. Fifty patients were managed with external fixation, either uniplanar or multiplanar ilizarov. Deep wound infection and nonunion were observed more often in high velocity injuries. Conclusion： Armed robbery was the leading cause of gunshot bony injuries in our hospital. Young males were victimized in a majority of cases. High velocity injuries were associated with more complications.