Protocol for Artificial MicroRNA Mediated Over-Expression of miR820 in Indica Rice

In the present study, we illustrate the strategy and protocol required to generate rice transgenics over-expressing the 21-nt form of Osa-miR820. The miR exists in two size variants of 21-nt and 24-nt so the natural precursor cannot be employed for the purpose of miR over-expression as the cellular machinery can process both size variants thereby masking the role of PTGS regulation. Hence, we adopted the artificial miR technology to specifically over-express the 21-nt species in the transgenics. During the course of experiments it was observed that the amiR constructs probably interfered with the regeneration of the transformed callus, necessitating protocol modifications. The results indicate the successful over-expression of the 21-nt miR species. These plants can serve as a useful source for the functional dissection of the role played by the 21-nt Osa-miR820 species. They will also be valuable in highlighting the importance for the existence of a dual mode of miR mediated target regulation.

Extracting Significant Patterns for Oral Cancer Detection Using Apriori Algorithm

Presently, no effective tool exists for early diagnosis and treatment of oral cancer. Here, we describe an approach for cancer detection and prevention based on analysis using association rule mining. The data analyzed are pertaining to clinical symptoms, history of addiction, co-morbid condition and survivability of the cancer patients. The extracted rules are useful in taking clinical judgments and making right decisions related to the disease. The results shown here are promising and show the potential use of this approach toward eventual development of diagnostic assay and treatment with sufficient support and confidence suitable for detection of early-stage oral cancer.

Microwave Synthesis, Spectral, Thermal and Antimicrobial Studies of Some Ni(II) and Cu(II) Schiff Base Complexes

Schiff bases have been synthesized by condensing nicotinamide with methyl isobutyl ketone (MKN) and 2-hydroxy acetophenone (HAN). Metal complexes have been prepared by interacting these Schiff bases with metal ions viz. Ni(II), Cu(II) 1:2 (metal:ligand) ratio. These compounds have been synthesized by conventional as well as microwave methods and characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, UV-Vis, FAB-mass, ESR, molar conductance, and thermal analysis. FAB mass and thermal data show degradation pattern of the complexes. The complexes are colored and stable in air at room temperature. The structure of the ligands were elucidated by spectral studies which indicate the presence of two or three coordinating groups in ligands which may be oxygen atom of the phenolic -OH group, the nitrogen atom of the azomethine (C=N) group and the oxygen atom of the carbonyl group. The thermal behavior of metal complexes shows that the hydrated complexes loses water molecules of hydration in the first step;followed by decomposition of ligand molecules in the subsequent steps. The solid state electrical conductivity of the metal complexes has also been measured. Solid state electrical conductivity studies reflect semiconducting nature of the complexes. The Schiff bases and metal complexes show good activity against the Gram-positive bacteria;Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative bacteria;Escherichia coli and fungi Aspergillus nigerand Candida albicans. The antimicrobial results also indicate that the metal complexes are better antimicrobial agents as compared to the Schiff bases.

Cognitive-Inspired and Computationally Intelligent Early Melanoma Detection Using Feature Analysis Techniques

Melanoma is the most malignant kind of skin cancer,and it is responsible for the majority of deaths caused by skin cancer.However,this can be easily addressed by reverting to the standard method of damage removal if it is discovered in a timely manner.In this view,it is of the utmost importance to develop procedures for the early and reliable identification of melanomas.Since images for melanoma diagnosis are recorded in the clinic as an epiluminant image using a specific kind of equipment,the technique is machine-dependent.We make use of a method for managing images as well as a high-resolution shading image of a skin ulcer captured by a high-resolution camera or other device.Instead of depending on the epilumination images that are produced by the emergency equipment,the initial task that needs to be done in the present research is to capture high-resolution photographs of skin injuries.The category limit will be determined with the use of machine learning,and then highlight extraction will take place.The research focuses on clinical photos obtained from fast cameras that were taken of individuals suffering from skin cancer.The problem of uneven illumination was kept at a strategic distance by the use of medial separation and preprocessing using the histogram.A brand new image segmentation method called“Otsu”is used for the extraction of sores.The extraction of ABCD(Asymmetry,Border,Color,and Dimension)involves the use of innovative methodologies as well as the total dermoscopic value in order to characterize the weight coefficients.A solution to the problem of upgrading the categorization error is based on machine learning.The parameters that are taken into consideration for evaluating the proposed model are sensitivity,specificity,precision,and accuracy,and the results obtained are 1,0.93,0.93,and 0.93,respectively.It has been observed that the proposed model performs better as compared to the ones present in the existing literature.

Influence of pyrolysis temperature on rice straw biochar properties and corresponding effects on dynamic changes in bispyribac-sodium adsorption and leaching behavior in soil

Bispyribac-sodium is a weakly acidic herbicide with high water solubility and is thus a potential source of groundwater contamination.Considering the risk inherent to the use of this herbicide,this study assessed the impacts of rice straw(RS)and biochar amendments on the adsorption and leaching behavior of bispyribac-sodium in soil.Biochars were produced from RS at different pyrolysis temperatures and characterized using various spectral techniques.Rice straw had a surface area of 3.996×10^(4)m^(2)kg^(-1),which increased under pyrolysis;biochars prepared at 350 and 550℃(RS350 and RS550)in a closed furnace with limited oxygen supply had a surface area of 5.763×10^(4)and 6.890×10^(4)m^(2)kg^(-1),respectively,and biochar prepared by purging the pyroformer with N2(RSC)had the highest surface area of 12.173×10^(4)m^(2)kg^(-1).After amendment with RS and biochar,soil Freundlich adsorption capacity(KF ads)increased to varying extents in the order RSC>RS350>RS550,from 2.89×10^(3)to 29.57×10^(3)mg^(1-1)/nkg^(-1)L1/n,compared to1.55×10^(3)mg^(1-1)/nkg^(-1)L1/nin unamended soil.The variability in KF ads of bispyribac-sodium amongst the RS-and biochar-amended soils was dependent on the surface area of the amendments.The desorption of bispyribac-sodium decreased in the RS-and biochar-amended soils and varied from90.45%to 95.20%in unamended soils and from 60.95%to 89.50%in amended soils.The adsorption and desorption of bispyribac-sodium varied significantly depending on its concentration and the type and application rate of soil amendment.Different leaching risk evaluation indices,viz.,modified leach index(M.LEACH),leach index(LEACH),groundwater ubiquity score(GUS),Hornsby index(HI),leaching index(LIN),and pesticide leaching potential(PLP)index,were used to assess the susceptibility of groundwater to herbicide leaching.To reduce the repetitive effects of common parameters in each index,a new index was developed by employing principal component analysis(PCA)to condense their information into a single ranking.The results of the PCA indicated that RS and biochar amendments could be an effective management practice for controlling the leaching potential of bispyribac-sodium in soil.

Thermal-Based Free Vibration and Buckling Behavior of Bio-inspired Cross-and Double-Helicoidal/Bouligand Laminated Composite Plates

Inspired by living organisms,helicoidal structures are becoming increasingly important in replacing the conventional lamination scheme to enhance the toughness,strength,and stiffness of laminates.In helicoidal laminated composites,each layer is rotated by a specific angle with respect to the previous layer.In the present study,an attempt has been carried out to compare the free vibration and buckling behavior of the double-helicoidal and cross-helicoidal bio-inspired laminated composite plates under thermal conditions.The influence of lamination scheme,aspect ratio,end conditions,thermal conditions,sideto-thickness ratio,and skew angle on the free vibration and buckling behavior of the plate is investigated.The performance of helicoidal laminated composite plates is compared with that of cross-ply and quasi-isotropic laminates.The study reveals that the helicoidal composites outperform the cross-ply and quasi-isotropic laminates.In most cases studied,the cross-helicoidal plate exhibits stiff behavior.

Prenatal zinc supplementation to lipopolysaccharide infected female rats prevents neurochemical, behavioral and biochemical deficits produced in infants

Aim: Recent research revealed an association between maternal infection i.e. lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure during pregnancy and increased risk for central nervous system disorders being passed onto the off-spring. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the effect of LPS infection during d14-17 of pregnancy (equivalent to third trimester in humans) on neurochemical, neurobehavioral abnormalities, biochemical as well as histopathological parameters in male/female pups. Also, the effect of zinc supplementation throughout pregnancy to female rats in ameliorating LPS induced neurodegenerative effects caused in pups were evaluated. Methods: Pregnant female rats were administered single dose of LPS (200 μg/kg) intraperitoneal on d14-17 of their pregnancy. Zinc supplementation was given throughout pregnancy (75 mg ZnSO4/L) in drinking water. Results: LPS injection to pregnant female rats significantly altered the levels of neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine) in pups. Also, marked deterioration of motor behavior parameters (actophotometer, rotarod) as well as cognitive decline (plus maze and active avoidance) has been observed in male as well as female pups. Whereas, supplementation with zinc limited the alterations in behavioral parameters as well as significantly improved the level of neurotransmitters in prenatally exposed pups of both genders. However, levels of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide formed as well as antioxidant defense system including reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase were found to be excessively compromised in female pups when compared to male pups. Conclusion: Hence, the study indicated LPS mediated toxicity in prenatally exposed pups is gender specific and zinc supplementation during pregnancy was found to attenuate LPS induced toxicity in pups.

Variation tolerant and stability simulation of low power SRAM cell analysis using FGMOS

With technology scaling,stability,power dissipation,and device variability,the impact of process,voltage and temperature(PVT)variations has become dominant for static random access memory(SRAM)analysis for productivity and failure.In this paper,ten-transistors(10T)and low power eight-transistors SRAM cells are redesigned using floating-gate MOS transistors(FGMOS).Power centric parameters viz.read power,write power,hold power and delay are the performance analysis metrics.Further,the stochastic parameter variation to study the variability tolerance of the redesigned cell,PVT variations and Monte Carlo simulations have been carried out for 10T FGMOS SRAM cell.Stability has been illustrated with the conventional butterfly method giving read static noise margin(RSNM)and write static noise margin(WSNM)metrics for read stability and write ability,respectively.A comparative analysis with standard six-transistor SRAM cell is carried out.HSPICE simulative analysis has been carried out for 32 nm technology node.The redesigned FGMOS SRAM cells provide improved performance.Also,these are robust and reliability efficient with comparable stability.

Food for the mind:The journey of probiotics from foods to anti-Alzheimer’s disease therapeutics

Alzheimer’s disease(AD)is a neurodegenerative disease which finds its place in the top five reasons for mortality across the globe.Till date,there is no disease modifying therapeutic approach for AD.The pharmacological treatment does not provide anything except mere symptomatic relief.In the recent years,research on the Gut Brain Axis(GBA)has garnered keen attention of researchers worldwide.It may be possible that a disease modifying approach for AD has been present in nature since ages waiting to be discovered.This comprehensive review aims at establishing a concrete link between the consumption of probiotics and neuroprotection in AD.Fermented foods are deeply seated in the culinary history of every civilization.The multiple benefits associated with the usage of probiotics have become more like a legacy that is handed down from generation to generation.The use of probiotics to achieve therapeutic aim in cases of AD via the GBA has become a highly researched area.Probiotics have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects.These have been found to hold significance in the field of food based anti-AD approaches.Probiotics have been reported to maintain the integrity of intestinal epithelium and the blood brain barrier.Also,the recently available knowledge about the molecular mechanisms behind the anti-inflammatory effect of probiotics in AD is promising.Adding more feathers to the hat,probiotics have been found to have remarkable antioxidant activity and cognition enhancing capability.All these factors make a very strong case in favour of probiotics to be explored more deeply as anti-AD therapeutics.

Systematic study of kinematic and dynamic moments of inertia of superdeformed bands with NpNn scheme

The systematics of kinematic moment of inertia J and dynamic moment of inertia J of superdeformed（SD） bands in A -130, 150, 190 mass regions have been studied. We have obtained the values of J^（1） and J^（2）for all the SD bands observed in the A-130, 150, 190 mass regions by using the experimental intraband E2 transition energies. The result of this work includes the variation of J with the product of valence proton and neutron numbers（NpNn）. The phenomenon of band mixing has been observed in the A -130, 150 mass regions and band crossing has been observed in the A-190 mass region. The systematics also includes the variation of J with the product of valence proton and neutron numbers（NpNn）. Evidence of staggering behaviour has been observed in all three A-130, 150 and 190 mass regions. We present for the first time the variation of J^（1）and J^（2）of SD bands in the A-130, 150, 190 mass regions with NpNn.

Genome tuning through HLA and KIR gene clusters impact susceptibility to dengue

Dengue is amongst the most prevalent viral diseases which globally affects millions of individuals annually and renders billions at risk,particularly in tropical and sub-tropical nations.WHO estimated 100-400 mil-lion infections each year and reported 4.2 million active cases in 2019 worldwide.The infection is caused by arthropod-transmitted dengue virus which is known to have 5 serotypes(DENV1-5).Most of the cases show mild clinical symptoms;though others may develop severe forms viz;dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome.Though limited literature suggests the population-specific genetic influence on susceptibility and the clinical course of dengue;the genetic propensity of dengue is largely unknown in most ethnicities.In this context,the human leukocyte antigen(HLA)system represents the most polymorphic region of the human genome and is crucial for the initiation of an appropriate immune response.In most of the genome-wide association studies,the HLA complex is the most significantly linked genetic region with susceptibility or protection towards vari-ous infectious and noninfectious diseases.Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors represent another highly variable system present on the surface of natural killer(NK)cells which regulate the activity of NK cells through inter-actions with their cognate HLA ligands.It is conceivable that the interaction of HLA-Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors systems influences the host susceptibility towards dengue infection as well the disease outcome.Here we attempt to review these parameters in dengue infection and disease outcome.Further detailed investigations are warranted towards the identification of novel susceptibility markers and targeted therapeutic interventions.

Immunobiology and immunotherapy of gestational trophoblastic disease

Gestational trophoblastic diseases are a heterogeneous group of pregnancy related tumors that show extensive metastatic spread but are readily responsive to chemotherapy.This one of a kind treatability of gestational trophoblastic tumors may to some extent be inferable from a host immunologic reaction to the paternal antigens that are expressed on the trophoblastic cells.In this review,we evaluate the current cognizance of immunobiology of gestational trophoblastic diseases and also establish the immunologic behaviour of gestational trophoblastic diseases which should be researched further in order to gain a better understanding of the aetiology of these neoplasias.This will further help structuring immunotherapeutic methodologies for their treatment.