Emerging therapies for inflammatory bowel disorder

Inflammatory bowel disorder(IBD)affects over 5.2 million individuals in North America and Europe alone.IBD is a term used to describe a condition of chronic inflammation in the Gastrointestinal tract-primarily the intestines.While the exact etiology is not fully understood,it is generally accepted that the cause of the inflammation may be due to an abnormal immune response to the gut bacteria.IBD is a progressive disease and can cause various gastrointestinal-related complications.This makes it crucial to discover new treatments and to improve the treatments that are already available.The aim of the study is to answer the question,“What are the emerging therapies for IBD”?In this section,the currently available therapies for IBD are discussed,among which some have already been shown to be effective against IBD whereas some are still in various stages of clinical trials.These therapies include drugs that affect janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway,drugs that impact anti-adhesion molecules,drugs that inhibit anti-interleukin,drugs that modulate sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor,drugs that inhibit phosphodiesterase-4,and finally a technique known as fecal microbial transplant.Many treatments are available today,and new ones are constantly emerging.Some therapies like phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors and fecal microbiota transplantation that may be the optimum treatment are still under clinical trials,and more research is required for them to be safe,viable,and beneficial options,whereas others are available for usage by the patient but have adverse complications and side effects such as anti-tumor necrosis factor-αor janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription inhibitors.

Green tea extract as a cryoprotectant additive to preserve the motility and DNA integrity of human spermatozoa

Cryopreservation impairs sperm quality and functions,including motility and DNA integrity.Antioxidant additives in sperm freezing media have previously brought improvements in postthawed sperm quality.Green tea extract(GTE)is widely considered as an excellent antioxidant,and its beneficial role has been proven in other human cells.This study aims to evaluate the GTE as a potential additive in cryopreservation media of human spermatozoa.In part one,the semen of 20 normozoospermic men was used to optimize the concentration of GTE that maintains sperm motility and DNA integrity against oxidative stress,induced by hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2)).Spermatozoa were treated with GTE at different concentrations before incubation with H_(2)O_(2).In part two,the semen of 45 patients was cryopreserved with or without 1.0 ng ml^(-1)GTE.After 2 weeks,the semen was thawed,and the effect on sperm motility and DNA fragmentation was observed.Our data showed that GTE significantly protected sperm motility and DNA integrity against oxidative stress induced by H_(2)O_(2)when added at a final concentration of 1.0 ng ml^(-1).We found that the addition of 1.0 ng ml^(-1)GTE to cryopreservation media significantly increased sperm motility and DNA integrity(both P<0.05).More interestingly,patients with high sperm DNA damage benefited similarly from the GTE supplementation.However,there was no significant change in the reactive oxygen species(ROS)level.In conclusion,supplementing sperm freezing media with GTE has a significant protective effect on human sperm motility and DNA integrity,which may be of clinical interest.