Pathogenetic mechanisms in gastric cancer

Gastric cancer(GC) is a major public health issue as the fourth most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death. Recent advances have improved our understanding of its molecular pathogenesis,as best exemplified by elucidating the fundamental role of several major signaling pathways and related molecular derangements. Central to these mechanisms are the genetic and epigenetic alterations in these signaling pathways,such as gene mutations,copy number variants,aberrant gene methylation and histone modification,nucleosome positioning,and microRNAs. Some of these genetic/epigenetic alterations represent effective diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for GC. This information has now opened unprecedented opportunities for better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of gastric carcinogenesis and the development of novel therapeutic strategies for this cancer. The pathogenetic mechanisms of GC are the focus of this review.

Using irrigation intervals to optimize water-use efficiency and maize yield in Xinjiang,northwest China

Worldwide, scarce water resources and substantial food demands require efficient water use and high yield.This study investigated whether irrigation frequency can be used to adjust soil moisture to increase grain yield and water use efficiency(WUE) of high-yield maize under conditions of mulching and drip irrigation.A field experiment was conducted using three irrigation intervals in 2016: 6, 9, and 12 days(labeled D6, D9, and D12) and five irrigation intervals in 2017: 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days(D3, D6, D9, D12, and D15).In Xinjiang, an optimal irrigation quota is 540 mm for high-yield maize.The D3, D6, D9, D12, and D15 irrigation intervals gave grain yields of 19.7, 19.1–21.0, 18.8–20.0, 18.2–19.2, and 17.2 Mg ha^-1 and a WUE of 2.48, 2.53–2.80, 2.47–2.63, 2.34–2.45, and 2.08 kg m-3, respectively.Treatment D6 led to the highest soil water storage, but evapotranspiration and soil-water evaporation were lower than other treatments.These results show that irrigation interval D6 can help maintain a favorable soil-moisture environment in the upper-60-cm soil layer, reduce soilwater evaporation and evapotranspiration, and produce the highest yield and WUE.In this arid region and in other regions with similar soil and climate conditions, a similar irrigation interval would thus be beneficial for adjusting soil moisture to increase maize yield and WUE under conditions of mulching and drip irrigation.

Simulation and visualization of the displacement between CO2 and formation fluids at pore-scale levels and its application to the recovery of shale gas

This article reports recent developments and advances in the simulation of the CO2-formation fluid displacement behaviour at the pore scale of subsurface porous media. Roughly, there are three effective visualization approaches to detect and observe the CO2-formation fluid displacement mechanism at the micro-scale, namely, magnetic resonance imaging, X-ray computed tomography and fabricated micromodels, but they are not capable of investigating the dis- placement process at the nano-scale. Though a lab-on-chip approach for the direct visualization of the fluid flow behaviour in nanoscale channels has been developed using an advanced epi-fluorescence microscopy method combined with a nanofluidic chip, it is still a qualitative analysis method. The lattice Boltzmann method （LBM） can simulate the CO2 displacement processes in a two-dimensional or three-dimensional （3D） pore structure, but until now, the CO2 displace- ment mechanisms had not been thoroughly investigated and the 3D pore structure of real rock had not been directly taken into account in the simulation of the CO2 displacement process. The status of research on the applications of CO2 displacement to enhance shale gas recovery is also analyzed in this paper. The coupling of molecular dynamics and LBM in tandem is proposed to simulate the CO2-shale gas displacement process based on the 3D digital model of shale obtained from focused ion beams and scanning electron microscopy.

Association of colorectal cancer susceptibility variants with esophageal cancer in a Chinese population

AIM: To investigate the association between colorectal cancer(CRC) genetic susceptibility variants and esophageal cancer in a Chinese Han population.METHODS: A case-control study was conducted including 360 esophageal cancer patients and310 healthy controls. Thirty-one single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) associated with CRC risk from previous genome-wide association studies were analyzed. SNPs were genotyped using Sequenom Mass-ARRAY technology, and genotypic frequencies in controls were tested for departure from HardyWeinberg equilibrium using a Fisher's exact test. The allelic frequencies were compared between cases and controls using a χ 2 test. Associations between the SNPs and the risk of esophageal cancer were tested using various genetic models(codominant, dominant,recessive, overdominant, and additive). ORs and95%CIs were calculated by unconditional logistic regression with adjustments for age and sex.RESULTS: The minor alleles of rs1321311 and rs4444235 were associated with a 1.53-fold(95%CI:1.15-2.06; P = 0.004) and 1.28-fold(95%CI: 1.03-1.60;P = 0.028) increased risk of esophageal cancer in the allelic model analysis, respectively. In the genetic model analysis, the C/C genotype of rs3802842 was associated with a reduced risk of esophageal cancer in the codominant model(OR = 0.52, 95%CI:0.31-0.88; P = 0.033) and recessive model(OR =0.55, 95%CI: 0.34-0.87; P = 0.010). The rs4939827C/T-T/T genotype was associated with a 0.67-fold(95%CI: 0.46-0.98; P = 0.038) decreased esophageal cancer risk under the dominant model. In addition,rs6687758, rs1321311, and rs4444235 were associated with an increased risk. In particular, the T/T genotype of rs1321311 was associated with an 8.06-fold(95%CI: 1.96-33.07; P = 0.004) increased risk in the codominant model.CONCLUSION: These results provide evidence that known genetic variants associated with CRC risk confer risk for esophageal cancer, and may bring risk for other digestive system tumors.

Extracorporeal continuous portal diversion plus temporal plasmapheresis for “small-for-size” syndrome

AIM:To investigate the effect of plasmapheresis via the portal vein for"small-for-size"syndrome(SFSS)aided by extracorporeal continuous portal diversion(ECPD).METHODS:Extensive or total hepatectomy in the pig is usually adopted as a postoperative liver failure(PLF)or SFSS model.In this study,animals which underwent85%-90%hepatectomy were randomized into either the Systemic group(n=7)or the Portal group(n=7).In the Systemic group,all pigs received temporal plasmapheresis(PP)via the extracorporeal catheter circuit(systemic to systemic circulation)from 24 to 30 h posthepatectomy(PH);in the Portal group,all pigs received ECPD to divert partial portal vein flow(PVF)to the systemic circulation after hepatectomy,then converted to temporal PP from 24 to 30 h PH,and subsequently converted to ECPD again until 48 h PH.In the Portal group,the PVF was preserved at 3.0-3.3 times that of the baseline value,similar to that following 70%hepatectomy,which was regarded as the optimal PVF to the hypertrophic liver remnant.At 48 h PH,all pigs were re-opened and the portal vein pressure(PVP),PVF,and HAF(hepatic artery flow)were measured,and then diversion of the portal venous flow was terminated.After1 h the PVP,PVF,and HAF were re-measured.The portal hemodynamic changes,liver injury,liver regeneration and bacterial/lipopolysaccharide(LPS)translocation were evaluated in the two groups.RESULTS:The PVP in the Portal group was significantly lower than that in the Systemic group during the time period from 2 to 49 h PH(P<0.05).Serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT),total bilirubin(TB)and ammonia were significantly reduced in the Portal group compared with the Systemic group from 24 to 48 h PH(P<0.05).The Portal group may have attenuated sinusoidal endothelial injury and decreased the level of HA compared with the Systemic group.In the Systemic group,there was significant sinusoidal dilation,hydropic changes in hepatocytes and hemorrhage into the hepatic parenchyma,and the sinusoidal endothelial lining was partially destroyed and detached into the sinusoidal space.CD31immunostaining revealed significant destruction of the endothelial lining.In the Portal group,there was no intraparenchymal hemorrhage and the sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatocytes were well preserved.CD31immunostaining was mild which indicated less destruction of the endothelial lining.HA was significantly decreased in the Portal group compared with the Systemic group from 2 to 48 h PH.The rate of liver remnant regeneration was elevated,while apoptosis was attenuated in the Portal group compared with the Systemic group.Thymidine kinase activity was much higher in the Portal group than in the Systemic group at 48 h PH.The PCNA index was significantly increased and the apoptotic index was significantly decreased in the Portal group compared with the Systemic group.Bacterial translocation and endotoxin,as well as the inflammatory response,were significantly attenuated in the Portal group compared with the Systemic group.LPS,tumor necrosis factor-and interleukin-6 levels were all significantly decreased in the Portal group compared with the Systemic group from 24 to48 h PH,while bacterial DNA level was significantly decreased from 2 to 48 h PH.CONCLUSION:PP plus ECPD via the portal vein can attenuate toxic load and hyperperfusion injury,and should be undertaken instead of PP via the systemic circulation in SFSS or PLF.

Influence of plastic film mulching and planting density on yield,leaf anatomy,and root characteristics of maize on the Loess Plateau

In rainfed areas of northwestern China,maize production is constrained mainly by low temperature during early growth and water limitation during the entire growth period.Plastic film mulching is commonly used to increase maize yield in this area,because it increases topsoil temperature and moisture content as well as water use efficiency.However,the physiological and anatomical bases of maize yield improvement with plastic film mulching are not well understood.The effects of plastic film mulching and planting density on maize yield,photosynthetic characteristics,respiration,leaf anatomy,and root growth were studied in a two-year field experiment conducted on the Loess Plateau of China in 2017 and 2018.The experiment used a split-split plot design with two mulching treatments(plastic film mulching and no mulching),two planting densities(7.5×104 and10.5×104 plants ha-1),and two maize cultivars,Zhengdan 958 and Xianyu 335.Compared with no mulching,plastic film mulching increased maize yields by 31.1%–46.4%in 2017 and3.6%–34.7%in 2018.Compared with low planting density,high planting density significantly increased and slightly reduced yields of both cultivars in the dry year 2017 and the rainy year 2018,respectively.Plastic film mulching increased photosynthesis and respiration as well as leaf stomatal density and aperture.Photosynthetic rate,dark respiration,and stomatal conductance and aperture were lower at high planting than at low planting density.Maize yield was positively correlated with photosynthesis,dark respiration,and stomatal aperture.Mulching increased root dry weight and length in the 0–20 cm soil layer and root activity at maturity.Overall,the changes in root growth and leaf anatomy resulted in increased photosynthesis and dark respiration,and the increased photosynthesis contributed to the increase in grain yield and biomass production under plastic film mulching conditions.Our results increase understanding of the physiological mechanisms by which plastic film mulching increases maize yield in water-and temperature-limited areas.

Adaptive fuze-warhead coordination method based on BP artificial neural network

The appropriate fuze-warhead coordination method is important to improve the damage efficiency of air defense missiles against aircraft targets. In this paper, an adaptive fuze-warhead coordination method based on the Back Propagation Artificial Neural Network(BP-ANN) is proposed, which uses the parameters of missile-target intersection to adaptively calculate the initiation delay. The damage probabilities at different radial locations along the same shot line of a given intersection situation are calculated, so as to determine the optimal detonation position. On this basis, the BP-ANN model is used to describe the complex and highly nonlinear relationship between different intersection parameters and the corresponding optimal detonating point position. In the actual terminal engagement process, the fuze initiation delay is quickly determined by the constructed BP-ANN model combined with the missiletarget intersection parameters. The method is validated in the case of the single-shot damage probability evaluation. Comparing with other fuze-warhead coordination methods, the proposed method can produce higher single-shot damage probability under various intersection conditions, while the fuzewarhead coordination effect is less influenced by the location of the aim point.

Testing a bell-shaped function for estimation of fully expanded leaf area in modern maize under potential production conditions

Accurate leaf area simulation is critical for the performance of crop growth models. Area of fully expanded individual leaves of maize hybrids released before 1995 (defined as old hybrids) has been simulated using a bell-shaped function (BSF) and the relationship between its parameters and total leaf number (TLNO). However, modern high-yielding maize hybrids show different canopy architectures. The function parameters calibrated for old hybrids will not accurately represent modern hybrids. In this study, we evaluated these functions using a dataset including old and modern hybrids that have been widely planted in China in recent years. Maximum individual leaf area (Y_0) and corresponding leaf position (X_0) were not predicted well by TLNO (R^2= 0.56 and R^2= 0.70) for modern hybrids. Using recalibrated shape parameters a and b with values of Y_0 and X_0 for modern hybrids, the BSF accurately predicted individual leaf area (R^2= 0.95–0.99) and total leaf area of modern hybrids (R^2= 0.98). The results show that the BSF is still a robust way to predict the fully expanded leaf area of maize when parameters a and b are modified and Y_0 and X_0 are fitted. Breeding programs have led to increases in TLNO of maize but have not altered Y_0 and X_0, reducing the correlation between Y_0, X_0, and TLNO. For modern hybrids, the values of Y_0 and X_0 are hybrid-specific. Modern hybrids tend to have less-negative values of parameter a and more-positive values of parameter b in the leaf profile. Growth conditions, such as plant density and environmental conditions, also affect the fully expanded leaf area but were not considered in the original published equations. Thus, further research is needed to accurately estimate values of Y_0 and X_0 of individual modern hybrids to improve simulation of maize leaf area in crop growth models.

Study on Thermal Deformation Measurement of Optical RemoteSensing Satellite Platform Based on Machine Vision

To solve the special requirements of the high orbit optical remote sensing satellite for the thermal deformation of the platform the thermal deformation test and measurement scheme of the satellite platform is designed. Through the comparative analysis of test results the rationality of the thermal deformation design of the platform structure is verified. The results of thermal deformation measurement show that the maximum deformation of A camera mounting surface is 57.5〃 and the maximum deformation of B camera mounting surface points to 79.3〃 which can be used as the basis for thermal deformation prediction of satellite during the orbit operation.

中国瑟寄蝇属Ceromasia一新种记述(双翅目:寄蝇科)

记述采自中国内蒙古和山西的追寄蝇亚科膝芒寄蝇族1新种(双翅目:寄蝇科):王氏瑟寄蝇Ceromasia wangi sp.nov.;提供了新种与近缘种的形态描述和特征图;给出了瑟寄蝇属的鉴别特征,并编制了该属中国种类检索表。

A Distributed Transactive Energy Mechanism for Integrating PV and Storage Prosumers in Market Operation

The decreasing cost of solar photovoltaics(PVs)and battery storage systems is driving their adoption in the residential distribution system,where more consumers are becoming prosumers.Accompanying this trend is the potential roll-out of home energy management systems(HEMSs),which provide a means for prosumers to respond to externalities such as energy price,weather,and energy demands.However,the economic operation of prosumers can affect grid security,especially when energy prices are extremely low or high.Therefore,it is paramount to design a framework that can accommodate the interests of the key stakeholders in distribution systems—namely,the network operator,prosumer,and aggregator.In this paper,a novel transactive energy(TE)-based operational framework is proposed.Under this frame-work,aggregators interact with the distribution grid operator through a negotiation process to ensure network security,while at the lower level,prosumers submit their schedule to the aggregator through the HEMS.If network security is at risk,aggregators will send an additional price component representing the cost of security(CoS)to the prosumer to stimulate further response.The simulation results show that the proposed framework can effectively ensure the economic operation of aggregators and prosumers in distribution systems while maintaining grid security.

Application of Microarray-Based Method for Functional SNP Genotyping in the Risk of Gastric Carcinoma in Chinese Population

High-throughput SNP detection microarrays were used here to explore the relationship between 5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene polymorphism C677T and the risk of gastric carcinoma among population in Jiangsu region,by genotyping the specimens from 170 patients with gastric carcinoma and 140 age-and sex- matched control subjects.PCR products were spotted onto a 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane coated glass slide to fabricate a microarray,then interrogated by hybridization with dual-color probes (Cy3,CyS) to determine the SNP genotype of each sample,and the relation between the genotypes and the risk of gastric carcinoma was analyzed.The frequencies of C677T genotype were CC(47.9%),CT(40%),CT(12.1%) in control group and CC(35.9%),CT(45.9%),TT(18.2%) in gastric carcinoma group,respectively.The individuals with 677CT+TT genotype group or 677TT had a 1.67-fold (95% CI:1.06-2.64) or 2.67-fold (95% CI:1.382-5.341) increased risk to develop gastric carcinoma compared with those having 677CC genotype. It was shown that the single nucleotide polymorphisms in the MTHFR gene are associated with the risk of gastric carcinoma in the Chinese population.

Multi-target ranging using an optical reservoir computing approach in the laterally coupled semiconductor lasers with self-feedback

We utilize three parallel reservoir computers using semiconductor lasers with optical feedback and light injection to model radar probe signals with delays.Three radar probe signals are generated by driving lasers constructed by a threeelement laser array with self-feedback.The response lasers are implemented also by a three-element lase array with both delay-time feedback and optical injection,which are utilized as nonlinear nodes to realize the reservoirs.We show that each delayed radar probe signal can be predicted well and to synchronize with its corresponding trained reservoir,even when parameter mismatches exist between the response laser array and the driving laser array.Based on this,the three synchronous probe signals are utilized for ranging to three targets,respectively,using Hilbert transform.It is demonstrated that the relative errors for ranging can be very small and less than 0.6%.Our findings show that optical reservoir computing provides an effective way for applications of target ranging.

Effect of Dihydrotestosterone on Costimulatory Molecules in a Mouse Model of Graves’ Disease

Objective Graves’disease is the most common autoimmune thyroid disease and its prevalence and clinical manifestations are disparate between females and males.Costimulatory molecules play an essential role in regulating autoimmune responses.The objective of this study was to determine if expression of inhibitory molecules was correlated with treatment by dihydrotestosterone(DHT)in an in vivo BALB/c mouse model of experimental autoimmune Graves’disease.Methods Female BALB/c mice were immunized three times with thyroid stimulating hormone receptor A-subunit encoded by adenovirus to establish a Graves’disease model.Three different doses of DHT or a matching placebo were administered by implantation of slow-release pellets a week before the first immunization.Four weeks after the third immunization,the mice were euthanatized,and then the spleen and thymus were removed.Total thyroxine and free thyroxine levels in serum of mice were detected using a radioimmunoassay kit.Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to estimate the expression of costimulatory molecules in lymphocytes from the spleen and thymus.Flow cytometry was used to analyze the percentage of CD4^+T cells in splenic lymphocytes.Quantitative data were compared with unpaired t-tests.Correlation between two variables was analyzed using Analysis of Variance.Results Treatment with DHT can dramatically reduce total thyroxine and free thyroxine levels.Higher expression of programmed death-1 was found in the spleen of Graves’disease mice receiving 5 mg of DHT treatment(0.635±0.296 vs.0.327±0.212;t=2.714,P=0.014),similarly,T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain 3(TIM-3)in both the spleen(1.004±0.338 vs.0.646±0.314;t=2.205,P=0.022)and the thymus(0.263±0.127 vs.0.120±0.076;t=3.221,P=0.004)also increased after 5 mg of DHT treatment compared with the parallel placebo model mice.Moreover,the percentage of CD4^+T cells declined in the splenic lymphocytes of Graves’disease mice treated with 5 mg of DHT(19.90%±3.985%vs.24.05%±2.587%;t=2.804,P=0.012).A significant negative association was observed between expression of TIM-3 in the spleen and serum levels of total thyroxine(r=-0.7106,P=0.014)as well as free thyroxine(r=-0.6542,P=0.029).Conclusion This study demonstrates that DHT can ameliorate experimental autoimmune Graves’disease,which may occur by up-regulating expression of programmed death-1 and TIM-3 and inhibiting development of CD4^+T cells.

煤场管理在火力发电厂节能管理中的重要作用

在火力发电厂生产运行过程中,高效的煤场管理可以起到良好的节能效果。本文首先对燃煤热值损失进行分析,然后对热值受到存煤水分的影响予以说明,指明煤场管理在火力发电厂节能管理中的重要作用,最后结合实际情况,提出几点降低燃煤热值损失主要措施,希望可以对业内起到一定参考作用。

Terminal attitude selection method of missile attack aircraft

The appropriate terminal attitude of missile is important to improve the damage effectiveness of fragmentation warhead against aircraft targets.In this paper,three missile terminal attitude selection methods are proposed to solve the problem of terminal attitude selection in different situations according to their respective evaluation indexes.The MVE-based method uses the damage probability of each detonation point around the aircraft at a given attitude of missile to calculate the Mean Volume of Effectiveness(MVE)at the corresponding attitude,and then uses the MVE for different attitudes to select the terminal strike attitude.The detonation position-based method addresses the case where the missile detonation position can be assessed in advance.Given the effects of missile guidance errors and fuze activation position errors,Monte Carlo simulations are used to calculate the damage probability of aircraft with different strike attitudes,from which the terminal strike attitude is selected.The BP-ANN model-based method uses the constructed Back Propagation Artificial Neural Network(BP-ANN)model instead of simulation to calculate the evaluation indexes in the corresponding cases of MVE-based method and Detonation position-based method,which can improve the efficiency of attitude selection.Simulations are conducted for different scenarios to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.

Smart multi-functional aggregates reoxygenate tumor microenvironment through a two-pronged strategy to revitalize cancer immunotherapy

PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have emerged as standard treatments for advanced solid tumors;however,challenges such as a low overall response rate and systemic side effects impede their implementation.Hypoxia drives the remodeling of the tumor microenvironment,which is a leading reason for the failure of immunotherapies.Despite some reported strategies to alleviate hypoxia,their individual limitations constrain further improvements.Herein,a novel two-pronged strategy is pre-sented to efficiently address hypoxia by simultaneously adopting atovaquone(ATO,inhibiting oxygen consumption)and oxyhemoglobin(HbO2,directly supplement-ing oxygen)within a multifunctional aggregate termed NPs-aPD-1/HbO2/ATO.In addition to eliminating hypoxia with these two components,this smart aggre-gate also includes albumin and an ROS-responsive cross-linker as a controlled release scaffold,along with PD-1 antibody(aPD-1)for immunotherapy.Intriguingly,NPs-aPD-1/HbO2/ATO demonstrates exceptional tumor targeting in vivo,exhibit-ing≈4.2 fold higher accumulation in tumors than in the liver.Consequently,this aggregate not only effectively mitigates hypoxia and significantly assists aPD-1 immunotherapy but also simultaneously resolves the targeting and systemic toxicity issues associated with individual administration of each component.This study pro-poses substantial implications for drug-targeted delivery,addressing tumor hypoxia and advancing immunotherapy,providing valuable insights for advancing cancer treatment strategies.

三江源地区雪豹保护优先区规划

为了将有限资源合理投放到关键区域,实现物种保护成效的最大化,找出质量最好的栖息地及它们之间的迁徙通道是制定保护规划的第一步。本研究以三江源的雪豹(Panthera uncia)栖息地为对象,基于野外调查数据和高分辨率卫星遥感数据,利用物种分布模型、保护规划模型和连通度分析工具,找出了三江源地区雪豹的核心栖息地分布和潜在迁徙通道位置,分析了目前保护中的潜在威胁,并提出了针对三江源西、中、东三块区域的不同保护对策。结果表明:(1)三江源西部核心栖息地比较小而破碎,但迁徙通道较多且没有明显窄点,未来应关注青藏线的潜在阻碍作用,同时应防范道路沿线的野生动物盗猎;(2)中部区域横跨玉树–杂多–囊谦的雪豹栖息地是三江源最大的核心雪豹栖息地,在连通其他种群中也处于中心地位,应通过种群监测确定其健康稳定,对开发、偷猎等威胁防微杜渐,保持其源种群的作用;(3)东部区域人口密度高,受人类活动的影响最大,需保证阿尼玛卿、年保玉则两块核心栖息地的质量,并重点监测甘德县境内的省道处雪豹的迁徙通道是否畅通。三江源地区雪豹栖息地总体质量较好,建议将维持核心源种群的稳定性,保持种群间迁徙通道的畅通作为三江源的雪豹景观保护工作的整体目标。未来应充分利用天地一体化监测手段,开展重要保护物种栖息地状况的评估和预警,尤其是非保护地区域物种核心栖息地的开发建设活动。

A review of offshore wind farm layout optimization and electrical system design methods

There is more wind with less turbulence offshore compared with an onshore case,which drives the development of the offshore wind farm worldwide.Since a huge amount of money is required for constructing an offshore wind farm,many types of research have been done on the optimization of the offshore wind farm with the purpose of either minimizing the cost of energy or maximizing the total energy production.There are several factors that have an impact on the performance of the wind farm,mainly the energy production of wind farm which is highly decided bythe wind condition of construction area and micro-siting of wind turbines(WTs),as well as the initial investment which is influenced by both the placement of WTs and the electrical system design,especially the scheme of cable connection layout.In this paper,a review of the state-of-the-art researches related to the wind farm layout optimization as well as electrical system design including cable connection scheme optimization is presented.The most significant factors that should be considered in the optimization work of the offshore wind farm is highlighted after reviewing the latest works,and the future needs are specified.

Multi-time Scale Energy Management Strategy of Aggregator Characterized by Photovoltaic Generation and Electric Vehicles

The increasing number of photovoltaic(PV)generation and electric vehicles(EVs)on the load side has necessitated an aggregator(Agg)in power system operation.In this paper,an Agg is used to manage the energy profiles of PV generation and EVs.However,the daily management of the Agg is challenged by uncertain PV fluctuations.To address this problem,a robust multi-time scale energy management strategy for the Agg is proposed.In a day-ahead phase,robust optimization is developed to determine the power schedule.In a real-time phase,a rolling horizon-based convex optimization model is established to track the day-ahead power schedule based on the flexibilities of the EVs.A case study indicates a good scheduling performance under an uncertain PV output.Through the convexification,the solving efficiency of the real-time operation model is improved,and the over-charging and over-discharging problems of EVs can be suppressed to a certain extent.Moreover,the power deviation between day-ahead and real-time scheduling is controllable when the EV dispatching capacity is sufficient.The strategy can ensure the flexibility of the Agg for real-time operation.