Fine mapping and characterization of stripe rust resistance gene YrAYH in near-isogenic lines derived from a cross involving wheat landrace Anyuehong

Stripe rust,caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici(Pst),is a devastating disease in wheat worldwide.Discovering and characterizing new resistance genes/QTL is crucial for wheat breeding programs.In this study,we fine-mapped and characterized a stripe rust resistance gene,YRAYH,on chromosome arm 5BL in the Chinese wheat landrace Anyuehong(AYH).Evaluations of stripe rust response to prevalent Chinese Pst races in near-isogenic lines derived from a cross of Anyuehong and Taichung 29 showed that YrAYH conferred a high level of resistance at all growth stages.Fine mapping using a large segregating population of 9748 plants,narrowed the YRAYH locus to a 3.7 Mb interval on chromosome arm 5BL that included 61 annotated genes.Transcriptome analysis of two NIL pairs identified 64 upregulated differentially expressed genes(DEGs)in the resistant NILs(NILs-R).Annotations indicated that many of these genes have roles in plant disease resistance pathways.Through a combined approach of fine-mapping and transcriptome sequencing,we identified a serine/threonine-protein kinase SRPK as a candidate gene underlying YrAYH.A unique 25 bp insertion was identified in the NILs-R compared to the NILs-S and previously published wheat genomes.An InDel marker was developed and co-segregated with YrAYH.Agronomic trait evaluation of the NILs suggested that YrAYH not only reduces the impact of stripe rust but was also associated with a gene that increases plant height and spike length.

The DNA damage repair complex MoMMS21-MoSMC5 is required for infection-related development and pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae

The conserved DNA damage repair complex,MMS21-SMC5/6(Methyl methane sulfonate 21-Structural maintenance of chromosomes 5/6),has been extensively studied in yeast,animals,and plants.However,its role in phytopathogenic fungi,particularly in the highly destructive rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae,remains unknown.In this study,we functionally characterized the homologues of this complex,MoMMS21 and MoSMC5,in M.oryzae.We first demonstrated the importance of DNA damage repair in M.oryzae by showing that the DNA damage inducer phleomycin inhibited vegetative growth,infection-related development and pathogenicity in this fungus.Additionally,we discovered that MoMMS21 and MoSMC5 interacted in the nuclei,suggesting that they also function as a complex in M.oryzae.Gene deletion experiments revealed that both MoMMS21 and MoSMC5 are required for infection-related development and pathogenicity in M.oryzae,while only MoMMS21 deletion affected growth and sensitivity to phleomycin,indicating its specific involvement in DNA damage repair.Overall,our results provide insights into the roles of MoMMS21 and MoSMC5 in M.oryzae,highlighting their functions beyond DNA damage repair.

Statistical Inversion Based on Nonlinear Weighted Anisotropic Total Variational Model and Its Application in Electrical Impedance Tomography

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) aims to reconstruct the conductivity distribution using the boundary measured voltage potential. Traditional regularization based method would suffer from error propagation due to the iteration process. The statistical inverse problem method uses statistical inference to estimate unknown parameters. In this article, we develop a nonlinear weighted anisotropic total variation (NWATV) prior density function based on the recently proposed NWATV regularization method. We calculate the corresponding posterior density function, i.e., the solution of the EIT inverse problem in the statistical sense, via a modified Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling. We do numerical experiment to validate the proposed approach.

Fine mapping and transcriptome sequencing reveal candidate genes conferring all-stage resistance to stripe rust on chromosome arm 1AL in Chinese wheat landrace AS1676

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici(Pst), threatens wheat production worldwide, and resistant varieties tend to become susceptible after a period of cultivation owing to the variation of pathogen races. In this study, a new resistance gene against Pst race CYR34 was identified and predicted using the descendants of a cross between AS1676, a highly resistant Chinese landrace, and Avocet S, a susceptible cultivar. From a heterozygous plant from a F7recombinant inbred line(RIL) population lacking the Yr18 gene, a near-isogenic line(NIL) population was developed to map the resistance gene. An allstage resistance gene, YrAS1676, was identified on chromosome arm 1AL via bulked-segregant exomecapture sequencing. By analyzing a large NIL population consisting of 6537 plants, the gene was further mapped to the marker interval between KA1A_485.36 and KA1A_490.13, spanning 485.36–490.13 Mb on1AL. A total of 66 annotated genes have been reported in this region. To characterize and predict the candidate gene(s), an RNA-seq was performed using NIL-R and NIL-S seedlings 3 days after CYR34 inoculation. Compared to NIL-S plants, NIL-R plants showed stronger immune reaction and higher expression levels of genes encoding pathogenesis-associated proteins. These differences may help to explain why NIL-R plants were more resistant to Pst race CYR34 than NIL-S plants. By combining fine-mapping and transcriptome sequencing, a calcium-dependent protein kinase gene was finally predicted as the potential candidate gene of YrAS1676. This gene contained a single-nucleotide polymorphism. The candidate gene was more highly expressed in NIL-R than in NIL-S plants. In field experiments with Pst challenge,the YrAS1676 genotype showed mitigation of disease damage and yield loss without adverse effects on tested agronomic traits. These results suggest that YrAS1676 has potential use in wheat stripe rust resistance breeding.

A major vernalization-independent QTL for tiller angle on chromosome arm 2BL in bread wheat

Tiller angle(TA)strongly influences plant architecture and grain yield in cereals.However,the genetic basis of TA in wheat is largely unknown.We identified three TA-related quantitative trait loci(QTL).One of them was QTa.sau-2 B-769,a major QTL localized on chromosome arm 2 BL.QTa.sau-2 B-769 was detected in seven environments,explaining 18.1%–51.1%of phenotypic variance.We developed a linked Kompetitive Allele-Specific Polymerase chain reaction(KASP)marker,KASP-AX-108792274,to further validate this locus in three additional populations in multiple environments.QTa.sau-2 B-769 increased TA by up to 24.9%in these populations.There were significant and positive correlations between TA and flag leaf angle(FLANG).However,TA was not correlated with plant height or anthesis date,suggesting that expression of QTa.sau-2 B-769 is independent of vernalization.Traes CS2 B01 G583800,a gene known to be involved in leaf angle regulation,was identified as the most likely candidate gene for QTa.sau-2 B-769.These results enrich our understanding of the mechanisms regulating wheat TA at maturity and may support precise mapping and cloning of gene(s)underlying QTa.sau-2 B-769.

Mapping a stable adult-plant stripe rust resistance QTL on chromosome 6AL in Chinese wheat landrace Yibinzhuermai

Stripe rust,caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici(Pst),is one of the most important diseases threatening the yield and stability of wheat production in China and many other countries.Identification and utilization of new genes for durable stripe rust resistance are important for ongoing control of this disease.The objectives of this study were to identify quantitative trait loci(QTL)associated with adult-plant stripe rust resistance in the Chinese wheat landrace Yibinzhuermai(YBZR)and to provide wheat breeders with new sources of potentially durable resistance.A total of 117 recombinant inbred lines(RILs)(F5:8)derived from a cross between YBZR and highly susceptible cultivar Taichung 29(TC29)were assessed for stripe rust severity in field experiments at Wenjiang in 2016 and 2017 and Chongzhou in 2016,2017,2018,and 2019 in Sichuan following inoculation with a mixture of current Pst races.The RILs were genotyped using the Wheat55K single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)array.Three QTL were identified on chromosome arms 6AL,5BL and 7DS.QYr.YBZR-6AL and QYr.YBZR-7DS conferred major effects in all field environments,explaining 10.6%to 14.7%and 11.5%to 21.2%of phenotypic variation,respectively.The QTL on 5BL and 7DS likely correspond to previously known QTL,whereas QYr.YBZR-6AL is probably novel.Haplotype analysis revealed that the resistance allele at QYr.YBZR-6AL was present in 2.8%of 324 Chinese wheat landraces.SNP markers closely linked with QYr.YBZR-6AL were converted to kompetitive allele-specific PCR markers and validated in the RIL population and a subset of 92 wheat cultivars.QYr.YBZR-6AL and its markers should be useful in breeding programs to improve the level and durability of stripe rust resistance.

Study of the Single Shear Performance of a Joint with a New Beech and Self-Tapping Screw Composite Dowel

A new beech and self-tapping screw composite dowel is proposed and studied,its performance being compared with that of beech dowels and self-tapping screws alone.The single shear performance of components connected by composite dowels was tested.Results show that the dowels are a good choice for components requiring high stiffness.Screws remain a good choice for components requiring excellent seismic performance.Combination group presents similar maximum load stiffness to those of composite dowels,but other ductility parameters are superior for composite dowels.The best connection mode was provided by two composite dowels.Based on connecting two points,structural elements with two composite dowels showed much better load bearing ability than when joined by two beech dowels or by two self-tapping screws separately.The structural element with two composite dowels not only presented better initial stiffness,but also exhibited a better ductility coeffi-cient and less energy consumption.So,the composite dowels can be used for beam column connection,dowel laminated timber,and restoration or enhancement of ancient buildings.

“产业孤岛型”淘宝村演化过程及重构作用——以保定市高家庄村为例

电子商务成为乡村发展转型的重要推动力,淘宝村的形成演化及其社会作用受到越来越多的关注。以保定市高家庄村为案例,采取实地调研法,解析“产业孤岛型”淘宝村演化过程及经营模式,阐述电子商务行为对村域空间的多维度重构作用。研究发现:(1)高家庄村从传统农业种植村向专业化淘宝村的转型共经历了四个时期:原始种植+贩卖废旧金属时期、“跑电梯”行业过渡时期、淘宝村爆发式形成时期、淘宝村平稳发展时期;(2)淘宝村内部主要有四种典型的从业与经营模式:数量多、分布广的“家庭网店模式”、数量少、规模大的“企业经营模式”、由个人经营的“纯贸易网店模式”、仅从事拆解工作的“行业工人模式”;(3)电子商务在空间维度上促进了产居空间渗透融合,改变了村内闲置宅基地和空白用地的使用方式;经济维度上推动了“孤岛式”产业升级发展,加速了农村居民非农化就业创业,促进了区域内其他相关行业的衍生发展;社会维度上改善了农村关系,巩固延伸了从业人员的虚拟交往空间和实际交往空间;(4)高家庄村电子商务实现了从无到有的发展,淘宝村快速成型,但产业基础的限制使得淘宝村虽在村镇尺度上经营现状良好,在县域尺度上的空间扩散却不明显,乡村重构作用较小。

Rapid diagnosis of femtosecond laser filament by single laser shot-induced acoustic pulses[Invited]

Due to the promising applications of femtosecond laser filamentation in remote sensing,great demands exist for diagnosing the spatiotemporal dynamics of filamentation.However,until now,the rapid and accurate diagnosis of a femtosecond laser filament remains a severe challenge.Here,a novel filament diagnosing method is proposed,which can measure the longitudinal spatial distribution of the filament by a single laser shot-induced acoustic pulse.The dependences of the point-like plasma acoustic emission on the detection distance and angle are obtained experimentally.The results indicate that the temporal profile of the acoustic wave is independent of the detection distance and detection angle.Using the measured relation among the acoustic emission and the detection distance and angle,a single measurement of the acoustic emission generated by a single laser pulse can diagnose the spatial distribution of the laser filament through the Wiener filter deconvolution(WFD)algorithm.The results obtained by this method are in good agreement with those of traditional point-by-point acoustic diagnosis methods.These findings provide a new solution and idea for the rapid diagnosis of filament,thereby laying a firm foundation for femtosecond laser filament-based promising applications.

Remote sensing of trace Na element in sea salt aerosol with a sensitivity level of 10 pg/m^(3)[Invited]

We have developed a remote sea salt aerosol fluorescence spectroscopy system integrating a high-power industrial-grade femtosecond laser to enhance detection sensitivity and precision in complex environments.This system successfully detects sea salt aerosol particles,achieving a detection limit of 0.015 ng/m^(3) for neutral Na element(Na I)at 589 nm,with a detection range of 30 m.Our findings demonstrate significant improvements in remote aerosol monitoring,addressing previous challenges in long-range and high-precision sensing with a detection accuracy previously unattainable below 10 ng/m^(3).

Nanotip design for high-resolution terahertz scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy

Terahertz(THz)scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy(s-SNOM)is an important means of studying and revealing material properties at the nanoscale.The nanotip is one of the core components of THz s-SNOM,which has a decisive impact on the resolution of the system.In this paper,we focus on the theory and design of the nanotip and conduct comprehensive research on it through simulation.The theoretical model is based on full-wave numerical simulation and dipole moment analysis,which can describe the overall nanotip electromagnetic response under the incident field.A comprehensive design model of nanotip geometry,sample materials,and incident field is established to significantly improve the near-field coupling efficiency and spatial resolution to achieve optimal performance.

碳纤维树脂基复合材料的高性能化

碳纤维及复合材料是关乎国家安全必须自主保障的关键战略材料,而树脂基(含量在35%以上)是碳纤维树脂基复合材料的两大材料基元之一,直接决定着复合材料的服役性能与成型工艺性.北京化工大学先进复合材料研究中心(AdvancedCompositesCenter,ACC)团队针对碳纤维用高性能树脂基体国产化存在品种缺乏及不成系列等突出问题,面向国家重大战略需求,在解决国家碳纤维树脂基复合材料的"无"和"有"的"顶天立地"方向上开展了一系列基础理论和应用基础研究,推动了国产碳纤维从"能用"向"好用"的质的飞跃,支撑了国内碳纤维树脂基复合材料研究由跟踪仿制的"跟跑"到自主创新的"并跑"的根本转变,取得了一系列重要创新成果.本文简述了ACC团队近10年在碳纤维专用树脂分子结构模拟设计及交联网络调控、碳纤维树脂基复合材料界面相容新机制的探究、碳纤维树脂基复合材料多级增韧增强方法学的构建、碳纤维高性能树脂基体的制备技术发展及碳纤维树脂基复合材料成型工艺的创新及其产品工程等方面的基础研究成果及关键技术突破,并对碳纤维树脂基复合材料高性能化的发展方向进行了展望.

Phonon-assisted upconversion in twisted two-dimensional semiconductors

Phonon-assisted photon upconversion(UPC)is an anti-Stokes process in which incident photons achieve higher energy emission by absorbing phonons.This letter studies phonon-assisted UPC in twisted 2D semiconductors,in which an inverted contrast between UPC and conventional photoluminescence(PL)of WSe2 twisted bilayer is emergent.A 4-fold UPC enhancement is achieved in 5.5°twisted bilayer while PL weakens by half.Reduced interlayer exciton conversion efficiency driven by lattice relaxation,along with enhanced pump efficiency resulting from spectral redshift,lead to the rotation-angle-dependent UPC enhancement.The counterintuitive phenomenon provides a novel insight into a unique way that twisted angle affects UPC and light-matter interactions in 2D semiconductors.Furthermore,the UPC enhancement platform with various superimposable means offers an effective method for lighting bilayers and expanding the application prospect of 2D stacked van der Waals devices.

Giant excitonic upconverted emission from two-dimensional semiconductor in doubly resonant plasmonic nanocavity

Phonon-assisted upconverted emission is the heart of energy harvesting,bioimaging,optical cryptography,and optical refrigeration.It has been demonstrated that emerging two-dimensional(2D)semiconductors can provide an excellent platform for efficient phonon-assisted upconversion due to the enhanced optical transition strength and phonon-exciton interaction of 2D excitons.However,there is little research on the further enhancement of excitonic upconverted emission in 2D semiconductors.Here,we report the enhanced multiphoton upconverted emission of 2D excitons in doubly resonant plasmonic nanocavities.Owing to the enhanced light collection,enhanced excitation rate,and quantum efficiency enhancement arising from the Purcell effect,an upconverted emission amplification of>1000-fold and a decrease of 2~3 orders of magnitude in the saturated excitation power are achieved.These findings pave the way for the development of excitonic upconversion lasing,nanoscopic thermometry,and sensing,revealing the possibility of optical refrigeration in future 2D electronic or excitonic devices.

Phonon scattering and exciton localization: molding exciton flux in two dimensional disorder energy landscape

Two dimensional excitonic devices are of great potential to overcome the dilemma of response time and integration in current generation of electron or/and photon based systems.The ultrashort diffusion length of exciton arising from ultrafast relaxation and low carrier mobility greatly discounts the performance of excitonic devices.Phonon scattering and exciton localization are crucial to understand the modulation of exciton flux in two dimensional disorder energy landscape,which still remain elusive.Here,we report an optimized scheme for exciton diffusion and relaxation dominated by phonon scattering and disorder potentials in WSe2 monolayers.The effective diffusion coefficient is enhanced by>200%at 280 K.The excitons tend to be localized by disorder potentials accompanied by the steadily weakening of phonon scattering when temperature drops to 260 K,and the onset of exciton localization brings forward as decreasing temperature.These findings identify that phonon scattering and disorder potentials are of great importance for long-range exciton diffusion and thermal management in exciton based systems,and lay a firm foundation for the development of functional excitonic devices.

Vapor phase fabrication of three-dimensional arrayed BiI3 nanosheets for cost-effective solar cells

Multilayered photovoltaic absorbers have triggered widespread attention for their unique structure and properties.However,multilayered materials in the randomly oriented polycrystalline thin-film lead to ineffective carrier transport and collection,which hinders the process of achieving high-performance solar cells.Herein,this issue is tackled by producing the three-dimensional(3D)heterojunction BiI3 nanosheets(NSs)solar cells,which embed vertically aligned monocrystalline BiI3 NSs into spiro-OMeTAD.The preferred orientation of BiI3 NSs and large p-n junction areas of 3D heterojunction structure enable a strong light absorption and effective carrier transport and collection,and thus a power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 1.45%was achieved.Moreover,this PCE is the highest ever reported for BiI3 based solar cells to our best knowledge.Moreover,the nonencapsulated device remained 96%of the initial PCE after 24 h continuous one sun illumination at^70%humidity condition,and 82%of the initial PCE after 1-month storage at^30%humidity condition.

Anti-Correlated Plasma and THz Pulse Generation during Two-Color Laser Filamentation in Air

The THz generation efficiency and the plasma density generated by a filament in air have been found anti-correlated when pumped by 800 nm+1600 nm two-color laser field.The plasma density near zero delay of two laser pulses has a minimum value,which is opposite to the trend of THz generation eficiency and contradicts common sense.The lower plasma density cannot be explained by the static tunneling model according to the conventional photocurrent model,but it might be attributed to the electron trapping by the excited states of nitrogen molecule.The present work also clarifies the dominant role of the drifting velocity accelerated by the two-color laser field during the THz pulse generation process.The results promote our understanding on the optimization of the THz generation efficiency by the two-color laser filamentation.

Femtosecond laser filamentation in simulated atmospheric turbulence[Invited]

The effects of turbulence intensity and turbulence region on the distribution of femtosecond laser filaments are experimentally elaborated.Through the ultrasonic signals emitted by the filaments,it is observed that increasing turbulence intensity and an expanding turbulence active region cause an increase in the start position of the filament and a decrease in filament length,which can be well explained by theoretical calculation.It is also observed that the random perturbation of the air refractive index caused by atmospheric turbulence expands the spot size of the filament.Additionally,when the turbulence refractive index structure constant reaches 8.37×10^(-12)m^(-2/3),multiple filaments are formed.Furthermore,the standard deviation of the transverse displacement of filament is found to be proportional to the square root of the turbulent structure constant under the experimental turbulence parameters in this paper.These results contribute to the study of femtosecond laser propagation mechanisms in complex atmospheric turbulence conditions.