Identification and treatment of individuals with attentiondeficit/ hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorder: An expert consensus statement

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)often co-occurs with substance use(SU)and/or substance use disorder(SUD).Individuals with concurrent ADHD and SU/SUD can have complex presentations that may complicate diagnosis and treatment.This can be further complicated by the context in which services are delivered.Also,when working with young people and adults with co-existing ADHD and SU/SUD,there is uncertainty among healthcare practitioners on how best to meet their needs.In February 2022,the United Kingdom ADHD Partnership hosted a meeting attended by multidisciplinary experts to address these issues.Following presentations providing attendees with an overview of the literature,group discussions were held synthesizing research evidence and clinical experience.Topics included:(1)A review of substances and reasons for use/misuse;(2)identification,assessment and treatment of illicit SU/SUD in young people and adults with ADHD presenting in community services;and(3)identification,assessment and treatment of ADHD in adults presenting in SU/SUD community and inpatient services.Discussions highlighted inter-service barriers and fragmentation of care.It was concluded that a multimodal and multi-agency approach is needed.The consensus group generated a table of practice recommendations providing guidance on:identification and assessment;pharmacological and psychological treatment;and multi-agency interventions.

基于贝叶斯网络信任构建来缓解MANET网络安全威胁

由于移动Ad hoc(MANET)网络具有无固定基础设施、通信信道不可靠、节点随机移动等特性,对其安全问题的研究一直富有挑战性。信任机制结合加密技术可以有效缓解各类网络攻击(例如丢包攻击)。考虑到MANET网络的特性,需采取智能化方法来实现信任构建,进而发现攻击者的恶意行为。文章侧重缓解丢包攻击与数据包篡改攻击威胁,提出了一种基于贝叶斯网络的可信度评估构建机制,该机制可有效进行因果推理。文章提出的信任模型可有效区别导致网络丢包的不同原因:是由于网络信道不可靠,还是由于遭受恶意攻击。这样,即可计算出更精确的可信度。最后,仿真结果表明文章所提算法在恶劣网络环境中可行且有效。