Beware of the serious harm of veterinary drug poisoning:a case report

Veterinary drugs are substances(including pharmaceutical feed additives)used to prevent,treat,and diagnose diseases or regulate the physiological functions of animals.Veterinary drug poisoning in humans is relatively rare both in China and the rest of the world.Here,we report a case of death from veterinary drug poisoning from avermectin-closantel.Avermectin-closantel is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic drug,which has high efficacy against a variety of trematodes and nematodes.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for hallucination in schizophrenia spectrum disorders A meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE： This study assessed the efficacy and tolerability of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment of auditory hallucination of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. DATA SOURCES： Online literature retrieval was conducted using PubMed, ISI Web of Science, EMBASE, Medline and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases from January 1985 to May 2012. Key words were ＂transcranial magnetic stimulation＂, ＂TMS＂, ＂repetitive tran- scranial magnetic stimulation＂, and ＂hallucination＂. STUDY SELECTION： Selected studies were randomized controlled trials assessing therapeutic ef- ficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for hallucination in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Experimental intervention was low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in left temporoparietal cortex for treatment of auditory hallucination in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Control groups received sham stimulation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The primary outcome was total scores of Auditory Hallucinations Rating Scale, Auditory Hallucination Subscale of Psychotic Symptom Rating Scale, Positive and Negative Symptom Scale-Auditory Hallucination item, and Hallucination Change Scale. Secondary outcomes included response rate, global mental state, adverse effects and cognitive function. RESULTS： Seventeen studies addressing repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment of schizophrenia spectrum disorders were screened, with controls receiving sham stimulation. All data were completely effective, involving 398 patients. Overall mean weighted effect size for repeti- tive transcranial magnetic stimulation versus sham stimulation was statistically significant （MD = -0.42, 95%C/： -0.64 to -0.20, P = 0.000 2）. Patients receiving repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation responded more frequently than sham stimulation （OR = 2.94, 95%C/： 1.39 to 6.24, P =0.005）. No significant differences were found between active repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and sham stimulation for positive or negative symptoms. Compared with sham stimulation, active repeti- tive transcranial magnetic stimulation had equivocal outcome in cognitive function and commonly caused headache and facial muscle twitching. CONCLUSION： Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is a safe and effective treatment for auditory hallucination in schizophrenia spectrum disorders,

Antidepressants for bipolar disorder A meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, controlled trials

OBJECTIVE： To examine the efficacy and safety of short-term and long-term use of antidepres- sants in the treatment of bipolar disorder. DATA SOURCES： A literature search of randomized, double-blind, controlled trials published until December 2012 was performed using the PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Medline and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases. The keywords ＂bipolar disorder, bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, bipolar mania, bipolar depression, cyclothymia, mixed mania and depression, rapid cycling and bipolar disorder＂, AND ＂antidepressant agent, antidepressive agents second- generation, antidepressive agents tricyclic, monoamine oxidase inhibitor, noradrenaline uptake in- hibitor, serotonin uptake inhibitor, and tricyclic antidepressant agent＂ were used. The studies that were listed in the reference list of the published papers but were not retrieved in the above-mentioned databases were supplemented. STUDY SELECTION： Studies selected were double-blind randomized controlled trials assessing the efficacy and safety of antidepressants in patients with bipolar disorder. All participants were aged 18 years or older, and were diagnosed as having primary bipolar disorder. Antidepressants or antidepressants combined with mood stabilizers were used in experimental interventions. Placebos, mood stabilizers, antipsychotics and other antide pressants were used in the control interventions. Studies that were quasi-randomized studies, or used antidepressants in combination with antipsy- chotics in the experimental group were excluded. All analyses were conducted using Review Man- ager 5.1 provided by the Cochrane Collaboration.

Hydrogen generation from methanolysis of sodium borohydride over Co/Al_2O_3 catalyst

Co/Al2O3 catalyst is prepared with an impregnation-chemical reduction method and used to catalyze the methanolysis of sodium borohydride （NaBH 4） for hydrogen generation.At solution temperature of 0 C,the methanolysis reaction can be effectively accelerated using Co/Al2O3 catalyst and provide a desirable hydrogen generation rate,which makes it suitable for applications under the circumstance of low environmental temperature.The byproduct of methanolysis reaction is analyzed by X-ray diffraction （XRD） and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR）.The characterization results indicate that methanol can be easily recovered after methanolysis reaction by hydrolysis of the methanolysis byproduct,NaB（OCH 3） 4.The catalytic activity of Co/Al2O3 towards NaBH 4 methanolysis can be further improved by appropriate calcination treatment.The catalytic methanolysis kinetics and catalyst reusability are also studied over the Co/Al2O3 catalyst calcined at the optimized temperature.

Ultrafine PdAg alloy nanoparticles anchored on NH2-functionalized 2D/2D TiO_(2) nanosheet/rGO composite as efficient and reusable catalyst for hydrogen release from additive-free formic acid at room temperature

A 2 D-2 D titanium dioxide nanosheet-reduced graphene oxide(TNS-r GO)composite with better electronic conductivity and hydrophilicity was prepared by the hydrothermal method.The as-obtained TNS-r GO composite was further functionalized with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane(APTES)to provide a large amount of-NH2 groups on the surface for anchoring ultrafine Pd Ag alloy nanoparticles with an average particle size of 1.69 nm by a facile wet reduction approach.Benefiting from the combined effects of well-dispersed Pd Ag alloy nanoparticles,facilitated electron transfer from TNS-r GO to Pd,and increased electron density of active sites,the Pd8 Ag_(1)/NH_(2)-TNS-r GO catalyst exhibited excellent activity towards dehydrogenation of formic acid without adding any additives at 298 K,corresponding to an initial turn over frequency as high as 1090 h-1,which is much higher than that of most other state-of-theart catalysts.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neural plasticity in a rat model of spinal cord transection

The present study employed a rat model of T10 spinal cord transection. Western blot analyses revealed increased brain-dedved neurotrophic factor （BDNF） expression in spinal cord segments caudal to the transection site following injection of replication incompetent herpes simplex virus vector （HSV-BDNF） into the subarachnoid space. In addition, hindlimb locomotor functions were improved. In contrast, BDNF levels decreased following treatment with replication defective herpes simplex virus vector construct small interference BDNF （HSV-siBDNF）. Moreover, hindlimb locomotor functions gradually worsened. Compared with the replication incompetent herpes simplex virus vector control group, extracellular signal regulated kinasel/2 expression increased in the HSV-BDNF group on days 14 and 28 after spinal cord transection, but expression was reduced in the HSV-siBDNF group. These results suggested that BDNF plays an important role in neural plasticity via extracellular signal regulated kinasel/2 signaling pathway in a rat model of adult spina cord transection.

Correlation between tibial nerve ultrastructural abnormalities and post-mercury poison-induced muscular pain in rats

BACKGROUND： The pathways induced/activated by mercury poisoning that lead to muscle pain remain unclear. The present study addressed the structural changes observed in the peripheral nerve following mercury poisoning. OBJECTIVE： To establish the mercury poison rat model, rats were intragastrically administered mercury, The correlation between post-mercury poison-induced muscular pain and tibial nerve morphological changes were observed. DESIGN： Observational contrast animal study. SETTING： Shangdong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine. MATERIALS： Thirty adult Sprague Dawley rats of equal gender. Mercury chloride （HgCl2, analytical grade： 99.99%; batch number： 990402） was provided by Shanghai Chemical Reagent Factory, and sodium dimercaptopropanesulfonate （DMPS） injection by Shanghai Harvest Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. （batch number： 0309011）. METHODS： This study was performed at the Animal Experimental Center of Shangdong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine from December 2005 to January 2006. Rats were randomly divided into high-dose mercury, low-dose mercury, and control groups, with 10 rats in each group. Rats in the two mercury groups were intragastrically administered 17 mg/kg and 8.5 mg/kg HgCl2 solution, respectively, once a day to establish a rat model of subacute mercury poisoning. Rats in the control group were intragastrically administered 2 mL saline, once a day. Intragastric administration in the three groups lasted for （20± 2） days. After model establishment, rats in the two mercury groups were injected DMPS once a day to remove mercury. The injection lasted for 3 days after every 4-day interval. Seven days was regarded as one treatment cycle, and there were two treatment cycles in total. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Mercury-induced muscular pain status; ultrastructural changes of the right tibial nerve following model establishment and mercury removal under transmission electron microscope. RESULTS： Thirty rats were included in the final analysis. Muscular pain status： one rat exhibited mercury-induced muscular pain. Red swelling of the skin was observed on the posterior claws, lower limbs, and tail. The rat incessantly licked and scratched the red swelling of the skin, turned over, and occasionally hissed. The axon myelin sheath of the tibial nerve was intact, clear, and dense. The mitochondrial membrane was intact and smooth, and the cristallin was clear. Microfilaments and microtubules were tightly arranged. Axon pathological changes and demyelination lesion occurred in the right tibial nerve in the two mercury groups. However, mercury removal with DMPS for two treatment cycles did not inhibit the peripheral nerve lesion. In the pain model rats, the myelin sheath of the tibial nerve was mottled. Mitochondria in the axoplasm were swollen, the structure was unclear, numbers were decreased, and cristallin disappeared. The mitochondrial membrane was broken, and the microfilament was reduced and unorganized. After two treatment cycles of mercury removal with DMPS, nerve demyelination lesion was aggravated, and the myelin sheath was increasingly mottled. Both rarefaction degeneration and vacuolar transformation were observed in most of the axon myelin sheath. The axonal membrane was damaged to a certain degree. CONCLUSION： Subacute HgCl2 poisoning might result in tibial nerve injury. The myelin sheath of the tibial nerve was mottled in mercury poisoned rats without muscular pain. Nevertheless, the correlation between mercury poisoning and pain remains unclear. The injured tibial nerve of the rats was not repaired after dimercaptopropanesulfonate treatment.

BICYCLOOCTANOID NEOLIGNANS FROM PIPER KADSURA

Three new bicyclooctanoid neolignans, kadsurenin A, kadsurenin B and kadsurenin C were isolated from Piper kadsura (Choisy) Ohwi. Based on the spectroscopic analysis (UV, JR, MS, NMR, and X-ray), their structures were established as 7R, 8R, 3'S, 4'R, 5'R-△^(s')-3,4-methyienedioxy-5'-methoxy-4'-acetyloxy-2',3',4',5'-tetrahydro-2'-oxo-7.3',8.5'-neolignan; 7R, 8R, 3'S, 4'R, 5'R-△^(s')-3, 4-methylenedioxy-5'-methoxy-4'-hydroxy-2',3',4',5'-tetrahydro-2'-oxo-7. 3', 8. 5'-neolignan and 7R, 8R. 3'S, 4'R, 5'R-△^(s')-3, 4, 5'-trimethoxy-4'-hydroxy- 2', 3', 4', 5'-tetrahydro-2'-oxo-7. 3', 8. 5'-neolignan respectively.

A four-protein metabolon assembled by a small peptide protein creates the pentacyclic carbonate ring of aldgamycins

Organic carbonates(OCs)are a class of compounds featured by a carbonyl flanked by two alkoxy/aryloxy groups.They exist in either linear or cyclic forms,of which the majority encountered in nature adopt a pentacyclic structure.However,the enzymatic basis for pentacyclic carbonate ring formation remains elusive.Here,we reported that a four-protein metabolon(AlmUII-UV)assembled by a small peptide protein(AlmUV)appends a reactive N-hydroxylcarbamoyl moiety to the decarboxylated aldgamycins followed by a non-enzymatic condensation to give the pentacyclic carbonate ring.Our results have documented an unprecedent mechanism for carbonate formation.