The marriage of immunomodulatory,angiogenic,and osteogenic capabilities in a piezoelectric hydrogel tissue engineering scafold for military medicine

Background:Most bone-related injuries to grassroots troops are caused by training or accidental injuries.To establish preventive measures to reduce all kinds of trauma and improve the combat effectiveness of grassroots troops,it is imperative to develop new strategies and scafolds to promote bone regeneration.Methods:In this study,a porous piezoelectric hydrogel bone scafold was fabricated by incorporating polydopamine(PDA)-modified ceramic hydroxyapatite(PDA-hydroxyapatite,PHA)and PDA-modified barium titanate(PDABaTiO_(3),PBT)nanoparticles into a chitosan/gelatin(Cs/Gel)matrix.The physical and chemical properties of the Cs/Gel/PHA scafold with 0–10 wt%PBT were analyzed.Cell and animal experiments were performed to characterize the immunomodulatory,angiogenic,and osteogenic capabilities of the piezoelectric hydrogel scafold in vitro and in vivo.Results:The incorporation of BaTiO_(3) into the scafold improved its mechanical properties and increased self-generated electricity.Due to their endogenous piezoelectric stimulation and bioactive constituents,the prepared Cs/Gel/PHA/PBT hydrogels exhibited cytocompatibility as well as immunomodulatory,angiogenic,and osteogenic capabilities;they not only effectively induced macrophage polarization to M2 phenotype but also promoted the migration,tube formation,and angiogenic differentiation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs)and facilitated the migration,osteodifferentiation,and extracellular matrix(ECM)mineralization of MC3T3-E1 cells.The in vivo evaluations showed that these piezoelectric hydrogels with versatile capabilities significantly facilitated new bone formation in a rat large-sized cranial injury model.The underlying molecular mechanism can be partly attributed to the immunomodulation of the Cs/Gel/PHA/PBT hydrogels as shown via transcriptome sequencing analysis,and the PI3K/Akt signaling axis plays an important role in regulating macrophage M2 polarization.Conclusion:The piezoelectric Cs/Gel/PHA/PBT hydrogels developed here with favorable immunomodulation,angiogenesis,and osteogenesis functions may be used as a substitute in periosteum injuries,thereby offering the novel strategy of applying piezoelectric stimulation in bone tissue engineering for the enhancement of combat efectiveness in grassroots troops.

Analysis on the causes of massive stranding of Yellow Sea green tide on Lianyungang and Rizhao coasts in 2022

In 2022,Yellow Sea green tide caused by Ulva prolifera reached a historic minimum and the coastal areas of Shandong Peninsula were less affected.However,the largest amount of seaweed biomass has been washed ashore on Lianyungang and Rizhao coasts since 2015.We studied the development pattern of Yellow Sea green tide in 2022,and analyzed the key environmental factors on the growth and drifting,then discussed the possible reasons that resulted in the massive stranding of green tide biomass in Lianyungang and Rizhao.Results show under the combined influence of the east to southeast winds and currents with shoreward anomalies,green tide drifted to the coastal waters between Shandong and Jiangsu provinces and the distribution areas located westward compared with previous years(2008–2021).Floating U.prolifera rafts from the coastal waters of Binhai and Sheyang drifted continuously into the coastal waters of Lianyungang and Rizhao,providing important supplements for Yellow Sea green tide.Because green tide in 2022 distributed close to the coastal waters,the abundant nutrients might support their continuous high growth rate.In addition,the amount of rainfall around Shandong Peninsula from late June to early July were significantly higher than in previous years,which might promote the development of green tide to some extent.

Clinical application of oral contrast-enhanced ultrasound in evaluating the preoperative T staging of gastric cancer

BACKGROUND Oral contrast-enhanced ultrasound(OCEUS)is widely used in the noninvasive diagnosis and screening of gastric cancer(GC)in China.AIM To investigate the clinical application of OCEUS in evaluating the preoperative T staging of gastric cancer.METHODS OCEUS was performed before the operation,and standard ultrasound images were retained.The depth of infiltration of GC(T-stage)was evaluated according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer 8th edition of the tumor-nodemetastasis staging criteria.Finally,with postoperative pathological staging as the gold standard reference,the sensitivity,specificity,negative predictive value,positive predictive value,and diagnostic value of OCEUS T staging were evaluated.RESULTS OCEUS achieved diagnostic accuracy rates of 76.6%(T1a),69.6%(T1b),62.7%(T2),60.8%(T3),88.0%(T4a),and 88.7%(T4b),with an average of 75.5%.Ultrasonic T staging sensitivity exceeded 62%,aside from T1b at 40.3%,while specificity was over 91%,except for T3 with 83.5%.The Youden index was above 60%,with T1b and T2 being exceptions.OCEUS T staging corresponded closely with pathology in T4b(kappa>0.75)and moderately in T1a,T1b,T2,T3,and T4a(kappa 0.40-0.75),registering a concordance rate exceeding 84%.CONCLUSION OCEUS was effective,reliable,and accurate in diagnosing the preoperative T staging of GC.As a noninvasive diagnostic technique,OCEUS merits clinical popularization.

Predictors of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Following Traumatic Injuries

Objective After traumatic injury in pregnant women,providing timely and appropriate management for high-risk patients is crucial for both pregnant women and fetuses.This study aimed to identify risk factors that predict adverse pregnancy outcomes after traumatic injury.Methods A retrospective cohort study including 317 pregnant patients who experienced trauma was conducted.The collected data included general demographics,injury mechanisms and adverse pregnancy outcomes.Patients were divided into two subgroups based on the absence or presence of trauma-related adverse pregnancy outcomes.Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were conducted to estimate the associations between clinical variables and adverse pregnancy outcomes.Results A total of 41(12.93%)patients experienced adverse pregnancy outcomes within the first 24 h post-trauma.This study revealed that age>35 years(OR=14.995,95%CI:5.024–44.755,P<0.001),third trimester trauma(OR=3.878,95%CI:1.343–11.204,P=0.012),abdominal pain(OR=3.032,95%CI:1.221–7.527,P=0.017),vaginal bleeding(OR=3.226,95%CI:1.093–9.523,P=0.034),positive scan in focused assessment with sonography for trauma(FAST)positive(OR=8.496,95%CI:2.825–25.555,P<0.001),9≤injury severity score(ISS)<16(OR=3.039,95%CI:1.046–8.835,P=0.041)and ISS≥16(OR=5.553,95%CI:1.387–22.225,P=0.015)increased the probability of posttraumatic adverse pregnancy outcomes.Maternal age,gestational age at delivery,vaginal bleeding and positive FAST results were risk factors for abnormal delivery.Conclusion Advanced maternal age,third trimester,and positive FAST results should alert multidisciplinary trauma teams to closely monitor patients to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Exploring the Applications of Digital Twin Technology in Enhancing Sustainability in Civil Engineering:A Review

With the advent of the big data era and the rise of Industrial Revolution 4.0,digital twins(DTs)have gained sig-nificant attention in various industries.DTs offer the opportunity to combine the physical and digital worlds and aid the digital transformation of the civil engineering industry.In this paper,605 documents obtained from the search werefirst analysed using CiteSpace for literature visualisation,and an author co-occurrence network,a keyword co-occurrence network,and a keyword clustering set were obtained.Next,through a literature review of 86 papers,this paper summarises the current status of DT application in civil engineering based on a review of the origins,concepts,and implementation techniques of DTs,and it introduces the application of DTs in the full project lifecycle.This study shows that DTs have great potential to address many of the challenges faced by civil engineering.In this regard,the paper also presents some thoughts on the future directions of DT research.

Scaling law of hydrogen evolution reaction for InSe monolayer with 3d transition metals doping and strain engineering

Recently, two dimensional In Se attracts great attentions as potential hydrogen production photocatalysts.Here, comprehensive investigations on the hydrogen evolution reaction activity of In Se monolayer with3 d transition metal doping and biaxial strain were performed based on the density functional theory.Transition metal dopants significantly increase the bonding strength between H and Se, and then adjust the hydrogen adsorption free energy to 0.02 e V by Zn doping. The enhanced hydrogen evolution reaction activity results from less electron occupying H 1 s-Se 4 pzanti-bonding states, which is well correlated with the pzband center level. Importantly, the universal scalling law was proposed to descript the evolution of hydrogen adsorption free energy including both doping and strain effects. Moreover, with appropriate band alignment, optical absorption, and carriers separation ability, Zn doped In Se monolayer is considered as a promising candidate of visible-light photocatalyst for hydrogen production.

Electrodeposition of chitosan/graphene oxide conduit to enhance peripheral nerve regeneration

Currently available commercial nerve guidance conduits have been applied in the repair of peripheral nerve defects.However,a conduit exhibiting good biocompatibility remains to be developed.In this work,a series of chitosan/graphene oxide(GO)films with concentrations of GO varying from 0-1 wt%(collectively referred to as CHGF-n)were prepared by an electrodeposition technique.The effects of CHGF-n on proliferation and adhesion abilities of Schwann cells were evaluated.The results showed that Schwann cells exhibited elongated spindle shapes and upregulated expression of nerve regeneration-related factors such as Krox20(a key myelination factor),Zeb2(essential for Schwann cell differentiation,myelination,and nerve repair),and transforming growth factorβ(a cytokine with regenerative functions).In addition,a nerve guidance conduit with a GO content of 0.25%(CHGFC-0.25)was implanted to repair a 10-mm sciatic nerve defect in rats.The results indicated improvements in sciatic functional index,electrophysiology,and sciatic nerve and gastrocnemius muscle histology compared with the CHGFC-0 group,and similar outcomes to the autograft group.In conclusion,we provide a candidate method for the repair of peripheral nerve defects using free-standing chitosan/GO nerve conduits produced by electrodeposition.

Identification of a Novel OsCYP2 Allele that Was Involved in Rice Response to Low Temperature Stress

Cyclophilin(CYP)plays an important role in plant response to stress,and OsCYP2,one gene of cyclophlilin family,is involved in auxin signal transduction and stress signaling in rice.However,the mechanism that OsCYP2 is involved in rice response to low temperature is still unclear.We identified a new OsCYP2 allelic mutant,lrl3,with fewer lateral roots,and the differences in shoot height,primary root length and adventitious root length increased with the growth process compared to the wild-type plant.Auxin signaling pathway was also affected and became insensitive to gravity.The transgenic rice plants with over-expression of OsCYP2 were more tolerant to low temperature than the wild-type plants,suggesting that OsCYP2 was involved in the low temperature response in rice.In addition,OsCYP2 negatively regulated the expression of OsTPS38,a terpene synthase gene,and was dependent on the OsCDPK7-mediated pathway in response to low temperature stress.OsTPS38-overexpressed transgenic line ox-2 was more sensitive to low temperature.Therefore,OsCYP2 may negatively regulate OsTPS38 through an OsCDPK7-dependent pathway to mediate the response to low temperature in rice.These results provide a new basis for auxin signaling genes to regulate rice response to low temperature stress.

Effective anti-inflammatory phenolic compounds from dandelion:identification and mechanistic insights using UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS,fluorescence quenching and anisotropy,molecular docking and dynamics simulation

This novel study identifi es the effective anti-inflammatory phenolic compounds in dandelion and provides mechanistic insights into their interactions with receptor proteins(toll-like receptor 4,TLR4;co-receptor myeloid differentiation protein-2,MD-2)using UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS,lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-stimulated THP-1 cell line,fluorescence quenching and anisotropy,molecular docking(single ligand and multi-ligand docking)and molecular dynamics simulation.A 50%aqueous methanol extract had a greater anti-inflammatory effect and higher chicoric acid content,compared with the 100%water and 100%methanol extracts.Chicoric acid,chlorogenic acid,methylophiopogonone A,caffeic acid,gallic acid monohydrate and 4’-O-demethylbroussonin A had relatively high binding energies and contents in all extracts.Chicoric acid competed with chlorogenic acid,4’-O-demethylbroussonin A and quercetin for MD-2.Among dandelion’s phenolics,chicoric acid most effectively hindered TLR4-MD-2 complex formation,with a quenching constant of 0.62×10^(6) L/mol for MD-2 or TLR4 at 320 K,and binding energies of-6.87 and-5.97 kcal/mol,respectively,for MD-2 and TLR4.

Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory cardiogenic shock induced by adrenal lesions:a case report and review of the literature

The adrenal gland secretes a variety of hormones that regulate physiological functions,and adrenal lesions can lead to insidious or sudden onset diseases that are easily misdiagnosed.Recently,several young patients with unknown sudden and refractory cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest(CA)were successfully treated in our emergency department by the application of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(VA-ECMO).These life-threatening conditions were finally determined to be caused by adrenal lesions,which highlight the bridging role of VA-ECMO.[1]

Hot deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of Be/2024Al composites

The high temperature compression test of Be/2024Al composites with 62wt%Be was conducted at 500–575℃ and strain rate of0.003–0.1 s^(-1).The strain-compensated Arrhenius model and modified Johnson–Cook model were introduced to predict the hot deformation behavior of Be/2024Al composites.The result shows that the activation energy of Be/2024Al composites was 363.364 k J·mol^(-1).Compared with composites reinforced with traditional ceramics,Be/2024Al composites can be deformed with ultra-high content of reinforcement,attributing to the deformable property of Be particles.The average relative error of the two models shows that modified Johnson–Cook model was more suitable for low temperature condition while strain-compensated Arrhenius model was more suitable for high temperature condition.The processing map was generated and a hot extrusion experiment was conducted according to the map.A comparation of the microstructure of Be/2024Al composites before and after extrusion shows that the Be particle deformed coordinately with the matrix and elongated at the extrusion direction.

Effects of anode material on the evolution of anode plasma and characteristics of intense electron beam diode

In this paper,three kinds of materials including graphite,titanium(Ti)and molybdenum(Mo)are used as anodes to figure out the influence factors of anode material on the characteristics of the intense electron beam diode.The results show that the characteristics of diode are mainly determined by the cathode plasma motion under a 15 mm diode gap,in which the typical electron beam parameters are 280 kV,3.5 kA.When the diode gap is reduced to 5 mm,the voltage of the electron beam reduces to about 200 kV,and its current increases to more than 8.2 kA.It is calculated that the surface temperatures of Ti and Mo anodes are higher than their melting points.The diode plasma luminescence images show that Ti and Mo anodes produce plasmas soon after the bombardment of electron beams.Ti and Mo lines are respectively found in the plasma composition of Ti and Mo anode diodes.Surface melting traces are also observed on Ti and Mo anodes by comparing the micromorphologies before and after bombardment of the electron beam.These results suggest that the time of anode plasma generation is closely related to the anode material.Compared with graphite,metal Ti and Mo anodes are more likely to produce large amounts of plasma due to their more significant temperature rise effect.According to the moment that anode plasma begins to generate,the average expansion velocities of cathode and anode plasma are estimated by fitting the improved space-charge limited flow model.This reveals that generation and motion of the anode plasma significantly affect the characteristics of intense electron beam diode.

Junction matters in hydraulic circuit bio-design of microfluidics

Microfluidic channels are at micrometer scales;thus,their fluid flows are laminar,resulting in the linear dependence of pressure drop on flow rate in the length of the channel.The ratio of the pressure drop to flow rate,referred to as resistance,depends on channel size and dynamic viscosity.Usually,a microfluidic chip is analogous to an electric circuit in design,but the design is adjusted to optimize channel size.However,whereas voltage loss is negligible at the nodes of an electric circuit,hydraulic pressure drops at the nodes of microfluidic chips by a magnitude are comparable to the pressure drops in the straight channels.Here,we prove by experiment that one must fully consider the pressure drops at nodes so as to accurately design a precise microfluidic chip.In the process,we numerically calculated the pressure drops at hydraulic nodes and list their resistances in the range of flows as concerned.We resorted to machine learning to fit the calculated results for complex junctions.Finally,we obtained a library of node resistances for common junctions and used them to design three established chips that work for single-cell analysis and for precision allocation of solutes(in gradient and averaging concentration microfluidic networks).Endothelial cells were stimulated by generating concentrations of adriamycin hydrochloride from the last two microfluidic networks,and we analyzed the response of endothelial cells.The results indicate that consideration of junction resistances in design calculation brings experimental results closer to the design values than usual.This approach may therefore contribute to providing a platform for the precise design of organ chips.

同一方剂制成不同剂型的服用天数探讨

目的探讨中药一日煎剂量在开发成不同剂型后是否制成等同于中药煎剂一日中药用量。方法通过查阅文献,考证《方剂学》中一日煎剂中药量在现行《中华人民共和国药典》中制成不同剂型的服用天数。结果 12种中药煎剂中小柴胡汤制成小柴胡泡腾片、小建中汤制成小建中合剂与四物汤制成四物合剂服用天数减少,其他服用天数均增加,服用天数最高的独活寄生丸为11.3 d、最低的小建中颗粒为1.1 d。结论不同剂型折算成中药饮片后日服用量不一定与一日煎剂中药用量相等。

硅油取出联合外路显微手术治疗硅油填充眼视网膜脱离

目的:探讨同期行硅油取出联合外路显微手术治疗硅油填充眼视网膜脱离的适应证及临床效果。方法:回顾性系列病例研究。收集2014-07/2018-07间在我院眼科同期行硅油取出联合外路显微手术治疗的硅油填充眼视网膜脱离患者21例21眼的临床资料。分析视网膜脱离的原因、视网膜复位的效果、视力改善情况以及手术并发症等。结果:所有病例手术后随访4~12(平均5.48±1.53)mo;一次手术视网膜解剖复位19眼,手术成功率90%,其它2眼需再次行内路玻璃体切除联合硅油填充术;术后最佳矫正视力(BCVA)≥0.4者4眼,0.06~0.3者9眼,≤0.05者8眼,术后LogMAR视力(1.10±0.58)与术前(1.66±0.74)相比有差异(t=3.58,P<0.05)。术后发生黄斑前膜1眼,继发青光眼2眼,并发性白内障5眼,未见其他严重并发症发生。结论:对于增殖性玻璃体视网膜病变(PVR)≤C1、裂孔位于赤道及以前的硅油填充眼视网膜脱离可采用同期硅油取出联合外路显微手术治疗,具有操作方便、视网膜复位率高、并发症少等优点,同时可减少再次玻璃体切除术或硅油填充的机会。

Evaluation of the Effect of Comfort Nursing on Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Complicated with Respiratory Failure

Objective:To explore and analyze the effect of comfort nursing in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)complicated with respiratory failure.Methods:60 patients with COPD and respiratory failure who were admitted to the Department of Respiratory Medicine of our hospital from May 2020 to May 2023 were selected as subjects of this study,and they were divided into comfort group and reference group by odd and even number draw method,with 30 cases in each group.The comfort group received comfort nursing,and the reference group received general nursing.The lung function performance and living conditions were compared between the groups.Results:Before the intervention,there was no statistically significant difference(P>0.05)in terms of lung functions such as forced expiratory volume in the first second(FEV1),forced vital capacity(FVC),and the ratio FEV1/FVC between the groups;after the intervention,the lung functions of the comfort group were significantly better than those in the reference group(P<0.05).Before the intervention,there was no statistically significant difference(P>0.05)between the groups in terms of mental state,physical function,social situation,and spiritual aspects;after the intervention,the mental state,physical function,social situation,and spiritual aspects of the comfort group were significantly better than those of the reference group(P<0.05).Conclusion:Comfort nursing care for COPD patients with respiratory failure can improve their lung function and quality of life,and achieve ideal nursing effects.

人工晶状体囊袋内悬吊治疗晶状体半脱位的临床观察

目的:探讨白内障超声乳化联合人工晶状体(IOL)囊袋内悬吊固定治疗晶状体半脱位(SL)的疗效。方法:回顾性分析2014-06/2017-12于我院就诊的SL(悬韧带断离范围≤270°)患者18例18眼,均行白内障超声乳化联合IOL单襻或双襻囊袋内悬吊固定术,其中2眼同时行25G微创玻璃体切除术。术后随访6~12mo,观察最佳矫正视力(BCVA)、眼压(IOP)、IOL位置、眼底情况等,记录术中和术后并发症情况。结果:本组患者均顺利完成手术。术后3mo,BCVA(0.43±0.30)较术前(1.48±0.68)明显改善(t=7.30,P<0.01),IOP均恢复正常(≤21mmHg),IOL均处于正位,无偏心、移位。本组患者术中和术后均未出现严重眼部并发症。结论:单襻或双襻囊袋内悬吊固定IOL是治疗SL的一种有效的手术方式,不仅可以保持IOL位于正常生理位置、恢复患者视功能,而且经济实用,避免囊袋张力环(CTR)相关的并发症发生。

汉语致使句的语义推衍:以“使”字句和“把”字句为例

"使"字句和"把"字句是现代汉语表示致使语义的两个重要句式,二者具有一定的转换关系但又有不同。本文在形式化的事件语义理论框架下,对表示致使义的"使"字句和"把"字句进行了细致的事件结构分析及语义推衍。我们发现,表示致使义的"使"字句和"把"字句,不论句法上表现为单句、从单句向复句转化过程的中间阶段句式,还是复句,在语义上都呈现复合事件结构,其中"使"字句是两个子事件的合取,"把"字句则包含合取加嵌套的复杂事件结构。通过对比两类句式的事件语义结构我们还发现,有可能形成替换关系的是事件致使类的"使"字句和"把"字句,以及个体致使关系类"使"字句与客体指向"把"字句,且第二个原子事件表示完成。二者所表示的语义亦存在细微差异,前者的致事表原因,而后者的致事表外力。

Role of p38 Signaling Pathway in Pentagastrin-Regulated Cell Proliferation of Colorectal Carcinoma Cell Line HT-29

Objective: To investigate the effects and mechanisms of p38 signaling pathway in pentagastrin-regulated cell proliferation of colorectal carcinoma cell line HT-29. Methods: HT-29 cell line of colorectal carcinoma was in vitro incubated and divided into the control group, pentagastrin group, proglumide group, and pentagastrin + proglumide group. MTT reduction assay was performed to detect the proliferation status of HT-29 cell line and determine the optimal dosage of pentagastrin and proglumide. Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate flow cytometry was used to detect the proliferation index (PI) and apoptosis rate (AR) of HT-29 cells. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect the mRNA expression of the pentagastrin receptor/cholecystokinin-B receptor (CCK-BR) and p38. The protein and phosphorylation levels of p38 were estimated by western blotting. Results: RT-PCR detection showed that CCK-BR mRNA was expressed in the HT-29 cell line. Pentagatrin improved HT-29 cell proliferation in dosage of 6.25 - 100 mg/L, and the optimal dosage of pentagastrin was 25.0 mg/L. Proglumide had no significant effect on the proliferation of HT-29 cells, but significantly inhibited the proliferation of HT-29 cells stimulated by pentagastrin when the dosage of proglumide was 8.0 - 128.0 mg/L, and the optimal dosage was 32.0 mg/L. The AR in the pentagastrin group was significantly lower than that in the control group and in the pentagastrin + proglumide group. The PI in the pentagastrin group was significantly higher than that in the control group and in the pentagastrin + proglumide group. P38 phosphorylation level in the pentagastrin group was significantly lower than that in the control group, and in the pentagastrin + proglumide group. There were no significant differences in the mRNA and protein expression of p38 in the control, pentagastrin, proglumide and pentagastrin + proglumide groups. Conclusion: Pentagastrin can improve proliferation of the CRC cell line HT-29 and inhibit apoptosis via the p38 signal transduction pathway. This mechanism may be associated with suppressed p38 protein phosphorylation level due to inhibition of proglumide, a gastrin receptor antagonist.

Eigenvalue Spectrum and Synchronizability of Double-Layer Directed Ring Networks

The synchronizability of multiplex undirected regular networks has been intensively studied based on the study of the synchronizability of single-layer networks. However, most real networks are characterized by some degree of directionality. So multiplex directed networks can better explain the synchronizability phenomenon. Here, based on the theory of master stability function (MSF), we study the eigenvalue spectrum and synchronizability of double-layer inter-layer directed ring networks (Networks-A) and double-layer intra-layer directed ring networks (Networks-B). The eigenvalue spectrum of the supra-Laplacian matrix of the networks is rigorously derived, and the influence of the networks structure parameters on the network’s synchronizability is analyzed. The correctness of the theory is further verified by numerical simulation analysis. Finally, the synchronizability of four kinds of double-layer ring networks with different coupling modes, namely, Networks-A, Networks-B, Networks-C (double-layer undirected ring networks), and Networks-D (double-layer undirected inter-layer random-added-edge ring networks), is compared and the results can provide guidance for constructing the optimal synchronization network.