Mechanism of action of Wuzi Yanzong pill in the treatment of oligoasthenozoospermia in rats determined via serum metabolomics

Objective:To investigate the mechanism of action of Wuzi Yanzong pill(WYP)in rats with oligoasthenozoospermia(OAZ)via metabolomics and to provide a possible basis for improving this WYP-based treatment.Methods:A rat model of OAZ was established by treating male SpragueeDawley rats with glucosides from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.F.Seventy-two rats were randomly divided into six groups:control,L-carnitine(positive control),model,and low-,medium-,and high-dose WYP groups.Rats in the experimental groups were treated with WYP for 4 weeks.At the end of the treatment period,sperm cell quality(density,motility,and viability)was assessed using a semen analysis system,mitochondrial membrane potential(MMP)was assessed using flow cytometry,and testicular injury was assessed using hematoxylin and eosin staining to validate the therapeutic effect of WYP in OAZ.Further,serum metabolomics-based analysis was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify differential metabolic pathways and possible mechanisms of action of WYP in OAZ treatment.Results:A rat model of OAZ was considered successfully-established after comparing the quality of spermatozoa in the model group to that in the control group.WYP-M and WYP-H treatments significantly improved sperm cell density,motility,and viability compared with those in the model group(all P<.05).Compared with the model group,both WYP-M and WYP-H treatments increased MMP values(P=.006 and P=.021 respectively),while there was no significant difference in the L-carnitine group.L-carnitine and WYP administration reversed damage to the testes to varying degrees compared with that in the model group.Further,44 differential metabolites and four metabolic pathways,especially autophagy pathway,related to OAZ were identified via metabolomics.Conclusions:WYP improves sperm cell quality and MMP in OAZ primarily via autophagy regulation.These findings can be employed to improve the efficacy of WYP in humans.

Analysis of the Current Situation and Influencing Factors of Knowledge,Attitude,and Practice of Nursing Informatics Among Intern Nursing Students

Objective:To investigate the current situation of knowledge,attitude,and practice(KAP)of nursing informatics for intern nursing students.Methods:A total of 213 intern nursing students were selected as subjects.Results:The total score of the questionnaire of knowledge dimension was 10.32±3.23;the score of attitude dimension was 58.78±6.80;the score of practice dimension was 29.06±14.35.Logistic regression analysis showed that further learning plans,telemedicine hospital intern experience,self-learning ability,and telecare training were the related influencing factors of KAP(P<0.05).Conclusions:The current KAP level of nursing informatics among intern nursing students was low to moderate.Hence,the strengthening of school courses and skill training programs is urgently needed.

神经母细胞瘤CCCG-NB-2015共识多中心应用总结

目的:对中国多中心应用CCCG-NB-2015共识方案诊治的儿童神经母细胞瘤(neuroblastoma,NB)病例进行回顾性分析总结,以期为改进NB诊疗工作提供有力依据。方法:回顾性分析2013年3月至2020年7月经统一规范的CCCG-NB-2015共识方案诊治的全国多中心500例NB患儿的临床和预后资料,通过Cox单因素和多因素回归分析明确影响NB预后的关键因素;分别绘制神经元特异性烯醇化酶(neuron-specific enolase,NSE)和乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)在预测骨髓转移和复发的ROC曲线,明确NSE和LDH的临床价值;比对分析NB两种不同分期系统和危险度分组系统下患儿的预后差异,着重分析中危组人群的队列特征和预后结局。结果:通过单因素分析共确定10个潜在的预后因子,分别为年龄、肿瘤原发部位、INPC分类、骨髓转移、MYCN状态、INSS分期、INRGSS分期、诊断时NSE、LDH水平和影像学定义的危险因素(image-defined risk factors,IDRFs),均P<0.05。Cox多因素分析结果显示与无事件生存率(event-free survival,EFS)密切相关的独立预后因子为INPC分类、骨髓转移、诊断时NSE、LDH水平,与OS密切相关的独立预后因子为NSE、LDH水平及INRGSS分期(均P<0.05);NSE和LDH可以较好地预测NB骨髓转移、复发等事件发生(均P<0.05);INSS分期中非4期和4期的3年EFS分别为93.8%和52.6%;转换为INRGSS分期后,L1、L2、MS和M期的3年EFS分别为94.4%、87.2%、87.5%和53.6%。低危组、中危组和高危组3年和5年的EFS分别为97.1%和97.1%、90.0%和87.3%、53.9%和47.3%;其中INSS分期中3期且伴有INPC为UH型的患儿在CCCG-NB-2015共识方案中被归入高危组,其预后差,5年EFS为65.7%(P<0.05),但却在INRG危险度分组中被列入中危组。结论:NSE和LDH水平在预测NB患儿骨髓是否转移以及预后评价方面具有重要价值。INRGSS分期为预后的独立影响因子,其较INSS分期在对患儿预后评估方面更具有临床意义,推荐使用INRGSS分期系统;CCCG-NB-2015共识方案各危险度分组治疗下低中危组预后较好,高危组预后较差,建议将来可降低低危组的治疗强度,而对于基于INRG危险度分组治疗的前提下,中危组的治疗建议继续延用CCCG-NB-2015共识中危组方案。

Nuciferine relieves type 2 diabetes mellitus via enhancing GLUT4 expression and translocation

Nuciferine contained in lotus leaves have been confirmed to have the effect of ameliorating hyperlipemia and hyperglycemia.A laser scanning confocal microscope was used to track the translocation of glucose transporter 4(GLUT4)in L6 cells and the changes in intracellular Ca^(2+)levels in real time,and related protease inhibitors combined with western blotting were used to explore the mechanism of nuciferine.Meanwhile,KK-Ay mice,the spontaneous type 2 diabetic mice,were used to evaluate the in vivo activity of nuciferine.In this study,the in vitro studies indicated that nuciferine-induced GLUT4 translocation was regulated by G protein-PLC-PKC and AMPK pathways and nuciferine-enhanced intracellular Ca^(2+)was mediated by G protein-PLC-IP3-IP3R pathway,the increase in intracellular Ca^(2+)caused by nuciferine was not directly related to GLUT4 translocation,but both promote glucose uptake.The in vivo results suggested that nuciferine ameliorated weight gain induced by high-fat diet,abnormal lipid metabolism and the symptoms of insulin resistance in KK-Ay diabetic mice.Western blot results suggested that nuciferine increased AMPK and PKC phosphorylation levels in skeletal muscle and liver,and enhanced GLUT4 expression in skeletal muscle.Taken together,this research showed that nuciferine has the non-negligible potential in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

血清白介素-17联合降钙素原对肝硬化失代偿期合并肺部细菌感染的诊断价值

目的探讨血清白介素-17(interleukin-17,IL-17)联合降钙素原(procalcitonin,PCT)对肝硬化失代偿期合并肺部细菌感染的诊断价值。方法纳入2022年1月至2022年6月在南阳市中心医院感染科住院治疗的143例肝硬化失代偿期患者为研究对象,分为感染组(62例)和非感染组(81例)。比较两组临床基线资料及血清中IL-17表达水平的差异,肝硬化失代偿期发生肺部细菌感染的影响因素采用Logistic回归分析,ROC曲线分析血清IL-17联合PCT对肝硬化失代偿期合并肺部细菌感染的诊断价值。结果与非感染组相比,感染组WBC(P<0.001)、N(P<0.001)、hs-CRP(P<0.001)、PCT(P<0.001)、PT(P<0.001)、APTT(P<0.001)、INR(P=0.006)水平显著升高,而ALB(P<0.001)水平显著降低。非感染组和感染组血清中IL-17水平分别为(48.18±10.23)ng/mL和(102.33±14.82)ng/mL,感染组血清中IL-17表达水平显著升高(P<0.001)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,PCT(OR=1.321)和IL-17(OR=1.791)均是肝硬化失代偿期合并肺部细菌感染的独立危险因素。IL-17单独诊断肝硬化失代偿期合并肺部细菌感染的AUC为0.891,敏感度和特异度分别为87.12%和89.45%;PCT诊断的AUC为0.862,敏感度和特异度分别为86.12%和85.67%;IL-17联合PCT诊断的AUC为0.932,敏感度和特异度分别为90.13%和91.452%。结论IL-17在肝硬化失代偿期合并肺部细菌感染患者血清中显著高表达,IL-17联合PCT在诊断肝硬化失代偿期合并肺部细菌感染具有良好的临床效能。

Hydraulic role in differential stomatal behaviors at two contrasting elevations in three dominant tree species of a mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest in low subtropical China

Quantifying the variation in stomatal behavior and functional traits of trees with elevation can provide a better understanding of the adaptative strategies to a changing climate. In this study, six water-and carbon-related functional traits were examined for three dominant tree species, Schima superba, Pinus massoniana and Castanopsis chinensis, in a mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest at two elevations(70 and 360 m above sea level,respectively) in low subtropical China. We hypothesized that trees at higher elevations would develop more efficient strategies of stomatal regulations and greater water transport capacity to cope with more variable hydrothermal conditions than those at lower elevations. Results show that the hydraulic conductivity did not differ between trees at the two elevations, contrary to our expectation. The C. chinensis trees had greater values of leaf mass per unit area(LMA), and the S. superba and C. chinensis trees had greater values of wood density(WD),relative stem water content(RWC), and ratio of sapwood area to leaf area(Hv) at the 360-m elevation than at 70-m elevation. The mean canopy stomatal conductance was greater and more sensitive to vapor deficit pressure at360 m than at 70 m for both S. superba and C. chinensis, while stomatal sensitivity did not differ between the two contrasting elevations for P. massoniana. The midday leaf water potential(ψL) in P. massoniana was significantly more negative at 360 m than at 70 m, but did not vary with increasing elevation in both S. superba and C. chinensis.Variations in Hvcan be related to the differential stomatal behaviors between the two elevations. The variations of stomatal behavior and ψLwith elevation suggested the isohydric strategy for the two broad-leaved species and the anisohydric strategy for the conifer species. The species-specific differences in LMA, WD, RWC, and Hvbetween the two elevations may reflect conservative resource use strategies at the higher elevation. Our findings revealed a close relationship between hydraulic and stomatal behavior and may help better understand the functional responses of forests to changing environmental conditions.

Temporal and Spatial Distribution of SARS-CoV-2 Aerosols in a Large-Scale Fangcang Shelter Hospital in Shanghai,China

The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic caused by frequently mutating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)has had a worldwide impact.However,detailed data on the potential aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in real-world and controlled laboratory settings remain sparse.During the COVID-19 pandemic in Shanghai,China in 2022,samples were collected in a Fangcang shelter hospital,a large-scale temporary hospital rapidly built by converting the existing National Exhibition and Convention Center(Shanghai)into a health care facility.Aerosol samples at different sites and intervals around patients and in public areas,surface samples,and pharyngeal swab samples from corresponding patients were included.Samples were tested for SARS-CoV-2 using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR)assays,followed by sequencing if the cycle threshold(Ct)value was<30.The positivity rate for SARS-CoV-2 in aerosol samples was high in contaminated zones(37.5%,104/277),especially around the bed(41.2%,68/165)and near ventilation inlets(45.2%,14/31).The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 around the bed,public areas,and air inlets of exhaust vents fluctuated and was closely related to the positivity rate among patients at corresponding sampling sites.Some surface samples of different personal protective equipment from medical staff had high positivity rates.Sixty sequences of joined ORF1ab and spike genes obtained from sixty samples represented two main clusters of Omicron SARS-CoV-2.There was consistency in virus sequences from the same patient and their environment,and the detected virus sequences matched those of virus strains in circulation during the collection periods,which indicated a high likelihood of cross-contamination in the Fangcang shelter hospital.In summary,the results provide a quantitative and real landscape of the aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and a patient-centered view of contamination in large and enclosed spaces and offer a useful guide for taking targeted measures to avoid nosocomial infections during the management of SARS-CoV-2 or other respiratory virus diseases in a Fangcang shelter hospital.

Smooth Trajectory Planning for a Cable Driven Parallel Waist Rehabilitation Robot Based on Rehabilitation Evaluation Factors

Rehabilitation robots can help physiatrists to assist patients in improving their movement ability.Due to the interaction between rehabilitation robots and patients,the robots need to complete rehabilitation training on a safe basis.This paper presents an approach for smooth trajectory planning for a cable-driven parallel waist rehabilitation robot(CDPWRR)based on the rehabilitation evaluation factors.First,motion capture technology is used to collect the motion data of several volunteers in waist twisting.Considering the impact of motion variability,the feature points at the center of the human pelvis are obtained after eliminating unreasonable data through rationality judgments.Then,point-to-point waist training trajectory planning based on quintic polynomial and cycloid functions,and multipoint waist training trajectory planning based on quintic B-spline functions are carried out.The corresponding planned curves and kinematics characteristics using three methods are compared and analyzed.Subsequently,the rehabilitation evaluation factors are introduced to conduct smooth trajectory planning for waist training,and the waist trajectory with better compliance is obtained based on the safety and feasibility of waist motion.Finally,the physical prototype of the CDPWRR is built,and the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed smooth trajectory planning method are proved by numerical analysis and experiments.

Earth Summit Mission 2022:Scientific Expedition and Research on Mt.Qomolangma Helps Reveal the Synergy between Westerly Winds and Monsoon and the Resulting Climatic and Environmental Effects

“Earth summit mission 2022”is one of the landmark scientific research activities of the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP).This scientific expedition firstly used advanced technology and methods to detect vertical meteorological elements and produce forecasts for mountain climbing.The“Earth summit mission 2022”Qomolangma scientific expedition exceeded an altitude of over 8000 meters for the first time and carried out a comprehensive scientific investigation mission on the summit of Mt.Qomolangma.Among the participants,the westerly–monsoon synergy and influence team stationed in the Mt.Qomolangma region had two tasks:1)detecting the vertical structure of the atmosphere for parameters such as wind,temperature,humidity,and pressure with advanced instruments for high-altitude detection at the Mt.Qomolangma base camp;and 2)observing extreme weather processes to ensure that members of the mountaineering team could successfully reach the top.Through this scientific expedition,a better understanding of the vertical structure and weather characteristics of the complex area of Mt.Qomolangma is gained.

Comparison of polysaccharides from 10 species of genera Paris,Trillium,Aspidistra,and Polygonatum

Background:The genera Paris,Trillium,Aspidistra,and Polygonatum originally belonged to the family Liliaceae;however,recently,in the APG system,the genera Polygonatum and Aspidistra were placed in the family Asparagaceae and the genera Paris and Trillium were placed in the family Melanthiaceae.Methods:To study the application of polysaccharide chemotaxonomy in Asparagaceae and Melanthiaceae,we extracted polysaccharides from the rhizomes of plants,including Paris polyphylla var.yunnanensis,Paris daliensis,Paris polyphylla var.chinensis,Trillium tschonoskii,Aspidistra elatior,Aspidistra sichuanensis,Aspidistra caespitosa,Polygonatum sibiricum,Polygonatum cyrtonema,and Polygonatum kingianum.Physicochemical and structural characterization of these polysaccharides was performed using molecular weight,monosaccharide composition,Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy,nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,and scanning electron microscopy.The immunomodulatory activities were evaluated using the macrophage cell line,RAW264.7.Results:In this study,we found that the polysaccharides from the genus Polygonatum and Aspidistra were mainly comprised of fructose and glucose;the molecular weights were mostly concentrated between 4.6-6.2 kDa.The polysaccharides from species of genus Polygonatum differed in that they contained acetyl groups,while polysaccharides from species of genus Aspidistra did not.Paris and Trillium species polysaccharides mainly consisted of glucose and mannose;the molecular weights of the two major peaks were 6.3-13 kDa and 1-1.5 kDa,respectively;the main differences between polysaccharides were the ratio of glucose and mannose and the degree of branching.These results suggest that fructans might be the main feature of the family Asparagaceae and fructans with acetyl groups might be the main feature of the genus Polygonatum which is consistent with the results of previous studies.Additionally,all polysaccharides from the 10 plants promoted phagocytic activity.Some of them exhibited strong activity,including nitrogen monoxide release and TNF-αsecretion by RAW264.7 macrophages,indicating that they could be used as potential immunomodulatory agents.Conclusion:The molecular weight distribution,monosaccharide composition,and surface morphology of the polysaccharides of the Polygonatum and Aspidistra plants were similar,while those of Paris and Trillium plants were similar.These results support the APG classification system,which placed the genera Polygonatum and Aspidistra in the Asparagaceae family and placed the genera Paris and Trillium in the Melanthiaceae family.

Genome-Wide Identification, Evolution and Expression Analyses of GA2ox Gene Family in Brassica napus L.

Gibberellin 2-oxidases(GA2ox)are important enzymes that maintain the balance of bioactive GAs in plants.GA2ox genes have been identified and characterized in many plants,but these genes were not investigated in Brassica napus.Here,we identified 31 GA2ox genes in B.napus and 15 of these BnaGA2ox genes were distributed in the A and C subgenomes.Subcellular localization predictions suggested that all BnaGA2ox proteins were localized in the cytoplasm,and gene structure analysis showed that the BnaGA2ox genes contained 2–4 exons.Phylogenetic analysis indicated that BnGA2ox family proteins in monocotyledons and dicotyledons can be divided into four groups,including two C_(19)-GA2ox and two C_(20)-GA2ox clades.Group 4 is a C_(20)-GA2ox Class discovered recently.Most BnaGA2ox genes had a syntenic relationship with AtGA2ox genes.BnaGA2ox genes in the C subgenome had experienced stronger selection pressure than genes in the A subgenome.BnaGA2ox genes were highly expressed in specific tissues such as those involved in growth and development,and most of them were mainly involved in abiotic responses,regulation of phytohormones and growth and development.Our study provided a valuable evolutionary analysis of GA2ox genes in monocotyledons and dicotyledons,as well as an insight into the biological functions of GA2ox family genes in B.napus.

Effects of Porosity on Piezoelectric Characteristics of Polyvinylidene Fluoride Films for Biomedical Applications

Objective:The objective of this work is to study the effects of porosity on mechanical and piezoelectric properties of polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)films for biomedical applications.Impact Statement:By investigating the piezoelectric properties of PVDF and the porosity effect on its electromechanical performance,there is potential for further development of PVDF as a hemodynamic sensor that can lead to further technological advancements in the biomedical field,benefiting patients and physicians alike.Introduction:PVDF thin films have shown potential in the application of hemodynamic flow sensing and monitoring the effects on blood flow caused by prosthetic valve implantation via the transcatheter aortic valve replacement operation.The piezoelectric performance of PVDF films can be influenced by the porosity of the material.Methods:In this study,strain tracking was performed on thin film PVDF specimens with various levels of porosity and pore sizes to determine the mechanical properties of the specimens.The mechanical properties were used to model the PVDF material in COMSOL multiphysics software,in which compression test simulations were performed to determine the piezoelectric coefficient d33 of the PVDF.Results:A decline in the elastic modulus was found to be highly inversely correlated with porosity of the specimens and the simulation results show that elastic modulus had a much greater effect on the piezoelectric properties than Poisson’s ratio.Conclusion:A combination of experimental and computational techniques was able to characterize and correlate the mechanical properties of PVDF films of varying porosities to their piezoelectric properties.

cN0期胃癌患者术前中性粒细胞淋巴细胞比血小板淋巴细胞比和C反应蛋白白蛋白比与术后淋巴结转移的关系

目的:探讨cN0期(术前影像学诊断)胃癌患者术前外周血中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio,NLR)、血小板与淋巴细胞比值(platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio,PLR)和C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)与白蛋白比值(C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio,CAR)等系统性炎症反应指标与患者术后淋巴结转移的关系,并建立指数预测模型。方法:回顾性分析四川省肿瘤医院2019年1月至12月行根治性手术切除的cN0期胃癌患者206例,按照术后病理诊断分为淋巴结转移组(group pN+)和无淋巴结转移组(group p N0),同时选取200例同期健康体检者作为健康对照组,比较炎症反应指标之间的差异,以及NLR、PLR、CAR与淋巴结转移数、转移率、淋巴结状态等之间的关系,利用多因素Logistic回归模型筛选c N0期胃癌患者淋巴结转移的独立危险因素。结果:p N+组胃癌患者术前白细胞计数、中性粒细胞计数、CRP、PLR、NLR、CAR、癌胚抗原(carcinoembryonic antigen,CEA)明显高于pN0组患者,差异均具有统计学意义(均P<0.05),而pN0组与健康对照组之间差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);而淋巴细胞计数、血小板计数和白蛋白水平的组间差异无统计意义(均P>0.05)。术前高NLR组、高PLR组和高CAR组患者的淋巴结分期构成及淋巴结转移数量分别低于术前低NLR组、低PLR组和低CAR组,差异具有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析显示,肿瘤大小、浸润深度、NLR和CAR是术前诊断为cN0期胃癌患者术后淋巴结转移的独立危险因素,OR值分别为1.358、8.174、3.049和2.254。术前诊断c N0期胃癌患者淋巴结转移的指数预测模型表达式为h(t)=h0exp(1.358X_(1)+8.174X_(2)+3.049X_(3)+2.254X_(4))。结论:术前高PLR、NLR和CAR水平与患者淋巴结分期及淋巴结转移数量密切相关,术前高NLR和CAR水平是cN0期胃癌患者淋巴结转移的独立影响因素。

The incidences and mortalities of major cancers in China, 2009

In 2012, the National Central Cancer Registry (NCCR) of China collected cancer registration information for the year 2009 from local cancer registries and analyzed it to describe the incidences and mortalities of cancers in China. Based on the data quality criteria from NCCR, data from 104 registries covering 85,470,522 people (57,489,009 in urban areas and 27,981,513 in rural areas) were checked and evaluated. The data from 72 registries were qualified and accepted for the cancer registry annual report in 2012. The total cancer incident cases and cancer deaths were 244,366 and 154,310, respectively. The morphologically verified cases accounted for 67.23%, and 3.14% of the incident cases only had information from death certifications. The crude incidence in the Chinese cancer registration areas was 285.91/ 100,000 (317.97/100,000 in males and 253.09/100,000 in females). The age-standardized rates for incidences based on the Chinese standard population (ASRIC) and the world standard population (ASRIW) were 146.87/100,000 and 191.72/100,000, respectively, with a cumulative incidence of 22.08%. The cancer mortality in the Chinese cancer registration areas was 180.54/100,000 (224.20/100,000 in males and 135.85/100,000 in females). The age-standardized rates for mortalities based on the Chinese standard population (ASRMC) and the world standard population (ASRMW) were 85.06/100,000 and 115.65/100,000, respectively, and the cumulative mortality was 12.94% . Lung cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, encephaloma, lymphoma, female breast cancer, and cervical cancer were the most common cancers, accounting for 75% of all cancer cases. Lung cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, encephaloma, leukemia, and lymphoma accounted for 80% of all cancer deaths. The cancer registration's population coverage has been increasing, and its data quality is improving. As the basis of the cancer control program, the cancer registry plays an important role in directing anticancer strategies in the medium and long term. Because cancer burdens are different in urban and rural areas in China, prevention and control efforts should be based on practical situations.

Report of incidence and mortality in China cancer registries, 2009

Objective： The National Central Cancer Registry （NCCR） collected cancer registration data in 2009 from local cancer registries in 2012, and analyzed to describe cancer incidence and mortality in China. Methods： On basis of the criteria of data quality from NCCR, data submitted from 104 registries were checked and evaluated. There were 72 registries＇ data qualified and accepted for cancer registry annual report in 2012. Descriptive analysis included incidence and mortality stratified by area （urban/rural）, sex, age group and cancer site. The top 10 common cancers in different groups, proportion and cumulative rates were also calculated. Chinese population census in 1982 and Segi＇s population were used for age-standardized incidence/mortality rates. Results： All 72 cancer registries covered a total of 85,470,522 population （57,489,009 in urban and 27,981,513 in rural areas）. The total new cancer incident cases and cancer deaths were 244,366 and 154,310, respectively. The morphology verified cases accounted for 67.23%, and 3.14% of incident cases only had information from death certifications. The crude incidence rate in Chinese cancer registration areas was 285.91/100,000 （males 317.97/100,000, females 253.09/100,000）, age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population （ASIRC） and by world standard population （ASIRW） were 146.87/100,000 and 191.72/100,000 with the cumulative incidence rate （0-74 age years old） of 22.08%. The cancer incidence and ASIRC were 303.39/100,000 and 150.31/100,000 in urban areas whereas in rural areas, they were 249.98/100,000 and 139.68/100,000, respectively. The cancer mortality in Chinese cancer registration areas was 180.54/100,000 （224.20/100,000 in males and 135.85/100,000 in females）, age-standardized mortality rates by Chinese standard population （ASMRC） and by world standard population （ASMRW） were 85.06/100,000 and 115.65/100,000, and the cumulative incidence rate （0-74 age years old） was 12.94%. The cancer mortality and ASMRC were 181.86/100,000 and 80.86/100,000 in urban areas, whereas in rural areas, they were 177.83/100,000 and 94.40/100,000 respectively. Lung cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreas cancer, encephaloma, lymphoma, female breast cancer and cervical cancer, were the most common cancers, accounting for 75% of all cancer cases in urban and rural areas. Lung cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, encephaloma, leukemia and lymphoma accounted for 80% of all cancer deaths. The cancer spectrum showed difference between urban and rural areas, males and females. The main cancers in rural areas were cancers of the stomach, followed by esophageal cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer and colorectal cancer, whereas the main cancer in urban areas was lung cancer, followed by liver cancer, gastric cancer and colorectal cancer. Conclusions： The coverage of cancer registration population has been increasing and data quality is improving. As the basis of cancer control program, cancer registry plays an important role in making anti- cancer strategy in medium and long term. As cancer burdens are different between urban and rural areas in China, prevention and control should be implemented based on practical situation.

Annual report on status of cancer in China,2010

Objective：Population-based cancer registration data in 2010 were collected,evaluated and analyzed by the National Central Cancer Registry （NCCR） of China.Cancer incident new cases and cancer deaths were estimated.Methods：There wvere 219 cancer registries submitted cancer incidence and death data in 2010.All data were checked and evaluated on basis of the criteria of data quality from NCCR.Total 145 registries＇ data were qualified and accepted for cancer statistics in 2010.Pooled data were stratified by urban/rural,area,sex,age group and cancer site.Cancer incident cases and deaths were estimated using age-specific rates and national population.The top ten common cancers in different groups,proportion and cumulative rate were also calculated.Chinese census in 2000 and Segi＇s population were used for age-standardized incidence/ mortality rates.Results：All 145 cancer registries （63 in urban and 82 in rural） covered a total of 158,403,248 population （92,433,739 in urban and 65,969,509 in rural areas）.The estimates of new cancer incident cases and cancer deaths were 3,093,039 and 1,956,622 in 2010,respectively.The morphology verified cases （MV％） accounted for 67.11％ and 2.99％ of incident cases were identified through death certifications only （DCO％） with mortality to incidence ratio （M/I） of 0.61.The crude incidence rate was 235.23/100,000 （268.65/100,000 in males,200.21/100,000 in females）,age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population （ASIRC,2000） and by world standard population （ASIRW） were 184.58/100,000 and 181.49/100,000 with the cumulative incidence rate （0-74 years old） of 21.l 1％.The cancer incidence and ASIRC were 256.41/100,000 and 187.53/100,000 in urban areas whereas in rural areas,they were 213.71/100,000 and 181.10/100,000,respectively.The crude cancer mortality in China was 148.81/100,000 （186.37/100,000 in males and 109.42/100,000 in females）,age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population （ASMRC,2000） and by world standard population （ASMRW） were 113.92/100,000 and 112.86/100,000,and the cumulative incidence rate （0-74 years old） was 12.78％.The cancer mortality and ASMRC were 156.14/100,000 and 109.21/100,000 in urban areas,whereas in rural areas,they were 141.35/100,000 and 119.00/100,000 respectively.Lung cancer,gastric cancer,colorectal cancer,liver cancer,esophageal cancer,pancreas cancer,encephaloma,lymphoma,female breast cancer and cervical cancer,were the most common cancers,accounting for 75％ of all cancer cases in urban and rural areas.Lung cancer,gastric cancer,liver cancer,esophageal cancer,colorectal cancer,pancreatic cancer,breast cancer,encephaloma,leukemia and lymphoma accounted for 80％ of all cancer deaths.Conclusions：The coverage of cancer registration population had a rapid increase and could reflect cancer burden in each area and population.As the basis of cancer control program,cancer registry plays an irreplaceable role in cancer epidemic surveillance,evaluation of cancer control programs and making anticancer strategy.China is facing serious cancer burden and prevention and control should be enhanced.

Report of Incidence and Mortality in China Cancer Registries,2008

Objective： Annual cancer incidence and mortality in 2008 were provided by National Central Cancer Registry in China, which data were collected from population‐based cancer registries in 2011. Methods： There were 56 registries submitted their data in 2008. After checking and evaluating the data quality, total 41 registries＇ data were accepted and pooled for analysis. Incidence and mortality rates by area （urban or rural areas） were assessed, as well as the age‐ and sex‐specific rates, age‐standardized rates, proportions and cumulative rate. Results： The coverage population of the 41 registries was 66,138,784 with 52,158,495 in urban areas and 13,980,289 in rural areas. There were 197,833 new cancer cases and 122,136 deaths in cancer with mortality to incidence ratio of 0.62. The morphological verified rate was 69.33%, and 2.23% of cases were identified by death certificate only. The crude cancer incidence rate in all areas was 299.12/100,000 （330.16/100,000 in male and 267.56/100,000 in female） and the age‐standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population （ASIRC） and world standard population （ASIRW） were 148.75/100,000 and 194.99/100,000, respectively. The cumulative incidence rate （0-74 years old） was of 22.27%. The crude incidence rate in urban areas was higher than that in rural areas. However, after adjusted by age, the incidence rate in urban was lower than that in rural. The crude cancer mortality was 184.67/100,000 （228.14/100,000 in male and 140.48/100,000 in female）, and the age‐standardized mortality rates by Chinese standard population （ASMRC） and by world population were 84.36/100,000 and 114.32/100,000, respectively. The cumulative mortality rate （0-74 years old） was of 12.89%. Age‐adjusted mortality rates in urban areas were lower than that in rural areas. The most common cancer sites were lung, stomach, colon‐rectum, liver, esophagus, pancreas, brain, lymphoma, breast and cervix which accounted for 75% of all cancer incidence. Lung cancer was the leading cause of cancer death, followed by gastric cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer and pancreas cancer, which accounted for 80% of all cancer deaths. The cancer spectrum varied by areas and sex in rural areas, cancers from digestive system were more common, such as esophageal cancer, gastric cancer and liver cancer, while incidence rates of lung cancer and colorectal cancer were much higher in urban areas. In addition, breast cancer was the most common cancer in urban women followed by liver cancer, gastric cancer and colorectal cancer. Conclusion： Lung cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer and female breast cancer contributed to the increased incidence of cancer, which should be paid more attention to in further national cancer prevention and control program. Different cancer control strategies should be carried out due to the varied cancer spectrum in different groups.

腺苷脱氨酶抑制剂的研究进展

腺苷脱氨酶抑制剂可抑制体内腺苷及其类似物在体内分解,具有较好抗肿瘤、抗病毒等活性的一类化合物。本文就腺苷脱氨酶抑制剂的研究及发展概况进行了综述,并对其前景进行了展望。

Synthesis and characterization of quaternized poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone)for anion-exchange membrane

Chloromethylated poly（phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone） （CMPPESK） was prepared from poly（phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone） （PPESK） using chloromethyl octyl ethers （CMOE） with lower toxicity as chloromethylated regent. CMPPESK was soluble in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone （NMP）, N,N-dimethylacetamide （DMAc） and chloroform. Quaternized poly（phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone） （QAPPESK） was prepared from CMPPESK by quaternization. QAPPESK had excellent solvent resistance, which was only partly soluble in sulfuric acid （98%） and swollen in N,N-dimethylformamide （DMF）. The vanadium redox flow battery （V-RFB） using QAPPESK anion-exchange membrane had better performance with 88.3% of overall energy efficiency.

Brief inhalation of sevoflurane can reduce glial scar formation after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats

Previous studies have demonstrated that sevoflurane postconditioning can provide neuroprotection after hypoxic-ischemic injury and improve learning and memory function in developing rodent brains.The classical Rice-Vannucci model was used to induce hypoxic-ischemic injury,and newborn(postnatal day 7)rats were treated with 2.4%sevoflurane for 30 minutes after hypoxic-ischemic injury.Our results showed that sevoflurane postconditioning significantly improved the learning and memory function of rats,decreased astrogliosis and glial scar formation,increased numbers of dendritic spines,and protected the histomorphology of the hippocampus.Mechanistically,sevoflurane postconditioning decreased expression of von Hippel-Lindau of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and increased expression of DJ-1.Injection of 1.52μg of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1αinhibitor YC-1(Lificiguat)into the left lateral ventricle 30 minutes before hypoxic-ischemic injury reversed the neuroprotection induced by sevoflurane.This finding suggests that sevoflurane can effectively alleviate astrogliosis in the hippocampus and reduce learning and memory impairments caused by glial scar formation after hypoxic-ischemic injury.The underlying mechanism may be related to upregulated DJ-1 expression,reduced ubiquitination of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α,and stabilized hypoxiainducible factor-1αexpression.This study was approved by the Laboratory Animal Care Committee of China Medical University,China(approval No.2016PS337K)on November 9,2016.