南海大陆坡海底对海洋环境噪声的影响

通过位于大陆坡上和深海处的两站点相同深度噪声实验数据,分析了大陆坡海域不同海底环境对海洋环境噪声的影响,并利用三维射线模型计算了不同海底条件下的噪声谱级和垂直指向性,进而研究了海底环境对环境噪声场的影响规律,数值仿真的噪声谱级和实验结果在绝对幅值和随频率变化趋势方面均符合较好。实验和仿真结果表明,由于大陆坡上坡方向的浅海环境不利于航船噪声远距离传播,因此大陆坡上站点的低频(300 Hz以下)噪声谱级较深海处更低;由于大陆坡海底底质较硬,海面高频风生噪声除了直达接收器外还可经海底反射后到达,因此大陆坡上站点的高频(1 kHz以上)噪声谱级较深海处高且随频率下降缓慢,导致大陆坡上和深海处的环境噪声谱级曲线随着频率增加会存在交叉现象。

深海海底山引起的混响杂波联合预报方法

针对深海复杂海域的主动探测混响杂波干扰的联合工程预报问题,本文基于三维射线-简正波理论建立了深海海底山引起的混响杂波联合预报方法,将海底山当作一类具有强散射特征的体积散射源,提出了对海底山的体积散射函数在水平和垂直维度上进行网格划分的数值积分方法。研究了不同水平方位,不同地形条件下的海底混响和海底山杂波强度特征。实现了小起伏水平海底和海底山地形的深海海底混响和海底山杂波的统一预报。研究结果表明:海底山的体积散射源经过水平和垂直维度的划分后,可以和水平海底的小尺度散射过程形成有效耦合,而海底山杂波的时间尺度和包络强度分别受海底山的水平宽度和垂直高度影响。通过海上实验数据比对,验证了本文所提预报方法的准确性。

深海大深度声传播特性及直达声区水下声源距离估计

深海大深度声传播特性对在深海近海底进行水声目标探测和定位具有重要意义。利用一次南海中南部深海不完全声道中的脉冲声传播实验数据,分析了海底附近大深度声传播损失及脉冲多途传播特性,并根据直达波和海底-海面反射波的时延差与收发距离的关系,提出一种利用深海直达声区脉冲多途到达时间进行水下声源距离估计的方法。结果表明:当接收器深度位于南海深海海底附近而声源深度较浅时,直达声区水平宽度可达30 km,传播损失相对影区来说较小,有利于水下声源探测;直达声区的直达波与海底-海面反射波的到达时延差随着收发距离的增大单调减小,可被用于水下声源距离估计。得到水下声源的距离估计结果与实验GPS测量结果较为一致,距离估计均方误差为0.28 km。

深海直达声区水下声源距离深度联合估计

深海直达声区声场存在明显的多途结构,可用于水下声源被动定位。本文根据一次南海实验获取的数据,研究基于双水听器接收信号互相关函数和单水听器接收信号自相关函数的水下声源距离深度联合估计方法。首先假设声源深度位于50m^300m之间,根据双水听器互相关函数提取直达波到达时间差估计水下声源距离,然后根据距离估计结果以及单水听器自相关函数提取的直达波与海面反射波时延差估计水下声源深度,最后计算声源深度估计结果的平均值再与双水听器互相关函数结合得到更为精确的距离估计结果。结果表明,采用此方法估计的水平距离相对误差在10.5%以内,声源深度相对误差小于13.3%。

深海直达声区中大深度声场水平纵向相关特性

深海直达声区中大深度声场水平纵向相关特性对海底水平阵阵形设计和相应的信号处理技术具有重要参考意义。基于2016年南海冬季一次深海不完全声道声传播实验,分析大深度声场特性及水平纵向相关性,对深海直达声区中大深度声场水平纵向相关性进行理论研究和数值仿真。结果表明:大深度声场的水平纵向相关半径与声能量高低无关,直达声区中大深度声场的干涉特性导致声场水平纵向相关系数存在振荡结构,声场水平纵向相关半径与声场传播损失的振荡周期一致,振荡周期越大,水平纵向相关半径越大;直达声区中声场水平纵向相关半径的大小随声源频率和声源深度的增大而变小,直达声区中近距离处声场水平纵向相关半径受接收深度变化影响较小,但在远距离处随接收深度的增大而增大。

南海海域跨海沟环境的声场会聚特性

利用南海北部海域的声传播实验数据分析了跨海沟条件下的声传播特性。结果表明:由于负梯度声速剖面和海底地形的共同作用,导致声能量在开始随着海沟深度变化向更深层位置上弯曲传播,传播损失在海沟中心位置附近达到最大。在海深逐渐变浅的距离上,由于海底反射使得声能量逐渐会聚,声传播损失比单纯陆坡变到深海环境下要减小20 dB以上。当会聚效果小于扩散和海底反射等引起的损失时,声传播损失达到最小,之后随着距离增大而增大;在海沟最后一段,当海深在8 km范围内从850 m突然变浅到311 m,声场能量逐渐会聚效果再次凸显,使得声传播损失减小10 dB。利用射线理论和抛物方程近似数值分析,解释了海沟环境下的由于地形变化引起的声场会聚传播特性。

水下声学滑翔机用于东印度洋声传播特性分析及声源估计

常规实验方法无法同步获取深海大尺度声学和水文数据,水下滑翔机可作为同步观测平台解决该问题.首先利用在东印度洋北部海域水下滑翔机同步获取的声传播和水文实验数据,分析了水下滑翔机的自噪声谱级和实验海区声传播特性,然后推算并修正了滑翔机水下运动轨迹,利用第一影区水下滑翔机接收声传播信号的脉冲多途到达时间差对声源进行测距与定深。潜标接收噪声与滑翔机自噪声谱级对比表明,水下滑翔机在海洋中无动力运动时的系统自噪声接近于潜标观测的海洋环境噪声。滑翔机实测的声传播损失与模型计算结果吻合较好,第一影区水下声源测距定深结果与实际位置较为一致,测距与定深的相对误差均小于5%。利用加载水听器的水下滑翔机可以实现水文环境数据与声学信号的同步观测,对深海声传播特性测量及定位算法研究具有重要意义。

南海东沙海域线性内波引起的声场统计特性

海洋内波对声传播及水声探测具有重要影响。利用南海东沙附近海域一次低频声传播起伏实验同步获取的声学与水文观测数据,从水文连续观测数据中提取了内波特征参数,验证了修正线性内波频谱公式,用蒙特卡洛方法统计分析了存在线性内波条件下的声场起伏特性,并用射线理论解释了声源与跃层相对位置对声场起伏的影响机理。结果表明:随着频率、平均能流密度和收发距离的增加,最大概率传播损失(TL)增大;受线性内波活动的影响,与“上发下收”相比,“下发下收”情况下传播损失的概率分布更发散;随着收发距离的增加,内波的累积效果更加显著,在“下发下收”情况下,40 km处传播损失概率分布最大可增加至8 dB;在负跃层环境下,内波的扰动更有利于声线穿越温跃层。

声学滑翔机联合的深海水下声源定位

为了验证多台滑翔机用于声源位置估计的可行性,提出了一种基于声学滑翔机的联合水下声源定位方法。首先利用水下滑翔机在东印度洋北部海域获取的声传播数据,分析了宽带脉冲信号的多途传播特性,然后提出了利用单水听器基于脉冲波形结构匹配的声源距离估计方法,在此基础上通过两台水下声学滑翔机联合定位的方式,实现了水下声源距离和方位的同步估计。结果表明:在印度洋深海非完全声道条件下,在100 km范围内,使用单台滑翔机估计的声源距离整体较为准确,但仍有估计误差较大点;联合两台滑翔机进行水下声源定位可进一步提高精度,对于200 m深度的声源,距离估计均方根误差为2.5 km,相对误差小于4%,方位估计均方根误差为2.4°。

楔形海域中三维效应对声源距离估计的影响分析

楔形海域中声传播通常会出现明显的三维效应,对声源距离估计产生显著影响。使用射线模型,首先对楔形波导中的传播损失进行计算,分析三维效应对于声波传播的影响。结果表明,随着距离的增加,水平折射效应愈加明显,所得的三维结果与使用二维模型计算所得相差逐渐增大。然后对比二维声场和三维声场中的接收波形,并对其进行模态分离,证明在某些接收位置将会出现明显的多阶模态到达或模态影区。最后通过匹配全波解以及不同号简正波所对应的脉冲波形进行声源距离估计研究,并分析三维效应对于声源距离估计结果的影响。结果表明:由于三维效应的存在,使用三维模型能够准确估计声源距离,而利用二维模型进行估计得到的结果与实际距离相差较多,总体上偏大。

匹配垂直质点振速的浅海地声参数反演

海底声学参数对海洋波导中的声场特性研究和相关应用具有重要意义。针对一次夏季黄海声传播实验,分析了浅海负跃层环境下垂直质点振速的传播特性和简正波结构,说明当声源和接收器均位于负跃层下时,除海底附近外的大部分深度上垂直质点振速能量较高,且与声压相比,号数高的简正波对垂直质点振速的贡献更大,利用垂直质点振速进行匹配场反演能获得更高的海底参数敏感性。分析了海底吸收系数对垂直质点振速匹配场反演的影响,结果表明只有当进行匹配场反演时设置的海底吸收系数接近真实值时,才能获得准确的海底声速、密度和海深反演结果。利用实验中矢量水听器获取的垂直质点振速信号进行匹配场反演,将海底吸收系数在变化范围内取不同值对海底声速、密度和平均海深进行全局搜索,根据代价函数值最大确定了海底声速、密度及平均海深的反演结果,并利用不同距离上的声压传播损失反演出不同频率下的海底吸收系数。根据反演得到的海底声学参数计算声压传播损失,与实验中声压水听器测量结果符合较好。

声速剖面对深海远程声脉冲结构的影响

利用东印度洋和南海海域进行的深海远程声传播实验数据,比较分析了声道轴附近深度发射的声信号在两个海域不同声速剖面结构下的远程传播损失和脉冲时间到达结构。通过对比观测发现,两海域的深海声传播损失特性存在一定的差异,声脉冲时间到达结构差异性显著。首先,在东印度洋实验中观测到潜标垂直阵同一接收距离上,靠近声道轴传播的声能量较大,且声道轴附近声速较小但沿其传播的声信号却最先到达,而偏离声道轴传播的声信号延后到达,在整个接收深度上呈现出声道轴附近接收波形早于其他深度到达的分支结构,这与南海典型深海环境下的脉冲时间到达结构存在显著差异。其次,结合深海声道的参数化数学模型,分析了声速剖面对远程脉冲传播时间到达结构的影响机理,并理论解释了两个海域实验中观测到的脉冲声信号时间到达结构现象,其形成原因在于深海声道中决定声速剖面结构的声道轴系列参数的差异。该研究结果对通信声呐在不同海域深海远程环境下的应用具有一定的参考意义。

Multisource Target Classification Based on Underwater Channel Cepstral Features

Passive target detection through shipping-radiated noise is a key technology in current underwater operations and is of great research value in civil and military fields.In this study,the stable spectral line component of shipping-radiated noise is used as the research object,and the classification of multisource targets is studied from the perspective of underwater channels.We utilize the channel impulse response function as the classification basis of different targets.First,the underwater channel is estimated by the cepstrum.Then,the channel cepstral features carried by different spectral line components are extracted in turn.Finally,the spectral line components belonging to the same target are clustered by the cepstral feature distance to realize the classification of different targets.The simulation and experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method in this research.

探讨甘肃农村清洁供暖方式

针对甘肃试点城市农村清洁供暖推进过程中,技术路线选择不当导致部分农村清洁供暖工程失败的情况,以甘肃省金昌市乡镇农村为例,根据当地气象条件、地理位置、农村住宅等特点,探讨适宜甘肃地区乡镇农村的清洁供暖热源形式,以及实现清洁供暖与运行成本可接受之双重目标的方法,得出不同的建筑类型适用不同的系统形式,而且太阳能集热系统提供热量的最佳比例也各不相同。

Effect of sound speed profile on the structure of long-range acoustic pulse

The time arrival structure of acoustic pulse signals propagating in ocean waveguides is of great significance for underwater acoustic communication and navigation. Using the deep-sea sound propagation data from the experiments respectively conducted in the East Indian Ocean(EIO) and the South China Sea(SCS) with explosion sources near the sound channel axis(SCA), long-range transmission loss(TL) and time arrival structure of acoustic pulses for different sound speed profiles(SSPs) are compared. In the EIO environment, sound energy transmitting along the SCA is relatively large, and the corresponding signals arrive first, whereas signals propagating away from the SCA arrive late. In the full receiving depth, it shows a branch structure where the waveform near the SCA arrives earlier than other depths, which is totally different with the characteristics of the sound pulse in the SCS. Combined with the parametric mathematical model of deep-sea sound channel, the influence mechanism of SSP on the time arrival structure of long-range pulse propagation is theoretically analyzed, which well explains the phenomenon observed in the two experiments.

A numerically stable coupled-mode formulation for acoustic propagation in range-dependent waveguides

In this paper,a stepwise coupled-mode model with the use of the direct global matrix approach is proposed.This method is capable of handling two-dimensional problems with either a point source in cylindrical geometry or a line source in plane geometry.With the use of the direct global matrix approach,this method is numerically stable.In addition,by introducing appropriately normalized range solutions,this model is free from the numerical overflow problem.Furthermore,we put forward source conditions appropriate for the line-source problem in plane geometry.As a result,this method is capable of addressing the scenario with a line source on top of a sloping bottom.Closed-form expressions for coupling matrices are derived and applied in this paper for handling problems with pressure-release boundaries and a homogeneous water column.The numerical simulations indicate that the proposed model is accurate,efficient,and numerically stable.Consequently,this model can serve as a benchmark model in range-dependent propagation modeling.Although this method is verified by an ideal wedge problem in this paper,the formulation applies to realistic problems as well.

Sound propagation from the shelfbreak to deep water

Motivated by a phenomenon in an experiment conducted in the Northwestern Pacific indicating that the energy of the received signal around the sound channel axis is much greater than that at shallower depths,we study sound propagation from the transitional area(shelfbreak)to deep water.Numerical simulations with different source depths are first performed,from which we reach the following conclusions.When the source is located near the sea surface,sound will be strongly attenuated by bottom losses in a range-independent oceanic environment,whereas it can propagate to a very long range because of the continental slope.When the source is mounted on the bottom in shallow water,acoustic energy will be trapped near the sound channel axis,and it converges more evidently than the case where the source is located near the sea surface.Then,numerical simulations with different source ranges are performed.By comparing the relative energy level in the vertical direction between the numerical simulations and the experimental data,the range of the air-gun source can be approximated.

Analysis and comparison between two coupled-mode methods for acoustic propagation in range-dependent waveguides

Two coupled-mode methods, namely DGMCM （Direct-Global-Matrix Coupled- Mode Method） and CCMM （Consistent Coupled-Mode Method）, are analyzed and compared. First, both of these two methods provide two-way solutions, and hence they are accurate models. Second, the series of local vertical modes in DGMCM converges as fast as that in CCMM, whereas DGMCM has a more tolerable requirement of the number of segments than CCMM. Third, these two models obtain the field solution by solving the coupled-mode system with different coefficient matrices, in which the computational effort for the required parameters is almost the same. Finally, DGMCM can handle some problems which are difficult for CCMM, such as in a waveguide with a rough bottom, a line source located right on top of a sloping bot- tom, or in the presence of multiple sources. In DGMCM, closed-form expressions for coupling matrices in a two-layer waveguide are given. In addition, the formulation for the line-source problem in plane geometry is derived to update CCMM.

The characteristic of sound propagation in deep water and underwater source localization in the direct zone

The multiple-path sound propagation in deep water is conducive to source localization of an underwater target.The transmission losses(TLs) and broadband pulse multiple-path propagation characteristics from a deep receiver is analyzed by using the experimental data from deep water area in the South China Sea(SCS).The results indicate that the width of the direct zone near the bottom of 4300 m water depth is about 30 km.The TLs in the direct zone near the bottom are much less than those in the shadow zone.It is meaningful for underwater sound source detection.Moreover,the time delay between the direct path and the bottomsurface-reflected path for a receiver near the bottom decreases monotonically with the source range.According to the linear relationship between the time delay of multipath and source range,a source localization method is presented to estimate the range of underwater target.The experimental results show that the estimated ranges are consistent with the global position system(GPS) measurements,and the mean square error of the estimation results is less than 0.28 km.

Geoacoustic inversion in shallow water by matching the vertical-particle-velocity

Bottom acoustic parameters are vital for studying sound propagation properties and their applications in ocean waveguides.The propagation properties and normal-mode structure of vertical-particle-velocity in an ocean environment with a thermocline in shallow water were studied in the Yellow Sea.The Results reveal that high energy of the verticalparticle-velocity exists at most depth except for near-bottom depth when the source and receiver are both below the thermocline.Moreover,high-order modes contribute more to the verticalparticle-velocity and vertical-particle-velocity-based matched-field-processing(MFP)inversion method can be highly sensitive to bottom parameters compared to sound pressure.Furthermore,the effects of the bottom absorption coefficient on the vertical-particle-velocity-based MFP inversion method are studied.It is shown that accurate sound velocity,density and water depth can be obtained only when the bottom absorption coefficient is set close to the real value during MFP.By using the vertical-particle-velocity signals recorded by vector hydrophones during the experiment and determining the bottom sound velocity,bottom density and water depth under different bottom absorption coefficients,stable inversion results were obtained.The transmission losses of the sound pressure at different ranges were used to invert the bottom absorption coefficients.The transmission losses of sound pressure calculated using the inverted bottom parameters are consistent with the experimental results obtained from the pressure hydrophones in the experiment.