Effects of dense planting patterns on photosynthetic traits of different vertical layers and yield of wheat under different nitrogen rates

A two-year field experiment was conducted to measure the effects of densification methods on photosynthesis and yield of densely planted wheat.Inter-plant and inter-row distances were used to define ratefixed pattern(RR)and row-fixed pattern(RS)density treatments.Meanwhile,four nitrogen(N)rates(0,144,192,and 240 kg N ha-1,termed N0,N144,N192,and N240)were applied with three densities(225,292.5,and 360×10^(4)plants ha^(-1),termed D225,D292.5,and D360).The wheat canopy was clipped into three equal vertical layers(top,middle,and bottom layers),and their chlorophyll density(Ch D)and photosynthetically active radiation interception(FIPAR)were measured.Results showed that the response of Ch D and FIPAR to N rate,density,and pattern varied with different layers.N rate,density,and pattern had significant interaction effects on Ch D.The maximum values of whole-canopy Ch D in the two seasons appeared in N240 combined with D292.5 and D360 under RR,respectively.Across two growing seasons,FIPAR values of RR were higher than those of RS by 29.37%for the top layer and 5.68%for the middle layer,while lower than those of RS by 20.62%for the bottom layer on average.With a low N supply(N0),grain yield was not significantly affected by density for both patterns.At N240,increasing density significantly increased yield under RR,but D360 of RS significantly decreased yield by 3.72%and 9.00%versus D225 in two seasons,respectively.With an appropriate and sufficient N application,RR increased the yield of densely planted wheat more than RS.Additionally,the maximum yield in two seasons appeared in the combination of D360 with N144 or N192 rather than of D225 with N240 under both patterns,suggesting that dense planting combined with an appropriate N-reduction application is feasible to increase photosynthesis capacity and yield.

Characterization of a 4.1 Mb inversion harboring the stripe rust resistance gene YR86 on wheat chromosome 2AL

Wheat cultivar Zhongmai 895 was earlier found to carry YR86 in an 11.6 Mb recombination-suppressed region on chromosome 2AL when crossed with Yangmai 16.To fine-map the YR86 locus,we developed two large F2 populations from crosses Emai 580/Zhongmai 895 and Avocet S/Zhongmai 895.Remarkably,both populations exhibited suppressed recombination in the same 2AL region.Collinearity analysis across Chinese Spring,Aikang 58,and 10+wheat genomes revealed a 4.1 Mb chromosomal inversion spanning 708.5-712.6 Mb in the Chinese Spring reference genome.Molecular markers were developed in the breakpoint and were used to assess a wheat cultivar panel,revealing that Chinese Spring,Zhongmai 895,and Jimai 22 shared a common sequence named InvCS,whereas Aikang 58,Yangmai 16,Emai 580,and Avocet S shared the sequence named InvAK58.The inverted configuration explained the suppressed recombination observed in all three bi-parental populations.Normal recombination was observed in a Jimai 22/Zhongmai 895 F2 population,facilitating mapping of YR86 to a genetic interval of 0.15 cM corresponding to 710.27-712.56 Mb falling within the inverted region.Thirty-three high-confidence genes were annotated in the interval using the Chinese Spring reference genome,with six identified as potential candidates for YR86 based on genome and transcriptome analyses.These results will accelerate map-based cloning of YR86 and its deployment in wheat breeding.

Study on a 5.0 W/80 K single stage Stirling type pulse tube cryocooler

A single stage Stifling pulse tube cryocooler was designed based on REGEN 3.2 and fabricated for testing. The experimental results show that the cooler can provide a cooling capacity of 5.0 W at 79.1 K, and produce a no-load temperature of 57.0 K, operating with an average pressure of 2.50 MPa and a frequency of 60 Hz, performance results that are very close to the calculated values. The cryocooler can be cooled from room temperature to 80 K in 8.5 min. The fast cooldown time is a result of the small regenerator.

Genetic polymorphisms in HIFIA are associated with prostate cancer risk in a Chinese population

The hypoxia-inducible factor-1α（HIF-1α） plays an important role in regulating angiogenesis, which is essential for tumor growth and metastasis. Genetic variations of HIFIA （coding HIF-1α） have been shown to influence an individual＇s susceptibility to many human tumors; however, evidence on associations between HIFIA single-nucleotide polymorphisms （SNPs） and prostate cancer （PCa） risk is conflicting. We genotyped three potentially functional polymorphisms in HIFIA （rs11549465, rs11549467 and rs2057482） using the TaqMan method and assessed their associations with PCa risk in a case-control study of 662 PCa patients and 716 controls in a Chinese Hart population. Compared with rs 11549467 GG genotype, the variant genotypes GA ＋AA had a significantly increased PCa risk （adjusted odds ratio （OR）= 1.70; 95% confidence interval （C1）= 1.06-2.72）, particularly among older patients （0R=2.01; 95%C1 = 1.05-3.86）, smokers （0R=2.06; 95%C1 = 1.07-3.99）, never drinkers （OR=2.16; 95%C1 = 1.20-3.86） and patients without a family history of cancer （OR= 1.71; 95%C1= 1.02-2.89）. Furthermore, patients with rs11549467 variant genotypes were associated with a higher Gleason score （OR=2.14; 95%CI = 1.22-3.75）. No altered PCa risk was associated with the rs 11549465 and rs2057482 polymorphism. However, the combined variant genotypes of rs2057482 and rs 11549467 were associated with increased PCa risk （0R=2.10; 95%C1= 1.23-3.57 among subjects carrying three or more risk alleles）. These results suggest that HIFIA polymorphisms may impact PCa susceptibility and progression in the Chinese Han population.

Application of the revised Tumour Node Metastasis （TNM） staging system of clear cell renal cell carcinoma in eastern China： advantages and limitations

This study was designed to evaluate whether the revised 2010 Tumour Node Metastasis （TNM） staging system could lead to a more accurate prediction of the prognosis of renal cell carcinoma （RCC） patients. A total of 1216 patients who had undergone radical nephrectomy or partial nephrectomy for RCC from 2003 to 2011 were enrolled. All of the patients had pathologically confirmed clear cell RCC （ccRCC）. All cases were staged by both the 2002 and 2010 TNM staging systems after pathological review, and survival data were collected. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were used to evaluate cancer-specific survival （CSS） and progression-free survival （PFS） after surgery. Continuous variables, such as age and tumour diameter, were calculated as mean values and standard deviations （s.d.） or as median values. Survival was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method, and the log-rank test assessed differences between groups. Statistically significant differences in CSS and PFS were noted among patients in T3 subgroups using the new 2010 staging system. Therefore, the revised 2010 TNM staging system can lead to a more accurate prediction of the prognosis of ccRCC patients. However, when using the revised 2010 staging system, we found that more than 92% of patients （288/313） with T3 tumours were staged in the T3a subgroup, and their survival data were not significantly different from those of patients with T2b tumours. In addition, T2 subclassification failed to independently predict survival in RCC patients.

Association of erythropoietin gene rs576236 polymorphism and risk of adrenal tumors in a Chinese population

Erythropoietin（EPO） is a circulating glycosylated protein hormone and has been implicated in the development and progression of non-hematopoietic tissue tumors.The objective of the present study was to determine if the EPO rs576236 polymorphism was associated with the risk of adrenal tumors.We genotyped the EPO rs576236 polymorphism in a case-control study of 288 adrenal tumor patients and 456 cancer-free controls by using the TaqMan method,and assessed the association between the polymorphism and the adrenal tumor risk by logistic regression.Furthermore,95%confidence interval（CI） was used to assess the genetic association between the polymorphism and the risk of adrenal tumor.Compared with the TT genotype,the TC genotype had a significantly increased risk of adrenal tumor[adjusted odds ratio（OR） = 1.24,95%CI = 1.12-2.22].Furthermore a significantly increased risk of adrenal tumor was found in the combined variant genotypes TC＋CC compared with the TT genotype（adjusted OR = 1.17,95%CI = 1.12-2.21）.Our present study suggests that the rs576236 polymorphism of EPO confers susceptibility to adrenal tumor in the Chinese population.

The predicaments and expectations in development of magnetic semiconductors

Over the past half a century, considerable research activities have been directing towards the development of magnetic semiconductors that can work at room temperature. These efforts were aimed at seeking room temperature magnetic semiconductors with strong and controllable s, p-d exchange interaction. With this s, p-d exchange interaction, one can utilize the spin degree of freedom to design applicable spintronics devices with very attractive functions that are not available in conventional semiconductors. Here, we first review the progress in understanding of this particular material and the dilemma to prepare a room temperature magnetic semiconductor. Then we discuss recent experimental progresses to pursue strong s, p-d interaction to realize room temperature magnetic semiconductors, which are achieved by introducing a very high concentration of magnetic atoms by means of low-temperature nonequilibrium growth.

Planar anisotropy of commercially pure titanium sheets

Commercially pure titanium （CP Ti） sheets show typical planar anisotropy due to the inherently crys- tallographic texture and manufacturing process. To char- acterize the planar anisotropic behaviors of CP Ti sheets in the forming process, uniaxial tensile tests of TA0 sheets were performed along rolling, transverse, and diagonal directions at room temperature; corresponding stress-strain curves and Lankford coefficients were obtained. Based on Hi11＇48 and Barlat＇89 yield functions, the planar anisotropy of TA0 sheets was investigated. In order to verify the accuracy of two models, we compared the experimental and predicted values of yield stress and Lankford coeffi- cients. It reveals that Barlat＇89 criterion with M = 10 is good agreement with experimental data, and the obtained function can be used in simulation of forming process.

Anisotropy of Mechanical Behavior in Commercially Pure Titanium Sheets

Commercially pure titanium( CP Ti) sheets show typical planar anisotropy due to inherently crystallographic texture and rolling process. To characterize the initial,planar,plastic anisotropy of CP Ti sheets in forming process,uniaxial tensile tests of cold-rolled TA1 sheets at 0°,45° and 90° to the rolling direction were performed at room temperature,corresponding stress-strain curves and Lankford coefficient( r value) were obtained. Based on Hill'48 and Barlat'89 yield criteria,the anisotropic behavior of TA1 sheets was investigated. In order to verify the accuracy of two models,the experimental values of yield stress and r were compared with predicted ones. It revealed that Barlat '89 criterion with M = 6 is the best agreement with experimental data,and the obtained model can be used in the simulation of forming process.

Spin Injection from Ferromagnetic Semiconductor CoZnO into ZnO

2x （FeNi/CoZnO）/ZnO/（CoZnO/Co） x2 spin-inJection devices were prepared by sputtering and photo-lithography. In the devices, two composite magnetic layers 2x（FeNi/CoZnO） and （CoZnO/Co）x2 with different coercivities were used to fabricate the ZnO-based semiconductor spin valve. Since the CoZnO ferromagnetic semiconductor layers touched the ZnO space layer directly, the significant spin injection from CoZnO into ZnO was observed by measuring the magnetoresistance of the spin-injection devices. The magnetoresistance reduced linearly with increasing temperature, from 1.12% at 90 K to 0.35% at room temperature.

One Dimensional Evolution Modeling of Source Rocks in the Chaluhe Basin, Yitong Graben

Chaluhe Basin is in Jilin Province of China with a cumulative sedimentary rock thickness of about 6000 meters and has four subdivisions: Wanchang Structural High, Bo-Tai Sag, Xinanpu Sag, Liangjia Structure High and the Gudian Slope. The basin with its better source rock distribution and more favorable maturation indicators than the adjacent Moliqing and Luxiang Basins is expected to be a potential hydrocarbon-producing basin. Four (4) wells were used in determining the maturation hydrocarbon generating potential of the mudstone beds present in the Eocene Formations (Shuangyang, Sheling and Yongji). Obtained result revealed heat flow average of 71.8 mW/m2, oil generation between 3.15 mg/g TOC and 39.49 mg/g TOC with gas generation of 6.98 mg/g TOC to 92.83 mg/g TOC. In conclusion the Eocene Shuangyang mudstone is the main petroleum source rock.

Evaluation of Hydrocarbon Generated and Expelled from the Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Source Rocks in the Lynedoch Field, Northern Bonaparte Basin, Australia

The Lynedoch field is located on the west flank of the Calder Graben in the north-eastern Bonaparte Basin, Australia. The data from the wells Lynedoch 1 and Lynedoch 2 and Seismic Line N11809 were used to reconstruct the burial and thermal histories and evaluate the hydrocarbon generated and expelled from the Jurassic to Early Cretaceous source rocks of the study area. Basin Mod 1-D and 2-D softwares were used for modeling. The Upper Jurassic Cleia (Lower Frigate) and Lower Cretaceous Echuca Shoals formations source rocks in the well Lynedoch 1 were a fair-to-good source richness with poor hydrocarbon generating potential, showing kerogen type III and gas prone. The Middle Jurassic Plover Formation source rock in the well Lynedoch 2 was a good organic matter richness with poor hydrocarbon generative potential, the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) Elang Formation source rock in the same well was a fair source rock with poor hydrocarbon generation potential, and the Lower Cretaceous Echuca Shoals Formation source rock in the same well was a fair-to-very good organic richness with poor-to-fair hydrocarbon generating potential, gas prone with kerogen type III, and reaching wet gas window at present day. These previous formations of the both wells generated oil at the Late Cretaceous and gas at the Early Neogene. But, only Echuca Shoals Formation source rock in the well Lynedoch 2 was able to expelled hydrocarbon at the Middle Paleogene and continued up to present day. This Formation represents fair to slightly good potential source rock in the Lynedoch field.

Geological Conditions and Hydrocarbon Accumulation Processes in the Sahul Platform, Northern Bonaparte Basin, Australia

The Sahul Platform where the Sunset-Loxton Shoals and Chuditch gas fields were discovered is located between the Timor Trough to the north and the Malita Graben to the south. These areas are located respectively 440 km and 380 km northwest of Darwin in the northern Bonaparte Basin, Australia. Based on the structural evolution of the northern Bonaparte Basin, data from the wells Loxton Shoals 1, Sunset 1 and Chuditch 1 in the Sahul Platform and Heron 1 in the Malita Graben depocentre, and the Seismic Line N11606 were used to clarify the geological conditions and reconstruct the hydrocarbon accumulation processes in the study area. BasinMod 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D software was used for modeling. The Plover Formation source rock was a poor-to-good hydrocarbon generative potential and reached the middle to late mature oil window in the Sunset-Loxton Shoals field whereas in the Chuditch field, it was an overall fair-to-good hydrocarbon generative potential, and attained the Late mature oil window. The Flamingo, and the Echuca Shoals formations source rocks in the same field were a fair and good hydrocarbon generation potential respectively, and both reached mid-mature oil window. In the Malita Graben depocentre, the Petrel (Frigate) and the Echuca Shoals formations source rocks were a poor-to-very good hydrocarbon generating potential, and had attained wet gas window at the present day. The analyses of organic matter showed that the source rocks in the study area and Malita Graben were gas prone with kerogen types II2 & III and III predominantly. The Middle Jurassic Plover Formation sandstone reservoir in the Sunset-Loxton field was a poor-to-very good quality and potential for gas beds, and it was a very poor-to-very good quality and potential for gas beds in the Chuditch field. The intensities of gas generation and expulsion were more than of oil ones either in the Sahul Platform or in the Malita Graben. The Plover, Petrel (Frigate) and Echuca Shoals formations source rocks in the wells Chuditch 1 and Heron 1, except for the Flamingo Formation in the well Chuditch 1, had higher gas and oil expelling efficiencies than the Plover Formation source rock of the wells in the Sunset-Loxton Shoals field. The hydrocarbon migrated mainly from the Upper Jurassic Frigate Shale source rock in the Malita Graben depocentre (structurally lower) to the Plover Formation sandstone reservoir in the Sunset-Loxton Shoals field during the Late Cretaceous at 66 Ma. In the Chuditch field, the hydrocarbon migration to the Plover Formation sandstone reservoir was initiated during the Late Miocene at 7.5 Ma from the Middle Jurassic Plover Formation source rock in the well Chuditch 1. Nowadays, the main migration pathways are from the southeastward and southward of the Sunset-Loxton Shoals field, and from southward and eastward of the Chuditch field, precisely from the hydrocarbon source kitchens of the Malita Graben depocentre. The traps in the Sahul Platform have been effective to receive the migrated hydrocarbon.

Probing the magnetization switching with in-plane magnetic anisotropy through field-modified magnetoresistance measurement

Effective probing current-induced magnetization switching is highly required in the study of emerging spin-orbit torque(SOT)effect.However,the measurement of in-plane magnetization switching typically relies on the giant/tunneling magnetoresistance measurement in a spin valve structure calling for complicated fabrication process,or the non-electric approach of Kerr imaging technique.Here,we present a reliable and convenient method to electrically probe the SOT-induced in-plane magnetization switching in a simple Hall bar device through analyzing the MR signal modified by a magnetic field.In this case,the symmetry of MR is broken,resulting in a resistance difference for opposite magnetization orientations.Moreover,the feasibility of our method is widely evidenced in heavy metal/ferromagnet(Pt/Ni_(20)Fe_(80) and W/Co_(20)Fe_(60)B_(20))and the topological insulator/ferromagnet(Bi_(2)Se_(3)/Ni_(20)Fe_(80)).Our work simplifies the characterization process of the in-plane magnetization switching,which can promote the development of SOT-based devices.

Two Dimensional Evolution Modeling of Source Rocks in the Chaluhe Basin, Yitong Graben

Yitong Graben in Jilin Province of China, hosts three basins, namely: Chaluhe, Luxiang and Moliqing basins. The Chaluhe basin, as the focal point of this study has five subdivisions, thus, Bo-Tai sag, Wanchang Structural high, Liangjia Structure high Xinanpu sag, and the Gudian slope, with a cumulative sedimentary rock thickness of about 6000 metres. The basin is supposed to be a potential hydrocarbon-producing basin with its better source rock distribution and more favorable maturation indicators than the adjacent Luxiang and Moliqing Basin. Determining whether the mudstone beds present in the Eocene Formations are matured enough to generate hydrocarbons, three (3) wells with Seismic Lines (clh02, clh05 and clh07) were used for the study. It is observed that the entire region from NW to SE in the source rocks is mature to produce oil and gas. At depths of about 2400 m and below show good maturity with vitrinite reflectance values averaging 1.02% Ro. The Eocene Shuangyang mudstone is the main petroleum source rock.

Modeling of Source Rocks in Moliqing Basin of Yitong Graben, Northeast China

Moliqing basin is a continental sedimentary basin in the northeast of China, between Changchun and Jilin. The source rocks characterization was done using the data of three wells to define the generative potential, kerogen type and thermal maturity. Basin Mod software was used for the models. The three Eocene source rock formations in the basin are Shuangyang, Sheling and Yongji. Shuangyang is the most important due to its quantity and maturity levels of kerogen with very good generative potential (TOC between 2% - 4%) towards the southern region of the basin. According to the Tmax values, all three source rocks reached the mature stage, and the levels increased from early mature for the Yongji formation, to late mature for some locations of the Shuangyang formation. The 1D and 2D modeling reconstructed shows that the heat flow developed in the basin laid between 64 and 78.1 mW/m2 and had maximum heat flow location towards the center of the basin.

食管裂孔疝3D打印Dry Lab模型在腹腔镜手术教学中的应用

食管裂孔疝是常见的消化系统良性疾病,目前主要的外科治疗手段为腹腔镜下食管裂孔疝修补术。该手术操作难度较大,对术者基本功要求高。3D打印模型的腹腔镜下手术培训,一定程度上弥补传统教学与实践操作之间的不足,不再受培训场地及时间上的限制。我中心通过3D打印技术制作食管裂孔疝修补Dry Lab模型,对外科医师进行培训,为手术规范化标准化提供保证。

三维可视化技术在食管裂孔疝外科教学中的应用

食管裂孔疝是常见的消化系统良性疾病,发生率为4.5%~15.0%,外科手术是治疗食管裂孔疝的主要方法。因食管裂孔周围特殊的解剖结构,该手术操作难度较大,对术者解剖知识基本功要求高。三维可视化技术具有高价值的空间感,一定程度上弥补传统CT/MRI影像资料的不足,可更直观、立体、全方位地将膈肌、食管裂孔缺损、疝内容物从视觉上分离出来,为术前制定手术方案提供决策依据。我中心通过术前行胸腹部CT薄层平扫获取影像学信息,进行三维重建及数据分析,最终呈现数字模型3D效果,对外科医师进行解剖理论知识培训。本文旨在综述三维可视化技术在食管裂孔疝外科教学中的应用。

功能双重乳液的制备及应用研究进展

双重乳液是一种具有液滴包裹液滴结构的多相体系,其通常具有结构可设计、可包封多样化活性物质等优点,因而在化工、生物、医药等诸多领域具有广泛应用.深入研究功能双重乳液的制备方法,并阐明功能双重乳液结构、组分、尺寸及其均一性的可控性规律,对于实现功能双重乳液的多样化应用具有重要意义.本文主要综述了近年来功能双重乳液的制备方法及其典型应用方面的研究进展,着重介绍了基于膜乳化法、微流控法、相转化法及渗透压驱动法制备双重乳液及相关功能材料,以及纳米双重乳液的可控构建,总结了双重乳液在不同领域的应用研究新进展,并展望了双重乳液结构设计及其在新兴领域的未来发展趋势,从而为实现双重乳液的功能化理性设计提供科学指导.

Graphene from microwave-initiated upcycling of waste polyethylene for electrocatalytic reduction of chloramphenicol

Waste polyolefin plastics, accounting for 50% of all plastic waste, represent a tremendously unexploited carbon source. Efficiently upcycling polyolefin waste into value-added carbon materials for waste water treatment avoiding using noble metals is challenging but economically and environmentally sustainable. In this work, MAX-Ti_(3)AlC_(2) supported Fe selectively catalyzes polyolefin into few-layered graphene in 5 min under microwave treatment. Graphene and MAX supported Fe(Fe@MLC) can completely(99.9%)degrade chloramphenicol(CAP) within 60 min, retain robust after 10 cycles and work efficiently at a wide p H range(3.87–13.03), avoiding the usage of noble metal. Moreover, the electrochemical active surface area(ECSA) of Fe@MLC is 2.7 times higher than that of commercial Pt/C. This work provides a cheap and efficient catalyst that promotes deconstruction of plastic wastes and indirectly degrades antibiotics thereby realizes the treatment of waste water with waste plastic.